Natural and New Generation Hydrogels Enriched with Plant Polysaccharides for Wound Healing

Öz

As the largest and most external organ of the human body, the skin is vulnerable to damage from a multitude of endogenous physical, chemical, and biological factors. When skin tissue is damaged, the affected area becomes susceptible to infection by bacteria and fungi. Skin wounds are generally categorized into two types: acute wounds, where healing occurs rapidly, and chronic wounds, where the healing process is slow and irregular. The process of wound healing is a physiological phenomenon influenced by numerous factors. Due to the limitations of traditional dressings in the wound healing process, there is a clear need to develop new functionalized dressing materials. Hydrogels, as a modern dressing material, maintain a moist wound environment and facilitate healing due to their high water retention capacity and adjustable properties (in situ formation, sensitivity to stimuli, injectability) compared to other dressings (film, foam, hydrocolloid, etc.). Plants offer a natural alternative to the chemical compounds that have been used medically for many years in the treatment of various diseases, as they contain beneficial metabolites and compounds. It has been demonstrated that plant polysaccharides, including starch, cellulose, and pectin, can form hydrogel matrices and positively impact the wound healing process. This review evaluates the potential of using reliable, natural, and novel wound dressing materials developed by incorporating plant polysaccharides into hydrogels, which have gained prominence in recent years as new-generation modern dressings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Herbal Polysaccharides
• Wound Healing
• Polysaccharide-based Hydrogel
• Modern Wound Dressings
• New Generation Hydrogels

Yara İyileşmesi İçin Bitkisel Polisakkaritlerle Zenginleştirilmiş Doğal ve Yeni Nesil Hidrojeller

Öz

İnsan vücudunun en büyük ve en dışta bulunan organı olan deri, çok sayıda endojen fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik faktör nedeniyle hasar görmeye açıktır. Deri dokusu zarar gördüğünde, etkilenen bölge bakteri ve mantar enfeksiyonlarına karşı savunmasız hale gelir. Cilt yaraları genel olarak iki gruba ayrılır: iyileşmenin hızlı gerçekleştiği akut yaralar ve iyileşme sürecinin yavaş ve düzensiz olduğu kronik yaralar. Yara iyileşme süreci, birçok faktörden etkilenen fizyolojik bir olaydır. Geleneksel pansuman malzemelerinin yara iyileşme sürecindeki sınırlılıkları nedeniyle, fonksiyonel özelliklere sahip yeni pansuman malzemelerinin geliştirilmesine açık bir ihtiyaç vardır. Modern pansuman malzemeleri olarak hidrojeller, yüksek su tutma kapasiteleri ve ayarlanabilir özellikleri (yerinde oluşum, uyarana duyarlılık, enjekte edilebilirlik) sayesinde diğer pansuman türlerine (film, köpük, hidrokolloid vb.) kıyasla nemli bir yara ortamı sağlayarak iyileşmeyi kolaylaştırır. Bitkiler, içeriklerinde bulundurdukları faydalı metabolitler ve bileşikler sayesinde, uzun yıllardır tıbbi amaçla kullanılan kimyasal bileşiklere doğal bir alternatif sunar. Nişasta, selüloz ve pektin gibi bitkisel polisakkaritlerin hidrojel matrisleri oluşturabildiği ve yara iyileşme sürecini olumlu yönde etkileyebildiği gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede, son yıllarda yeni nesil modern pansumanlar olarak öne çıkan hidrojellere bitkisel polisakkaritlerin dahil edilmesiyle geliştirilen, güvenilir, doğal ve yenilikçi yara örtüsü malzemelerinin potansiyeli değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitkisel Polisakkaritler
• Yara İyileşmesi
• Polisakkarit Bazlı Hidrojel
• Modern Yara Örtüsü
• Yeni Nesil Hidrojeller

Kaynakça

1. Zhao J, Qiu P, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhou J, Zhang B, et al. Chitosan-based hydrogel wound dressing: From mechanism to applications, a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;244:125250.
2. Li A, Ma B, Hua S, Ping R, Ding L, Tian B, et al. Chitosan-based injectable hydrogel with multifunction for wound healing: A critical review. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;333:121952.
3. Peña OA, Martin P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2024;25:599-616.
4. Flynn K, Mahmoud NN, Sharifi S, Gould LJ, Mahmoudi M. Chronic wound healing models. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2023;6(5):783-801.
5. Sadeghianmaryan A, Ahmadian N, Wheatley S, Sardroud HA, Nasrollah SAS, Naseri E, et al. Advancements in 3D-printable polysaccharides, proteins, and synthetic polymers for wound dressing and skin scaffolding–A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;266(1):131207.
6. Nosrati H, Khodaei M, Alizadeh Z, Banitalebi-Dehkordi M. Cationic, anionic and neutral polysaccharides for skin tissue engineering and wound healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;192:298-322.
7. Vivcharenko V, Trzaskowska M, Przekora A. Wound dressing modifications for accelerated healing of infected wounds. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7193.
8. Xiang J, Shen L, Hong Y. Status and future scope of hydrogels in wound healing: Synthesis, materials and evaluation. Eur Polym J. 2020;130:109609.

9. Abazari M, Akbari T, Hasani M, Sharifikolouei E, Raoufi M, Foroumadi A, et al. Polysaccharide-based hydrogels containing herbal extracts for wound healing applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;294:119808.
10. Norahan MH, Pedroza-González SC, Sánchez-Salazar MG, Álvarez MM, de Santiago GT. Structural and biological engineering of 3D hydrogels for wound healing. Bioact Mater. 2023;24:197-235.
11. Pandian M, Reshma G, Arthi C, Másson M, Rangasamy J. Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds and hydrogels in the treatment of chronic and infectious wound healing. Eur Polym J. 2023;198:112390.
12. Markovic MD, Spasojevic PM, Pantic OJ, Savic SI, Savkovic MMS, Panic VV. Status and future scope of hydrogels in wound healing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024;98:105903.
13. Liang Y, Liang Y, Zhang H, Guo B. Antibacterial biomaterials for skin wound dressing. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2022;17(3):353-84.
14. Mahmoud NN, Hamad K, Al Shibitini A, Juma S, Sharifi S, Gould L, et al. Investigating inflammatory markers in wound healing: Understanding implications and identifying artifacts. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024;7(1):18-27.
15. Sanjarnia P, Picchio ML, Solis ANP, Schuhladen K, Fliss PM, Politakos N, et al. Bringing innovative wound care polymer materials to the market: Challenges, developments, and new trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2024;115217.
16. Luo M, Shaitan K, Qu X, Bonartsev AP, Lei B. Bioactive rare earth-based inorganic-organic hybrid biomaterials for wound healing and repair. Appl Mater Today. 2022;26:101304.
17. He L, Di D, Chu X, Liu X, Wang Z, Lu J, et al. Photothermal antibacterial materials to promote wound healing. J Control Release. 2023;363:180-200.
18. Muire PJ, Thompson MA, Christy RJ, Natesan S. Advances in immunomodulation and immune engineering approaches to improve healing of extremity wounds. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(8):4074.
19. Elangwe CN, Morozkina SN, Olekhnovich RO, Krasichkov A, Polyakova VO, Uspenskaya MV. A review on chitosan and cellulose hydrogels for wound dressings. Polymers. 2022;14(23):5163.
20. Raina N, Pahwa R, Thakur VK, Gupta M. Polysaccharide-based hydrogels: New insights and futuristic prospects in wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;223:1586-603.
21. Zhang S, Liu H, Li W, Liu X, Ma L, Zhao T, et al. Polysaccharide-based hydrogel promotes skin wound repair and research progress on its repair mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;:125949.
22. Wang Z, Zhao F, Xu C, Zhang Q, Ren H, Huang X, et al. Metabolic reprogramming in skin wound healing. Burns Trauma. 2024;12:tkad047.
23. Huang C, Dong L, Zhao B, Lu Y, Huang S, Yuan Z, et al. Anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings and skin wound healing. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(11):e1094.
24. Gounden V, Singh M. Hydrogels and wound healing: Current and future prospects. Gels. 2024;10(1):43.
25. Lopes AI, Pintado MM, Tavaria FK. Plant-based films and hydrogels for wound healing. Microorganisms. 2024;12(3):438.
26. Yuan N, Shao K, Huang S, Chen C. Chitosan, alginate, hyaluronic acid and other novel multifunctional hydrogel dressings for wound healing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;240:124321.
27. Zivari-Ghader T, Rashidi MR, Mehrali M. Biological macromolecule-based hydrogels with antibacterial and antioxidant activities for wound dressing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;:134578.
28. Nguyen HM, Le TTN, Nguyen AT, Le HNT, Pham TT. Biomedical materials for wound dressing: Recent advances and applications. RSC Adv. 2023;13(8):5509-28.
29. Zhang A, Liu Y, Qin D, Sun M, Wang T, Chen X. Research status of self-healing hydrogel for wound management: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:2108-23.
30. Yang Z, Huang R, Zheng B, Guo W, Li C, He W, et al. Highly stretchable, adhesive, biocompatible, and antibacterial hydrogel dressings for wound healing. Adv Sci. 2021;8(8):2003627.
31. Wang X, Zhong B, Lou Z, Han W, Wang L. The advancement of intelligent dressings for monitoring chronic wound infections. Chem Eng J. 2024;484:149643.
32. Brumberg V, Astrelina T, Malivanova T, Samoilov A. Modern wound dressings: Hydrogel dressings. Biomedicines. 2021;9(9):1235.
33. Dong R, Guo B. Smart wound dressings for wound healing. Nano Today. 2021;41:101290.
34. Yadav R, Kumar R, Kathpalia M, Ahmed B, Dua K, Gulati M, et al. Innovative approaches to wound healing: Insights into interactive dressings and future directions. J Mater Chem B. 2024;12:7977-8006.
35. Tudoroiu EE, Dinu-Pîrvu CE, Albu Kaya MG, Popa L, Anuța V, Prisada RM, et al. An overview of cellulose derivatives-based dressings for wound-healing management. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14(12):1215.
36. Prete S, Dattilo M, Patitucci F, Pezzi G, Parisi OI, Puoci F. Natural and synthetic polymeric biomaterials for application in wound management. J Funct Biomater. 2023;14(9):455.
37. Rezvani Ghomi E, Niazi M, Ramakrishna S. The evolution of wound dressings: From traditional to smart dressings. Polym Adv Technol. 2023;34(2):520-30.
38. Kus KJ, Ruiz ES. Wound dressings–a practical review. Curr Dermatol Rep. 2020;9:298-308.
39. Hodge JG, Zamierowski DS, Robinson JL, Mellott AJ. Evaluating polymeric biomaterials to improve next generation wound dressing design. Biomater Res. 2022;26(1):50.
40. Kolipaka T, Pandey G, Abraham N, Srinivasarao DA, Raghuvanshi RS, Rajinikanth PS, et al. Stimuli-responsive polysaccharide-based smart hydrogels for diabetic wound healing: Design aspects, preparation methods and regulatory perspectives. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;324:121537.
41. Borbolla-Jiménez FV, Peña-Corona SI, Farah SJ, Jiménez-Valdés MT, Pineda-Pérez E, Romero-Montero A, et al. Films for wound healing fabricated using a solvent casting technique. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(7):1914.
42. Savencu I, Iurian S, Porfire A, Bogdan C, Tomuță I. Review of advances in polymeric wound dressing films. React Funct Polym. 2021;168:105059.
43. Ahmad N. In vitro and in vivo characterization methods for evaluation of modern wound dressings. Pharmaceutics. 2022;15(1):42.
44. Saraiva MMS, Campelo MDS, Camara Neto JF, Lima ABN, Silva GDA, Dias ATDF, et al. Alginate/polyvinyl alcohol films for wound healing: Advantages and challenges. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2023;111(1):220-33.
45. Sheokand B, Vats M, Kumar A, Srivastava CM, Bahadur I, Pathak SR. Natural polymers used in the dressing materials for wound healing: Past, present and future. J Polym Sci. 2023;61(14):1389-1414.
46. Tiwari N, Kumar D, Priyadarshani A, Jain GK, Mittal G, Kesharwani P, et al. Recent progress in polymeric biomaterials and their potential applications in skin regeneration and wound care management. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2023;82:104319.
47. Shi C, Wang C, Liu H, Li Q, Li R, Zhang Y, et al. Selection of appropriate wound dressing for various wounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:182.
48. Su L, Jia Y, Fu L, Guo K, Xie S. The emerging progress on wound dressings and their application in clinic wound management. Heliyon. 2023; (e22520).
49. Sathyaraj WV, Prabakaran L, Bhoopathy J, Dharmalingam S, Karthikeyan R, Atchudan R. Therapeutic efficacy of polymeric biomaterials in treating diabetic wounds—an upcoming wound healing technology. Polymers. 2023;15(5):1205.
50. Tavakoli S, Klar AS. Advanced hydrogels as wound dressings. Biomolecules. 2020;10(8):1169.
51. Zhang X, Qin M, Xu M, Miao F, Merzougui C, Zhang X, et al. The fabrication of antibacterial hydrogels for wound healing. Eur Polym J. 2021;146:110268.
52. Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. An up-to-date review of biomaterials application in wound management. Polymers. 2022;14(3):421.
53. Asadi N, Pazoki-Toroudi H, Del Bakhshayesh AR, Akbarzadeh A, Davaran S, Annabi N. Multifunctional hydrogels for wound healing: Special focus on biomacromolecular based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;170:728-50.
54. Jin J, Sun C, Xu K, Sun X, Cao L, Liu L. Multifunctional self-healing peptide hydrogel for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;261:129734.
55. Zhang W, Liu Y, Xuan Y, Zhang S. Synthesis and applications of carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. Gels. 2022;8(9):529.
56. Khan MUA, Stojanović GM, Abdullah MFB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Marei HE, Ashammakhi N, et al. Fundamental properties of smart hydrogels for tissue engineering applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;254:127882.
57. Qamruzzaman M, Ahmed F, Mondal MIH. An overview on starch-based sustainable hydrogels: Potential applications and aspects. J Polym Environ. 2022;30(1):19-50.
58. Yang Y, Xu L, Wang J, Meng Q, Zhong S, Gao Y, et al. Recent advances in polysaccharide-based self-healing hydrogels for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;283:119161.
59. Singh J, Nayak P. pH-responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities. J Polym Sci. 2023;61(22):2828-50.
60. Huang H, Qi X, Chen Y, Wu Z. Thermo-sensitive hydrogels for delivering biotherapeutic molecules: A review. Saudi Pharm J. 2019;27(7):990-99.
61. Almajidi YQ, Gupta J, Sheri FS, Zabibah RS, Faisal A, Ruzibayev A, et al. Advances in chitosan-based hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;253:127278.
62. Ding M, Jing L, Yang H, Machnicki CE, Fu X, Li K, et al. Multifunctional soft machines based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels: From freestanding hydrogels to smart integrated systems. Mater Today Adv. 2020;8:100088.
63. Bustamante-Torres M, Romero-Fierro D, Arcentales-Vera B, Palomino K, Magaña H, Bucio E. Hydrogels classification according to the physical or chemical interactions and as stimuli-sensitive materials. Gels. 2021;7(4):182.
64. Ghiorghita CA, Platon IV, Lazar MM, Dinu MV, Aprotosoaie AC. Trends in polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their role in enhancing the bioavailability and bioactivity of phytocompounds. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;334:122033.
65. Li Z, Lin Z. Recent advances in polysaccharide-based hydrogels for synthesis and applications. Aggregate. 2021;2(2):e21.
66. Xuan H, Wu S, Fei S, Li B, Yang Y, Yuan H. Injectable nanofiber-polysaccharide self-healing hydrogels for wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C. 2021;128:112264.
67. Zheng BD, Xiao MT. Polysaccharide-based hydrogel with photothermal effect for accelerating wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;299:120228.
68. Cui R, Zhang L, Ou R, Xu Y, Xu L, Zhan XY, et al. Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for wound dressing: Design considerations and clinical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022;10:845735.
69. Zubair M, Hussain A, Shahzad S, Arshad M, Ullah A. Emerging trends and challenges in polysaccharide derived materials for wound care applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;270(1):132048.
70. Cheng J, Liu J, Li M, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang L, et al. Hydrogel-based biomaterials engineered from natural-derived polysaccharides and proteins for hemostasis and wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021;9:780187.
71. Sun B, Zhang W, Liu Y, Xue M, Qiu L, Meng Z. A biomass based photonic crystal hydrogel made of Bletilla striata polysaccharide. Biosensors. 2022;12(10):841.
72. Liu H, Hu Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Wu X, Li B. A review of recent advances in biomedical applications of smart cellulose-based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;253(6):127149.
73. Wang H, Zhang LM. Intelligent biobased hydrogels for diabetic wound healing: A review. Chem Eng J. 2024;484:149493.
74. Ho TTP, Tran HA, Doan VK, Maitz J, Li Z, Wise SG, et al. Natural polymer-based materials for wound healing applications. Adv NanoBiomed Res. 2024;4(5):2300131.
75. Zainal SH, Mohd NH, Suhaili N, Anuar FH, Lazim AM, Othaman R. Preparation of cellulose-based hydrogel: A review. J Mater Res Technol. 2021;10:935-52.
76. Sun Y, Li D, Yu Y, Zheng Y. Insights into the role of natural polysaccharide-based hydrogel wound dressings in biomedical applications. Gels. 2022;8(10):646.
77. Deng Y, Zhu T, Cheng Y, Zhao K, Meng Z, Huang J, et al. Recent advances in functional cellulose-based materials: Classification, properties, and applications. Adv Fiber Mater. 2024;:1-26.
78. Ohta S, Mitsuhashi K, Chandel AKS, Qi P, Nakamura N, Nakamichi A, et al. Silver-loaded carboxymethyl cellulose nonwoven sheet with controlled counterions for infected wound healing. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;286:119289.
79. Wang J, Ma Y, Meng Q, Yang Y, Zhang R, Zhong S, et al. Photocrosslinked carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization for curcumin delivery and wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;275(1):133558.
80. Abazari MF, Gholizadeh S, Karizi SZ, Birgani NH, Abazari D, Paknia S, et al. Recent advances in cellulose-based structures as the wound-healing biomaterials: A clinically oriented review. Appl Sci. 2021;11(17):7769.
81. Kanikireddy V, Varaprasad K, Jayaramudu T, Karthikeyan C, Sadiku R. Carboxymethyl cellulose-based materials for infection control and wound healing: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;164:963-75.
82. Zhang K, Wu D, Chang L, Duan W, Wang Y, Li W, et al. Cellulose based self-healing hydrogel through boronic ester connections for wound healing and antitumor applications. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;230:123294.
83. Wang J, Meng Q, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zhang R, Zhong S, et al. Enhanced carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrogels by curcumin-loaded microcapsules for promoting wound healing. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2023;11(51):18074-88.
84. Islam M, Mondal IH. Carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinylpyrrolidone bio-composite hydrogels enriched with clove bud extracts for enhanced wound healing. Arab J Chem. 2024;17(9):105945.
85. Xie H, Shi G, Wang R, Jiang X, Chen Q, Yu A, et al. Bioinspired wet adhesive carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel with rapid shape adaptability and antioxidant activity for diabetic wound repair. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;334:122014.
86. Garcia MAVT, Garcia CF, Faraco AAG. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of native and modified starch: a review. Starch-Stärke. 2020;72(7-8):1900270.
87. Lin Z, Cheng H, He K, McClements DJ, Jin Z, Xu Z, et al. Recent progress in the hydrophobic modification of starch-based films. Food Hydrocoll. 2024;151:109860.
88. Yashini M, Khushbu S, Madhurima N, Sunil CK, Mahendran R, Venkatachalapathy N. Thermal properties of different types of starch: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(13):4373-96.
89. Rostamabadi H, Bajer D, Demirkesen I, Kumar Y, Su C, Wang Y, et al. Starch modification through its combination with other molecules: gums, mucilages, polyphenols and salts. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;314:120905.
90. Maniglia BC, Castanha N, Le-Bail P, Le-Bail A, Augusto PE. Starch modification through environmentally friendly alternatives: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(15):2482-505.
91. Hou X, Wang H, Shi Y, Yue Z. Recent advances of antibacterial starch-based materials. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;302:120392.
92. Salimi M, Channab BE, El Idrissi A, Zahouily M, Motamedi E. A comprehensive review on starch: structure, modification, and applications in slow/controlled-release fertilizers in agriculture. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;322:121326.
93. Falua KJ, Pokharel A, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Ai Y, Acharya B. Valorization of starch to biobased materials: a review. Polymers. 2022;14(11):2215.
94. Koev TT, Muñoz-García JC, Iuga D, Khimyak YZ, Warren FJ. Structural heterogeneities in starch hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;249:116834.
95. Xu K, Sun X, Chong C, Ren L, Tan L, Sun H, et al. Green starch-based hydrogels with excellent injectability, self-healing, adhesion, photothermal effect, and antibacterial activity for promoting wound healing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2024;16(2):2027-40.
96. Sarmah D, Borah M, Mandal M, Karak N. Swelling induced mechanically tough starch–agar based hydrogel as a control release drug vehicle for wound dressing applications. J Mater Chem B. 2023;11(13):2927-36.
97. Srikhao N, Theerakulpisut S, Chindaprasirt P, Okhawilai M, Narain R, Kasemsiri P. Green synthesis of nano silver-embedded carboxymethyl starch waste/poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel with photothermal sterilization and pH-responsive behavior. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;242(3):125118.
98. Ishwarya SP, Nisha P. Advances and prospects in the food applications of pectin hydrogels. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(16):4393-417.
99. Morello G, De Iaco G, Gigli G, Polini A, Gervaso F. Chitosan and pectin hydrogels for tissue engineering and in vitro modeling. Gels. 2023;9(2):132.
100. Thakur S, Chaudhary J, Kumar V, Thakur VK. Progress in pectin based hydrogels for water purification: trends and challenges. J Environ Manage. 2019;238:210-23.
101. Zheng J, Chen J, Zhang H, Wu D, Ye X, Linardt RJ, et al. Gelling mechanism of RG-I enriched citrus pectin: role of arabinose side-chains in cation-and acid-induced gelation. Food Hydrocoll. 2020;101:105536.
102. Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Iravani S, Varma RS. Starch, cellulose, pectin, gum, alginate, chitin and chitosan derived (nano) materials for sustainable water treatment: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;251:116986.
103. Li DQ, Li J, Dong HL, Li X, Zhang JQ, Ramaswamy S, et al. Pectin in biomedical and drug delivery applications: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;185:49-65.
104. Said NS, Olawuyi IF, Lee WY. Pectin hydrogels: gel-forming behaviors, mechanisms, and food applications. Gels. 2023;9(9):732.
105. Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Noruzi EB, Aliabadi HAM, Sheikhaleslami S, Akbarzadeh AR, Hashemi SM, et al. Recent advances on biomedical applications of pectin-containing biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;217:1-18.
106. Kocaağa B, Öztürk Y, Kurçin HC, Güner-Yılmaz ÖZ, Kurkcuoglu O, Tatlier M, et al. Developing multifunctional pectin-based hydrogel for wound dressing: in silico, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Eur Polym J. 2024;216:113280.
107. Koshy J, Sangeetha D. Recent progress and treatment strategy of pectin polysaccharide based tissue engineering scaffolds in cancer therapy, wound healing and cartilage regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;257(2):128594.
108. Kapoor DU, Garg R, Gaur M, Pareek A, Prajapati BG, Castro GR, et al. Pectin hydrogels for controlled drug release: recent developments and future prospects. Saudi Pharm J. 2024;32(4):102002.
109. Gou D, Qiu P, Hong F, Wang Y, Ren P, Cheng X, et al. Polydopamine modified multifunctional carboxymethyl chitosan/pectin hydrogel loaded with recombinant human epidermal growth factor for diabetic wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;274:132917.
110. Zhao H, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhang C, Liu B. Engineering pH responsive carboxyethyl chitosan and oxidized pectin-based hydrogels with self-healing, biodegradable and antibacterial properties for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;253(6):127364.
111. Chen Y, Zhang Y, Chang L, Sun W, Duan W, Qin J. Mussel-inspired self-healing hydrogel form pectin and cellulose for hemostasis and diabetic wound repairing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;246:125644.
112. Devaraj RD, Reddy CK, Xu B. Health-promoting effects of konjac glucomannan and its practical applications: a critical review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;126:273-81.
113. Gu X, Hua S, Huang Y, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhou M, Shan T. κ-Carrageenan/konjac glucomannan composite hydrogel-based 3D porcine cultured meat production. Food Hydrocoll. 2024;151:109765.
114. Zhao Y, Jayachandran M, Xu B. In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of soluble dietary fiber konjac glucomannan in type-2 diabetic rats. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;159:1186-96.
115. Pan X, Zong Q, Liu C, Wu H, Fu B, Wang Y, et al. Konjac glucomannan exerts regulatory effects on macrophages and its applications in biomedical engineering. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;345:122571.
116. Zhang W, Chen H, Zhao J, Chai P, Ma G, Shi X, et al. A guanosine/konjac glucomannan supramolecular hydrogel with antioxidant, antibacterial and immunoregulatory properties for cutaneous wound treatment. Carbohydr Polym. 2024;326:121580.
117. Zhu L, Chen J, Mao X, Tang S. A γ-PGA/KGM-based injectable hydrogel as immunoactive and antibacterial wound dressing for skin wound repair. Mater Sci Eng C. 2021;129:112374.
118. Xu ZH, Sun P, Zhang X, Zhang JY, Gao YF, Liang C, et al. Construction of self-healing gallium (III)-cross-linked konjac glucomannan/polyacrylamide hydrogels for efficiently killing bacteria and accelerating wound healing. J Appl Polym Sci. 2024;141(32):e55748.
119. Xue Y, Zhong J, Liu X, Xiang D, Qin X. Improved physicochemical properties of bigels produced with ethyl cellulose-based oleogel and moderately deacetylated konjac glucomannan hydrogel. Food Chem. 2024;459:140429.
120. Hao H, Li D. Facile fabrication of functional hyaluronic acid-/konjac glucomannan-based injectable hydrogel as wound closure and anti-microbial material for the treatment of burn wound healing. J Mater Res. 2024;39:1–14.
121. Ma H, Axi Y, Lu Y, Dai C, Huang S, Kong Z, et al. A dual network cross-linked hydrogel with multifunctional Bletilla striata polysaccharide/gelatin/tea polyphenol for wound healing promotion. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;265(1):130780.
122. Zhu Z, Liang T, Dai G, Zheng J, Dong J, Xia C, et al. Extraction, structural-activity relationships, bioactivities, and application prospects of Bletilla striata polysaccharides as ingredients for functional products: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;245:125407.
123. Zhang X, Mu Y, Zhao L, Hong Y, Shen L. Self-healing, antioxidant, and antibacterial Bletilla striata polysaccharide–tannic acid dual dynamic crosslinked hydrogels for tissue adhesion and rapid hemostasis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;270(2):132182.
124. Hu Z, Zhao K, Chen X, Zhou M, Chen Y, Ye X, et al. A berberine-loaded Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel as a new medical dressing for diabetic wound healing. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(22):16286.
125. Xiang J, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang X, Hong Y, Shen L. A novel hydrogel based on Bletilla striata polysaccharide for rapid hemostasis: synthesis, characterization and evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;196:1–12.
126. Wang N, Tian X, Cheng B, Guang S, Xu H. Calcium alginate/silk fibroin peptide/Bletilla striata polysaccharide blended microspheres loaded with tannic acid for rapid wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;220(1):1329–1344.
127. Li X, Bai L, Zhang X, Fang Q, Chen G, Xu G. Application of Bletilla striata polysaccharide hydrogel for wound healing among in diabetes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2024;241:114033.
128. Zhao C, Huang L, Tang J, Lv L, Wang X, Dong X, et al. Multifunctional nanofibrous scaffolds for enhancing full-thickness wound healing loaded with Bletilla striata polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;278(1):134597.
129. Gou K, Li Y, Qu Y, Li H, Zeng R. Advances and prospects of Bletilla striata polysaccharide as promising multifunctional biomedical materials. Mater Des. 2022;223:111198.
130. Ye G, Jimo R, Lu Y, Kong Z, Axi Y, Huang S, et al. Multifunctional natural microneedles based methacrylated Bletilla striata polysaccharide for repairing chronic wounds with bacterial infections. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;254(2):127914.
131. Qiu M, Zhong G, Zhang J, Hou Y, Duan Y, Guo P, et al. Biocompatible and biodegradable Bletilla striata polysaccharides hydrogels crosslinked by BDDE for wound healing through the regulating of macrophage polarization. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;254(3):128015.
132. He S, Fang H, Liu J, Wu X, Liu Z, Gu W, et al. Fabrication of anti-freezing and self-healing hydrogel sensors based on carboxymethyl guar gum and poly(ionic liquid). Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;279(1):135112.
133. Maiti S, Khillar PS, Mishra D, Nambiraj NA, Jaiswal AK. Physical and self-crosslinking mechanism and characterization of chitosan–gelatin–oxidized guar gum hydrogel. Polym Test. 2021;97:107155.
134. Naeem A, Yu C, Wang X. Highly swellable, cytocompatible and biodegradable guar gum-based hydrogel system for controlled release of bioactive components of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): synthesis and evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;273(1):132825.
135. Bal-Öztürk A, Torkay G, Idil N, Özkahraman B, Özbaş Z. Gellan gum/guar gum films incorporated with honey as potential wound dressings. Polym Bull. 2024;81(2):1211–1228.
136. Aizaz A, Nawaz MH, Ismat MS, Zahid L, Zahid S, Ahmed S, et al. Development and characterization of polyethylene oxide and guar gum-based hydrogel; a detailed in-vitro analysis of degradation and drug release kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;273(1):132824.
137. Devi SG, Kanagalakshmi M, Subasini S, Pius A. Optimized production of carboxymethyl cellulose/guar gum based durable hydrogel for in vitro performance assessment. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;279(1):135121.
138. Dalei G, Das S. Carboxymethyl guar gum: a review of synthesis, properties and versatile applications. Eur Polym J. 2022;176:111433.
139. Zhao L, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Liang H, Chen X, Tan H. Natural polymer-based hydrogels: from polymer to biomedical applications. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(10):2514.
140. Yang W, Zhang Q, Zhou J, Li L, Li Y, Zhu L, et al. Self-healing guar gum-based nanocomposite hydrogel promotes infected wound healing through photothermal antibacterial therapy. Biomacromolecules. 2024;25(6):3432–3448.
141. Badwaik HR, Kumari L, Maiti S, Sakure K, Nakhate KT, Tiwari V, Giri TK. A review on challenges and issues with carboxymethylation of natural gums: The widely used excipients for conventional and novel dosage forms. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;209:2197–2212.
142. Mandal S, Chi H, Moss RE, Dhital P, Babatunde EO, Gurav R, Hwang S. Seed gum-based polysaccharides hydrogels for sustainable agriculture: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;263:130339.
143. Froelich A, Jakubowska E, Jadach B, Gadziński P, Osmałek T. Natural gums in drug-loaded micro-and nanogels. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(3):759.
144. Taghavizadeh Yazdi ME, Nazarnezhad S, Mousavi SH, Sadegh Amiri M, Darroudi M, Baino F, Kargozar S. Gum tragacanth (GT): a versatile biocompatible material beyond borders. Molecules. 2021;26(6):1510.
145. Sanchez C, Nigen M, Tamayo VM, Doco T, Williams P, Amine C, Renard D. Acacia gum: History of the future. Food Hydrocoll. 2018;78:140–160.
146. Kumari P, Kumar M, Kumar R, Kaushal D, Chauhan V, Thakur S, et al. Gum acacia based hydrogels and their composite for waste water treatment: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;262(1):129914.
147. Mudgil D, Mudgil S. Acacia Gum: Chemistry, Properties & Food Applications. Food Human. 2024;2:100264.
148. Sultan M, Mohamed OA, El-Masry HM, Taha G. Fabrication and evaluation of antimicrobial cellulose/Arabic gum hydrogels as potential drug delivery vehicle. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;242(4):125083.
149. Ahmadian Z, Jelodar MZ, Rashidipour M, Dadkhah M, Adhami V, Sefareshi S, et al. A self-healable and bioadhesive acacia gum polysaccharide-based injectable hydrogel for wound healing acceleration. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2023;31(2):205–219.
150. Alsakhawy MA, Abdelmonsif DA, Haroun M, Sabra SA. Naringin-loaded Arabic gum/pectin hydrogel as a potential wound healing material. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;222:701–714.
151. Abdi G, Jain M, Patil N, Tariq M, Choudhary S, Kumar P, et al. Tragacanth gum-based hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. Front Mater. 2024;11:1296399.
152. Nazemi Z, Sahraro M, Janmohammadi M, Nourbakhsh MS, Savoji H. A review on tragacanth gum: A promising natural polysaccharide in drug delivery and cell therapy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;241:124343.
153. Zare EN, Makvandi P, Tay FR. Recent progress in the industrial and biomedical applications of tragacanth gum: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;212:450–467.
154. Babaluei M, Mojarab Y, Mottaghitalab F, Saeb MR, Farokhi M. Conductive hydrogels based on tragacanth and silk fibroin containing dopamine functionalized carboxyl-capped aniline pentamer: Merging hemostasis, antibacterial, and anti-oxidant properties into a multifunctional hydrogel for burn wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;261(2):129932.
155. Mohamadi-Sodkouieh S, Kalantari M, Askari N. A bioactive self-healing hydrogel wound-dressing based on Tragacanth gum: Structural and in vitro biomedical investigations. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;278(4):134980.
156. Foroughi P, Koupaei N. Physically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/gum tragacanth hydrogels loaded with vitamin E for wound healing applications. J Vinyl Addit Technol. 2023;29(2):268–282.
157. Tanwar M, Rani A, Gautam N, Talegaonkar S, Gupta RK. Essential oils loaded carboxymethylated Cassia fistula gum-based novel hydrogel films for wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;278(3):134682.
158. Liu Y, Teng J, Huang R, Zhao W, Yang D, Ma Y, et al. Injectable plant-derived polysaccharide hydrogels with intrinsic antioxidant bioactivity accelerate wound healing by promoting epithelialization and angiogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;266(1):131170.
159. Sun L, Yang B, Lin Y, Gao M, Yang Y, Cui X, et al. Dynamic bond crosslinked maca polysaccharide hydrogels with reactive oxygen species scavenging and antibacterial effects on infected wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;276(1):133471.