Factors Affecting Colostrum Quality in Dairy Cows, Measurement of Colostrum Quality and Efficiency of Passive Transfer

Abstract

Colostrum is the first milk secreted by mammary gland following birth and it is secreted within the first week after calving. It has many benefical components for neonates. Colostrum has protective features against pathogens and affects viability and growth of the calves. Due to the placental structure of ruminants, calves born agammaglobulinemic. So, the calves have to intake adequate and high quality colostrum into the proper time after parturition. Numerous factors affect the quality of colostrum such as breed, milk yield, number of births, calving season, the length of the dry period, leakage of milk from the udder in the prepartum period, nutrition, diseases, the period between birth and colostrum feeding,and vaccination status of the dam. These factors should be considered to maximize the efficiency. In this review, knowledge about the on importance of colostrum, factors affecting colostrums quality, measurement of colostrums quality and the efficiency of passive transfer was reviewed.

Keywords

• Colostrum
• Calf
• Management
• Quality

Süt İneklerinde Ağız Sütü Kalitesini Etkileyen Faktörler, Ağız Sütü Kalitesinin ve Pasif Transferin Etkinliğinin Ölçümü

Öz

Ağız sütü, doğumu izleyen ilk hafta içerisinde meme bezinden salgılanan buzağılar için yararlı birçok bileşene sahip ilk süttür. Ağız sütü, patojenlere karşı koruyucu özelliğe sahiptir ve buzağıların hayatta kalması ve uygun şekilde gelişimini sağlamaktadır. Ruminantların plasenta yapısı nedeniyle buzağılar gamaglobülinsiz olarak doğarlar. Bu nedenle buzağılar doğumdan sonra uygun zamanda, yeterli ve kaliteli ağız sütü almalıdır. Ağız sütünün kalitesini etkileyen birçok faktör vardır. Bunlar: ırk, süt verimi, doğum sayısı, doğum mevsimi, kuru dönem uzunluğu, prepartum dönemde memeden süt sızması, beslenme, hastalıklar, doğum ile ağız sütünün verilme zamanı arasında geçen süre ve ananın aşılanma durumudur. Bu faktörleri bilmek ağız sütünün en iyi şekilde yönetimi için önemlidir. Bu derlemede, ağız sütünün önemi, ağız sütünün kalitesini etkileyen faktörler ve kalitesinin ölçümü ve pasif transferin etkinliği hakkında güncel bilgiler ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ağız sütü
• buzağı
• yönetim
• kalite

Kaynakça

1. 1. Örsan G. Neonatal buzağılar ve kolostrum. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2006; 12.1: 103-108.
2. 2. Koyuncu M, Karaca M. "Buzağılarda Yaşama Gücünün Anahtarı;“Kolostrum”." Hayvansal Üretim. 2018; 59.1: 67-78.
3. 3. MacFarlane JA, Grove‐White DH, Royal MD, Smith RF. (2015). Identification and quantification of factors affecting neonatal immunological transfer in dairy calves in the UK. Veterinary Record. 2015; 176(24), 625-625.
4. 4. Thornhill JB, Krebs, GL, Petzel CE. Evaluation of the B rix refractometer as an on‐farm tool for the detection of passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves. Australian veterinary journal.2015; 93(1-2), 26-30.
5. 5. Hedegaard CJ, Heegaard PM. Passive immunisation, an old idea revisited: Basic principles and application to modern animal production systems.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology. 2016; 174, 50-63.
6. 6. Cobo-Abreu R, Martın SW, Willoughby RA, Stone JB. The association between disease, production and culling in a university dairy herd. Can Vet J.20: 1979; 191-195.
7. 7. Lorenz I, Mee JF, Earley B, More SJ. Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention.Irish veterinary journal. 2011; 64(1), 1-8.
8. 8. Bolacalı M, Küçük M.Buzağı kayıplarında işletme hatalarının rolü. Buzağı Hastalıkları Sempozyumu Kitabı, Van: 2017 18-21.

9. 9. Waltner-Toews DMSWMAH, Martin SW, Meek AH. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity.Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1986; 4(2), 137-158.
10. 10. Godden S. Colostrum management for dairy calves.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 2008; 24(1), 19-39.
11. 11. McGuirk SM, Collins M. Managing the production, storage, and delivery of colostrum.Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2004; 20(3), 593-603.
12. 12. Breen J, Down P, Kerby M, Bradley A. Restoring the dairy herd: rearing youngstock and replacing cows. Dairy herd health. 2012: 35-72.
13. 13. Besser TE, Gay CC. The importance of colostrum to the health of the neonatal calf.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1994; 10(1), 107-117.
14. 14. Foley JA, Otterby DE. Availability, storage, treatment, composition, and feeding value of surplus colostrum: a review. J Dairy Sci. 1978;61:1033–60
15. 15. Hammon HM, Zanker IA, Blum JW. Delayed colostrum feeding affects IGF-1 and insulin plasma concentrations in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci. 2000;83:85–92
16. 16. Jankowska M, Baliński J. Changes in active acidity and specific weight of colostrum depending on the selected factors. Rocz. Nauk. PTZ. 2009; 5(2): 75-81. (in Polish)
17. 17. Gökçe E, Erdoğan HM. Neonatal buzağılarda kolostral immünoglobulinlerin pasif transferi.Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi. 2013; 4(1), 18-46.
18. 18. Korhonen H, Marnila P, Gill HS. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition. 2000; 84(S1), 75-80.
19. 19. Larson BL, HL Heary Jr, JE Devery. Immunoglobulin production and transport by the mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 1980; 63:665–671
20. 20. Roy JHB. Factors affecting susceptibility of calves to disease.Journal of dairy science. 1980; 63(4), 650-664.
21. 21. Ağaoğlu ÖK, Ağaoğlu AR. Süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde doğum localarının önemi.Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2012;9(1): 43-50.
22. 22. Jaster EH. Evaluation of quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding on immunoglobulin G1 absorption in Jersey calves.Journal of dairy science. 2005; 88(1), 296-302.
23. 23. Puppel K, Gołębiewski M, Grodkowski G, Slósarz J, Kunowska-Slósarz M, Solarczy P, et al.Composition and factors affecting quality of bovine colostrum: a review. Animals. 2019; 9(12), 1070.
24. 24. Odde KC. Survival of the neonatal calf.Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 1988; 4(3), 501-508.
25. 25. Quigley Iii, JD, JJ Drewry. "Nutrient and immunity transfer from cow to calf pre-and postcalving." Journal of Dairy Science. 1998; 81.10, 2779-2790.
26. 26. Cortese VS. Neonatal immunology.Vet Clin N Am Food A. 2009; 25 (1): 221-227.
27. 27. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, Nightengale GT. Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves I. Period of absorption. Journal of dairy science. 1979; 62(10), 1632-1638.
28. 28. Topal O. Buzağılarda neonatal dönem sağlığını değerlendirmede ilk onbeş günde önemli olan klinik bulguların belirlenmesi. (Doktora tezi). Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018
29. 29. Arancı A. İneklerde prepartium dönemde verilen levamizolün buzağılardaki neonatal cerrahi hastalıkların önlenmesindeki etkinliğinin araştırılması.(Doktora tezi). Kars: Kafkas Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2006.
30. 30. Smith GW, Foster DM. Absorption of protein and immunoglobulin G in calves fed a colostrum replacer.Journal of dairy science. 2007;90(6), 2905-2908.
31. 31. Erdem H, Atasever S. Yeni doğan buzağılarda ağız sütüun önemi.Anadolu Tarım Bilim Derg. 2005;20(2): 79-84.
32. 32. Bartens MC, Drillich M, Rychli K. Assessment of different methods to estimate bovine colostrum quality on farm. New Zeal Vet J. 2016; 64(5): 263-267.
33. 33. Gavin K, Neibergs H, Hoffman A, Kiser JN, Cornmesser MA, Haredasht SA, et al. Low colostrum yield in Jersey cattle and potential risk factors.Journal of dairy science. 2018; 101(7), 6388-6398.
34. 34. Phipps AJ, Beggs DS, Murray AJ, Mansell PD, Pyman MF. Factors associated with colostrum immunoglobulin G concentration in northern‐Victorian dairy cows.Australian veterinary journal. 2017; 95(7), 237-243.
35. 35. Guy MA, McFadden TB, Cockrell DC, Besser TE. Regulation of colostrum formation in beef and dairy cows.Journal of Dairy Science. 1994; 77(10), 3002-3007.
36. 36. Muller LD, Ellinger DK. Colostral immunoglobulin concentrations among breeds of dairy cattle.Journal of Dairy Science. 1981; 64(8), 1727-1730.
37. 37. Godden SM, Lombard JE, Woolums AR. Colostrum management for dairy calves.Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice. 2019; 35(3), 535-556.
38. 38. Conneely M, Berry DP, Sayers R, Murphy JP, Lorenz I, Doherty ML, et al. Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows. Animal. 2013; 7(11), 1824-1832.
39. 39. Shivley CB, Lombard J, Urie NJ, Haines DM, Sargent R, Kopral CA, et al. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part II. Factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer status of dairy heifer calves.Journal of dairy science. 2018;101(10), 9185-9198.
40. 40. Nardone A, Lacetera N, Bernabucci U, Ronchi B. Composition of colostrum from dairy heifers exposed to high air temperatures during late pregnancy and the early postpartum period.Journal of dairy Science. 1997; 80(5), 838-844.
41. 41. Pritchett LC, Gay CC, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Management and production factors influencing immunoglobulin G1 concentration in colostrum from Holstein cows.Journal of dairy science. 1991; 74(7), 2336-2341.
42. 42. Rastani RR, Grummer RR, Bertics SJ, Gümen A, Wiltbank MC, Mashek DG, et al. Reducing dry period length to simplify feeding transition cows: milk production, energy balance, and metabolic profiles.Journal of dairy science. 2005; 88(3), 1004-1014.
43. 43. Grusenmeyer DJ, Ryan CM, Galton DM, Overton TR. Shortening the dry period from 60 to 40 days does not affect colostrum quality but decreases colostrum yield by Holstein cows. InJournal of Animal Science. 2006; 84, 336-336.
44. 44. Verweij JJ, Koets AP, Eisenberg SWF. Effect of continuous milking on immunoglobulin concentrations in bovine colostrum.Veterinary immunology and immunopathology. 2014; 160(3-4), 225-229.
45. 45. Petrie L. Maximising the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in the newborn dairy calf.The Veterinary Record. 1984; 114(7), 157-163.
46. 46. Hough RL, McCarthy FD, Kent HD, Eversole DE, Wahlberg ML. Influence of nutritional restriction during late gestation on production measures and passive immunity in beef cattle.Journal of animal science. 1990; 68(9), 2622-2627.
47. 47. Nowak W, Mikuła R, Zachwieja A, Paczyńska K, Pecka E, Drzazga K, et al.The impact of cow nutrition in the dry period on colostrum quality and immune status of calves.Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2012; 15(1), 77-82.
48. 48. Toghyani E, Moharrery A. Effect of various levels of dietary protein in transition period on colostrum quality and serum immunoglobulin concentration in Holstein cows and their newborn calves. Annals of Animal Science. 2015;15(2), 493-504.
49. 49. Jolazadeh AR, Mohammadabadi T, Dehghan-Banadaky M, Chaji M, Garcia M. Effect of supplementing calcium salts of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid to pregnant nonlactating cows on colostrum composition, milk yield, and reproductive performance of dairy cows.Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2019; 247, 127-140.
50. 50. Kamada H, Nonaka I, Ueda Y, Murai M. Selenium addition to colostrum increases immunoglobulin G absorption by newborn calves.Journal of Dairy Science. 2007; 90(12), 5665-5670.
51. 51. Hall JA, Bobe G, Vorachek WR, Estill CT, Mosher WD, Pirelli GJ, et al. Effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral selenium supplementation on passive absorption of immunoglobulin G in selenium-replete dairy calves.Journal of Dairy Science. 2014; 97(7), 4379-4391.
52. 52. Maunsell FP, Morin DE, Constable PD, Hurley WL, McCoy GC, Kakoma I, et al. Effects of mastitis on the volume and composition of colostrum produced by Holstein cows.Journal of Dairy Science. 1998; 81(5), 1291-1299.
53. 53. Yıldırım K, Koçak S. Afyonkarahisar Damızlık Süt Sığırı İşletmelerinde Buzağı Bakımı ve Yaşama Gücünün Değerlendirilmesi. Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi. 2019;12(3), 1-1.
54. 54. Moore M, Tyler JW, Chigerwe M, Dawes ME, Middleton JR. Effect of delayed colostrum collection on colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005; 226(8), 1375-1377.
55. 55. Le Neindre P, Menard MF, Garel JP. (1979). Suckling and drinking behaviour of newborn calves of beef or dairy cows.
56. 56. Baumrucker CR, Stark A, Wellnitz O, Dechow C, Bruckmaier RM. Immunoglobulin variation in quarter-milked colostrum. Journal of dairy science. 2014; 97(6), 3700-3706.
57. 57. Ferdowsi Nia E, Nikkhah A, Rahmani HR, Alikhani M, Mohammad Alipour M, Ghorbani GR. Increased colostral somatic cell counts reduce pre‐weaning calf immunity, health and growth. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2010; 94(5), 628-634.
58. 58. Puppel K, Gołębiewski M, Grodkowski G, Solarczyk P, Kostusiak P, Klopčič M, et al. Use of somatic cell count as an indicator of colostrum quality. Plos one. 2020; 15(8), e0237615.
59. 59. Donovan GA, Dohoo IR, Montgomery DM, Bennett FL. Associations between passive immunity and morbidity and mortality in dairy heifers in Florida, USA. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 1998; 34, 31–46,
60. 60. Hudgens KA, Tyler JW, Besser TE., Krytenberg DS. Optimizing performance of a qualitative zinc sulfate turbidity test for passive transfer of immunoglobulin G in calves. American journal of veterinary research. 1996; 57(12), 1711-1713.
61. 61. Etzel LR, StrohbehnRE, McVicker JK. Development of an automated turbidimetric immunoassay for quantification of bovine serum immunoglobulin G. American journal of veterinary research. 1997; 58, 1201-1205.
62. 62. Lee SH, Jaekal J, Bae CS, Chung BH, Yun SC, Gwak MJ, et al. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, single radial immunodiffusion, and indirect methods for the detection of failure of transfer of passive immunity in dairy calves. Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 2008; 22(1), 212-218.
63. 63. Pfeiffer NE, McGuire TC. A sodium sulfite-precipitation tests for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer to calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1977;170:809–811
64. 64. Perino L, Sutherland R, Woollen N. Serum gamma-gluta- myltransferase activity and protein concentration at birth and after suckling in calves with adequate and inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin G. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1993; 54, 56–9.
65. 65. Tennant B, Baldwin BH, Braun RK, Norcross NL, Sandholm M. Use of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test for detection of hypo- gammaglobulinemia in neonatal calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:848–853.
66. 66. Calloway CD, Tyler JW, Tessman RK, Hostetler Douglas, Holle J. Comparison of refractometers and test endpoints in the measurement ofserum pro- tein concentration to assess passive transfer status in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1605–1608.
67. 67. Gelsinger SL, Jones CM, Heinrichs AJ. Effect of colostrum heat treatment and bacterial population on immunoglobulin G absorption and health of neonatal calves.Journal of Dairy Science. 2015; 98(7), 4640-4645.
68. 68. Hulsen J, Swormink BK. Checbook Young Stock. Chapter 2, The First Day. 2006.22-40 Roodbont.
69. 69. Quigley JD, Lago A, Chapman C, Erickson P, Polo J. Evaluation of the Brix refractometer to estimate immunoglobulin G concentration in bovine colostrum.Journal of dairy science. 2013; 96(2), 1148-1155.
70. 70. Devery JE, Davis CL, Larson BL. Endogenous production of IgG in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 1979;62:1814–1818.
71. 71. Osburn BI, MacLachlan NJ, Terrell TG. Ontogeny of the immune system. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;181:1049–1052.
72. 72. Faber SN, Faber NE, McCauley TC, Ax RL. Case study: effects of colostrum ingestion on lactational performance 1. The professional animal scientist. 2005; 21(5), 420-425.
73. 73. Robison JD, Stott GH, DeNise SK. Effects of passive immunity on growth and survival in the dairy heifer. J Dairy Sci 1988;71:1283– 1287.
74. 74. Tyler JW, Hancock DD, Parish SM, Rea DE, Besser TE, Sanders SG, et al. Evaluation of 3 assays for failure of passive transfer in calves. J Vet Intern Med. 1996;10: 304–307.
75. 75. Weaver DM, Tyler JW, VanMetre DC, Hostetler DE, Barrington GM. Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. Journal of veterinary internal medicine. 2000; 14(6), 569-577.
76. 76. Alley ML, Haines DM, Smith GW. Evaluation of serum immunoglobulin G concentrations using an automated turbidimetric immunoassay in dairy calves. Journal of dairy science. 2012; 95(8), 4596-4599.
77. 77. Thompson JC, Pauli JV. Colostral transfer of gamma gluta- myl transpeptidase in calves. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1981; 29, 223–6
78. 78. Braun JP, Tainturier D, Laugier C, Benard P, Thouvenot JP, Rico A G. Early variations of blood plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase in newborn calves—A test of colostrum intake. Journal of Dairy Science. 1982; 65(11), 2178-2181.
79. 79. Hogan I, Doherty M, Fagan J, Kennedy E, Conneely M, Brady P, et al. Comparison of rapid laboratory tests for failure of passive transfer in the bovine. Irish veterinary journal. 2015; 68(1), 18.
80. 80. Sandholm M. "A preliminary report of a rapid method for the demonstration of abnormal gammaglobulin levels in bovine whole blood." Research in veterinary science. 1974; 17.1: 32-35.
81. 81. Liberg P. Glutaraldehyde and formol-gel tests in bovine traumatic peritonitis. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 22(1), 78-84.Res Vet Sci. 1981; 1974;17:32–35.
82. 82. Godden S, McMartin S, Feirtag J, Stabel J, Bey R, Goyal S, et al. Heat-treatment of bovine colostrum. II: effects of heating duration on pathogen viability and immunoglobulin G.Journal of dairy science,. 2006; 89(9), 3476-3483.
83. 83. McMartin S, Godden S, Metzger L, Feirtag J, Bey R, Stabel J, et al. Heat treatment of bovine colostrum. I: Effects of temperature on viscosity and immunoglobulin G level.Journal of dairy science. 2006; 89(6), 2110-2118.
84. 84. Malmuthuge N, Chen Y, Liang G, Goonewardene LA. Heat-treated colostrum feeding promotes beneficial bacteria colonization in the small intestine of neonatal calves.Journal of dairy science. 2015; 98(11), 8044-8053.
85. 85. Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM . Colostrum substitutes and milk replacer . In Large animal internal medicine . Ed . Smith B . Mosby, Elsevier. St Louis. 2015. p. 367-371. Johnson
86. 86. NAHMS . Dairy1996: National dairy health evaluation project . Dairy heifer morbidity, mortality, and health management focusing on preweaned heifers. Ft. Collins (CO): USDA- APHIS Veterinary Services; 1996