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Gıdalara Yönelik Yeni Doğallık Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 75 - 90 , 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1717084
https://izlik.org/JA74KN32ZJ

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmada Michel ve Siegrist (2019) tarafından gıdalardaki doğallığın tüketiciler için ne kadar önemli olduğunu belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen Yeni Doğallık Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışmasının yapılması amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu, 2024-2025 Eğitim-Öğretim yılında Selçuk Üniversitesi'nin Beslenme ve Diyetetik, Gıda Mühendisliği ile Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları bölümlerinde öğrenim gören toplam 472 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Ölçek uyarlama araştırmasında dil geçerliği için Edebiyat Fakültesi Mütercim ve Tercümanlık Bölümünden 3 akademisyen tarafından İngilizce ve Türkçe uyarlama karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin dil geçerliğinden sonra ilk olarak madde toplam korelasyona, aritmetik ortalamalara, standart sapmalara ve maddeler arası korelasyon (pearson) değerlerine bakılmış ikinci olarak ölçeğin güvenirlik ve geçerlik (AFA-Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi) analizlerine bakılıp son aşamada ölçeğin tekrar güvenirlik ve geçerlik (DFA-Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi) analizleri yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Güvenirlik analizi için ölçeğin Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısına bakılmış ve toplam iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0.880 bulunmuştur. Yapı geçerliği için yapılan Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi sonucunda varyansın %51.297’sini açıklayan tek faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) analizi ile madde-faktör yapısının belirlenmesinden sonrasında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile model uyumu testi yapılmış ve modelin yeterli uyuma sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Analizler sonucunda gıdalara yönelik Yeni Doğallık Ölçeği’nin tek boyutlu yapısının doğrulandığı Türkçe Formunun uygulandığı örneklem grubunda güvenilir ve geçerli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

Kaynakça

  • Alpar, R. (2020). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik: Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle (5. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Backström, A., Pirttilä-Backman, A. M. & Tuorila, H. (2004). Willingness to try new foods as predicted by social representations and attitude and trait scales. Appetite, 43(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2004.03.004
  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi-squared approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16(2), 296-298. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2984057
  • Beverland, M. B. (2005). Crafting brand authenticity: The case of luxury wines. Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), 1003–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00530.x
  • Beverland, M. B., Lindgreen, A. & Vink, M. W. (2008). Projecting authority through advertising. Journal of Advertising, 37(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367370101
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2019). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (25. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Chambers, E. V., Tran, T. & Chambers, E. IV. (2019). Natural: A $75 billion word with no definition—Why not? Journal of Sensory Studies, 34(6), e12501. https://doi.org/10.1111/joss.12501
  • Cirne, C. T., Tunick, M. H. & Trout, R. E. (2019). The chemical and attitudinal differences between commercial and artisanal products. NPJ Science of Food, 3, Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-019-0049-2
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Etale, A. & Siegrist, M. (2018). Perceived naturalness of drinking water: The influence of biological agents and beneficial human intervention. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.013
  • Etale, A. & Siegrist, M. (2021). Food processing and perceived naturalness: Is it more natural or just more traditional? Food Quality and Preference. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104323
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage
  • Fine, G. A. (2003). Crafting authenticity: The validation of identity in self-taught art. Theory and Society, 32(2), 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023995523519
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Freedman, J. & Jurafsky, D. (2011). Authenticity in America: Class distinctions in potato chip advertising. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, 11(4), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2011.11.4.46
  • Gündüz, Y. & Kaya, M. (2007). Avrupa Birliği tarım politikası ve Türkiye'de organik tarımın gelişmesinin olası etkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(21), 305–330.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed., Pearson New International Edition). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
  • Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kahn, E. (1999). A critique of nondirectivity in the person-centered approach. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167899394006
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G. & Grice, J. (2004). Choosing organics: A path analysis of factors underlying the selection of organic food among Australian consumers. Appetite, 43(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2004.02.004
  • Lunardo, R. & Saintives, C. (2013). The effect of naturalness claims on perceptions of food product naturalness in the point of purchase. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), 529–537.
  • Marozzo, V., Vargas-Sánchez, A., Abbate, T. & D’Amico, A. (2022). Investigating the importance of product traceability in the relationship between product authenticity and consumer willingness to pay. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 40(2), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.7433/s120.2022.02
  • McFadden, J. R. & Huffman, W. E. (2017). Willingness-to-pay for natural, organic, and conventional foods: The effects of information and meaningful labels. Food Policy, 68, 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.02.007
  • Michel, F. & Siegrist, M. (2019). How should importance of naturalness be measured? A comparison of different scales. Appetite, 140, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.019 Read by QxMD+3
  • Migliore, G., Borrello, M., Lombardi, A. & Schifani, G. (2018). Consumers’ willingness to pay for natural food: evidence from an artefactual field experiment. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6, 1-10.
  • Nunnally, J. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Onyango, B., Govindasamy, R., Hallman, K., Jang, H. & Puduri, V. S. (2006). Consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods in South Korea: Factor and cluster analysis. Journal of Agribusiness, 24(1), 61–78.
  • Pollard, T.M., Steptoe, A. & Wardle, J. (1998). Sağlıklı beslenmenin altında yatan güdüler: Diyet alımındaki çeşitliliği açıklamak için yiyecek seçimi anketinin kullanılması'. Biyososyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30.
  • Pula, K., Parks, C. D. & Ross, C. F. (2014). Regulatory focus and food choice motives. Prevention orientation associated with mood, convenience, and familiarity. Appetite, 78, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.015
  • Renner, B., Sproesser, G., Strohbach, S. & Schupp, H. T. (2012). Why we eat what we eat. The Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS). Appetite, 59(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.004
  • Roininen, K., Lahteenmaki, L. & Tuorila, H. (1999). Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods. Appetite, 33, 71–88.
  • Roman, S., Sanchez-Siles, L. M. & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 67, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.010
  • Rozin, P. (2005). The meaning of “natural”: Process more important than content. Psychological Science, 16(8), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01589.x
  • Rozin, P. (2006). Naturalness judgments by lay Americans: Process dominates content in judgments of food or water acceptability and naturalness. Judgment and Decision Making, 1(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500000341
  • Rozin, P., Fischler, C. & Shields-Argeles, C. (2012). European and American perspectives on the meaning of natural. Appetite, 59, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.001
  • Sanchez-Siles, L.M., Michel, F., Román, S., Bernal, M.J., Philipsen, B., Haro, J.F., Bodenstab, S. & Siegrist, M. (2019). The Food Naturalness Index (FNI): An integrative tool to measure the degree of food naturalness. Trends in Food Science & Technology.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Schlessinger, L. & Endres, A. B. (2016). What’s in a name? FDA working to define “natural” and redefine “healthy.” farmdoc daily, 6(194). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2016/10/fda-working-to-define-natural-and-healthy.html
  • Steptoe, A., Pollard, T. M. & Wardle, J. (1995). Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The Food Choice Questionnaire. Appetite, 25(3), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1995.0061
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (5. baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. (2004). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, V. & Çelik, H. E. (2009). Lisrel ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (SEM): Sosyal bilimler için bir uygulama. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 47–61.

New Naturalness Scale for Foods: Adaptation, Validity and Reliability Study in Turkish

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 , 75 - 90 , 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1717084
https://izlik.org/JA74KN32ZJ

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study is to adapt the New Naturalness Scale, developed by Michel and Siegrist (2019) to determine how important naturalness in food is for consumers, into Turkish.
Method: The sample group of the study consisted of a total of 472 students enrolled in the Departments of Nutrition and Dietetics, Food Engineering, and Gastronomy and Culinary Arts at Selçuk University during the 2024–2025 academic year. For the scale adaptation study, language validity was ensured through a comparison between the English and Turkish versions of the scale conducted by three academics from the Department of Translation and Interpreting at the Faculty of Letters. Following the confirmation of language validity, item-total correlations, arithmetic means, standard deviations, and inter-item Pearson correlation coefficients were examined. Subsequently, the reliability and validity of the scale were assessed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). In the final stage, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to further assess the reliability and validity of the scale.
Findings: For the reliability analysis, the Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was examined, and the total internal consistency coefficient was found to be 0.880. As a result of the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) conducted to assess construct validity, a single-factor structure explaining 51.297% of the total variance was obtained. Following the identification of the item-factor structure through EFA, a model fit test was conducted using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and it was determined that the model had an acceptable level of fit.
Conclusion: Based on the analyses, it was concluded that the Turkish version of the New Naturalness Scale for Foods, which confirmed a unidimensional structure, is a reliable and valid instrument for the sample group in which it was applied.

Kaynakça

  • Alpar, R. (2020). Uygulamalı istatistik ve geçerlik-güvenirlik: Spor, sağlık ve eğitim bilimlerinden örneklerle (5. Baskı). Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Backström, A., Pirttilä-Backman, A. M. & Tuorila, H. (2004). Willingness to try new foods as predicted by social representations and attitude and trait scales. Appetite, 43(1), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2004.03.004
  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi-squared approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16(2), 296-298. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2984057
  • Beverland, M. B. (2005). Crafting brand authenticity: The case of luxury wines. Journal of Management Studies, 42(5), 1003–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00530.x
  • Beverland, M. B., Lindgreen, A. & Vink, M. W. (2008). Projecting authority through advertising. Journal of Advertising, 37(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367370101
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2019). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: İstatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (25. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Chambers, E. V., Tran, T. & Chambers, E. IV. (2019). Natural: A $75 billion word with no definition—Why not? Journal of Sensory Studies, 34(6), e12501. https://doi.org/10.1111/joss.12501
  • Cirne, C. T., Tunick, M. H. & Trout, R. E. (2019). The chemical and attitudinal differences between commercial and artisanal products. NPJ Science of Food, 3, Article 19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-019-0049-2
  • Comrey, A. L. & Lee, H. B. (1992). A First Course in Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. bs.). Pegem Akademi.
  • Etale, A. & Siegrist, M. (2018). Perceived naturalness of drinking water: The influence of biological agents and beneficial human intervention. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.013
  • Etale, A. & Siegrist, M. (2021). Food processing and perceived naturalness: Is it more natural or just more traditional? Food Quality and Preference. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104323
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage
  • Fine, G. A. (2003). Crafting authenticity: The validation of identity in self-taught art. Theory and Society, 32(2), 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023995523519
  • Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
  • Freedman, J. & Jurafsky, D. (2011). Authenticity in America: Class distinctions in potato chip advertising. Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture, 11(4), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2011.11.4.46
  • Gündüz, Y. & Kaya, M. (2007). Avrupa Birliği tarım politikası ve Türkiye'de organik tarımın gelişmesinin olası etkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(21), 305–330.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed., Pearson New International Edition). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
  • Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Kahn, E. (1999). A critique of nondirectivity in the person-centered approach. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 94–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167899394006
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Lockie, S., Lyons, K., Lawrence, G. & Grice, J. (2004). Choosing organics: A path analysis of factors underlying the selection of organic food among Australian consumers. Appetite, 43(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2004.02.004
  • Lunardo, R. & Saintives, C. (2013). The effect of naturalness claims on perceptions of food product naturalness in the point of purchase. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), 529–537.
  • Marozzo, V., Vargas-Sánchez, A., Abbate, T. & D’Amico, A. (2022). Investigating the importance of product traceability in the relationship between product authenticity and consumer willingness to pay. Sinergie Italian Journal of Management, 40(2), 21–39. https://doi.org/10.7433/s120.2022.02
  • McFadden, J. R. & Huffman, W. E. (2017). Willingness-to-pay for natural, organic, and conventional foods: The effects of information and meaningful labels. Food Policy, 68, 214–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.02.007
  • Michel, F. & Siegrist, M. (2019). How should importance of naturalness be measured? A comparison of different scales. Appetite, 140, 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.019 Read by QxMD+3
  • Migliore, G., Borrello, M., Lombardi, A. & Schifani, G. (2018). Consumers’ willingness to pay for natural food: evidence from an artefactual field experiment. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6, 1-10.
  • Nunnally, J. & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Onyango, B., Govindasamy, R., Hallman, K., Jang, H. & Puduri, V. S. (2006). Consumer acceptance of genetically modified foods in South Korea: Factor and cluster analysis. Journal of Agribusiness, 24(1), 61–78.
  • Pollard, T.M., Steptoe, A. & Wardle, J. (1998). Sağlıklı beslenmenin altında yatan güdüler: Diyet alımındaki çeşitliliği açıklamak için yiyecek seçimi anketinin kullanılması'. Biyososyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30.
  • Pula, K., Parks, C. D. & Ross, C. F. (2014). Regulatory focus and food choice motives. Prevention orientation associated with mood, convenience, and familiarity. Appetite, 78, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.02.015
  • Renner, B., Sproesser, G., Strohbach, S. & Schupp, H. T. (2012). Why we eat what we eat. The Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS). Appetite, 59(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.004
  • Roininen, K., Lahteenmaki, L. & Tuorila, H. (1999). Quantification of consumer attitudes to health and hedonic characteristics of foods. Appetite, 33, 71–88.
  • Roman, S., Sanchez-Siles, L. M. & Siegrist, M. (2017). The importance of food naturalness for consumers: Results of a systematic review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 67, 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.010
  • Rozin, P. (2005). The meaning of “natural”: Process more important than content. Psychological Science, 16(8), 652–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01589.x
  • Rozin, P. (2006). Naturalness judgments by lay Americans: Process dominates content in judgments of food or water acceptability and naturalness. Judgment and Decision Making, 1(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500000341
  • Rozin, P., Fischler, C. & Shields-Argeles, C. (2012). European and American perspectives on the meaning of natural. Appetite, 59, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.001
  • Sanchez-Siles, L.M., Michel, F., Román, S., Bernal, M.J., Philipsen, B., Haro, J.F., Bodenstab, S. & Siegrist, M. (2019). The Food Naturalness Index (FNI): An integrative tool to measure the degree of food naturalness. Trends in Food Science & Technology.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23–74.
  • Schlessinger, L. & Endres, A. B. (2016). What’s in a name? FDA working to define “natural” and redefine “healthy.” farmdoc daily, 6(194). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2016/10/fda-working-to-define-natural-and-healthy.html
  • Steptoe, A., Pollard, T. M. & Wardle, J. (1995). Development of a measure of the motives underlying the selection of food: The Food Choice Questionnaire. Appetite, 25(3), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1995.0061
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (5. baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
  • Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. (2004). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yılmaz, V. & Çelik, H. E. (2009). Lisrel ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (SEM): Sosyal bilimler için bir uygulama. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 47–61.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gastronomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şafak Ünüvar 0000-0001-9177-8704

Sümeyye Karagöz 0009-0001-0764-2896

Huzeyfe Ay 0009-0004-5524-1343

Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1717084
IZ https://izlik.org/JA74KN32ZJ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünüvar, Ş., Karagöz, S., & Ay, H. (2025). Gıdalara Yönelik Yeni Doğallık Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.37847/tdtad.1717084