Assessment of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Farms and Management Practices in The Northern Region of Iraq

Eftekhar Ali Hakim; Cuma Akbay

doi:10.61513/tead.1464518

EN TR

Assessment of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Farms and Management Practices in The Northern Region of Iraq

Abstract

Dairy farming plays a significant role in the socio-economic development of the northern region of Iraq, constituting a crucial segment of the rural economy. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the sociodemographic characteristics of dairy farms and management practices in the Northern Region of Iraq. Data were gathered from 280 dairy farmers in the Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Dohuk, and Halep provinces and analyzed using frequency tables and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that the average number of cows per farm stood at 28.2, with an estimated average milk yield of 10.1 liters per cow. Additionally, 53.2% of farms in the surveyed area reported the utilization of artificial insemination techniques. Despite these achievements, several challenges confront milk producers in the region, such as a lack of digital skills, the burden of high feeding costs, inadequate feeding, challenges related to hygiene and disease control within dairy herds, uncertainties regarding market access, and limited veterinary services.

Keywords

Dairy farm , milk production , marketing , technology , extension

Irak'ın Kuzey Bölgesinde Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinin Sosyo-demografik Özelliklerinin ve Yönetim Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Süt hayvancılığı, kırsal ekonominin önemli bir bölümünü oluşturan Irak'ın kuzey bölgesinin sosyo-ekonomik kalkınmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Kuzey Irak bölgesinde süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinin sosyodemografik özellikleri ve hayvancılık uygulamalarını araştırmaktır. Veriler Erbil, Süleymaniye, Dohuk ve Halep illerindeki 280 süt sığırcılığı işletmesinden toplanmış ve frekans tabloları ve tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, işletme başına ortalama inek sayısının 28.2 ve tahmini ortalama süt veriminin inek başına 10.1 litre olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Anket yapılan bölgedeki işletmelerin %53.2'si suni tohumlama tekniklerini kullanıldıklarını bildirmişlerdir. Bu başarılara rağmen, dijital beceri eksikliği, yüksek yem maliyetleri, yetersiz besleme, süt sığırlarında hijyen ve hastalık kontrolü ile ilgili zorluklar, pazara erişimle ilgili belirsizlikler ve sınırlı veterinerlik hizmetleri gibi bölgedeki süt üreticilerinin karşı karşıya olduğu çeşitli zorluklar bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Süt sığırcılığı , süt üretimi , pazarlama , teknoloji , yayım , Erbil , Irak

Kaynakça

Akbay, C., Akdoğan, F. (2020). Structure of dairy cattle holdings and market supply of milk: The case of İzmir province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 7 (3), 287-295.
Akbay, C., Çetinkaya, S., Akbay, F. (2023). Türkiye’de Coğrafi Bölgelere Göre Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Yem Bitkisi Üretim Durumu. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi 10 (4), 1156-1166.
Albantov, G.P. (2019). Advantages and Disadvantages of Maize Silage. In Innovative in Agriculture, pp. 160-161, “https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41556223”.
Al-Rawashdeh, O.F. (1999). Prevalence of ketonemia and associations with herd size, lactation stage, parity, and postparturient diseases in Jordanian dairy cattle, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 40(2), 117-125.
Al-Sobayil, K.A. (2006). Use of Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination for Improving Fall-kidding of Locally Born Syrian Goats in Saudi Arabia. Use of Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination for Improving Fall-kidding of Locally Born Syrian Goats in Saudi Arabia, 1(1), 63-72.
Basagaoglu, F. (2020). Causality and Var Analysis of Turkish Milk Producer Price. Scientific Papers Series-Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, 20(4), 95-103.
Biçoku, Y., Uruçi, M. (2013). Preliminary Data on Milk Production and Milk Components of Simmental breed in Albania. Macedonian Journal of Animal Science, 3(1), pp.17-20.
Boz, I., Akbay, C., Bas, S., Budak, D.B. (2011). Adoption of Innovations and Best Management Practices Among Dairy Farmers in the Eastern Mediterranean Region f Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(2), 251-261.
Brito, L.F., Bédère, N., Douhard, F., Oliveira, H.R., Arnal, M., Peñagaricano, F., Schinckel, A.P., Baes, C.F. Miglior, F. (2021). Genetic Selection of High-yielding Dairy Cattle Toward Sustainable Farming Systems in a Rapidly Changing World. Animal, p.100292.
Brown, P., Roper, S. (2017). Innovation and Networks in New Zealand Farming. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 61(3), 422-442.

Büchel, S., Sundrum, A. (2014). Evaluation of a New System for Measuring Feeding Behavior of Dairy Cows. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 108, 12-16.
Castells, M., Schild, C., Caffarena, D., Bok, M., Giannitti, F., Armendano, J., Riet‐Correa, F., Victoria, M., Parreño, V. and Colina, R. (2018). Prevalence and Viability of Group a Rotavirus in Dairy Farm Water Sources. Journal of applied microbiology, 124(3), 922-929.
Derks, M., van Werven, T., Hogeveen, H., Kremer, W.D. (2013). Veterinary Herd Management Programs on Dairy Farms in the Netherlands: use, Execution, and Relations to Farmer Characteristics. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(3), 1623-1637.
Eklund, L., Abdi, A., Islar, M. (2017). From Producers to Consumers: The Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in Iraqi Kurdistan. Land, 6(2), 44.
FAO (2020). Climate Change and the Global Dairy Cattle Sector: The Role of the Dairy Sector in a Low-carbon Future. Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Global Dairy Platform Inc. Rome. “https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA2929EN”
Firth, C.L., Laubichler, C., Schleicher, C., Fuchs, K., Käsbohrer, A., Egger-Danner, C., Köfer, J., Obritzhauser, W. (2019). Relationship Between the Probability of Veterinary-diagnosed Bovine Mastitis Occurring and Farm Management Risk Factors on Small Dairy Farms in Austria. Journal of dairy science, 102(5), 4452-4463.
Funk, T.L., Gooch, C.A., Stowell, R.R., Li, J. (2018). Annual Electrical Energy Requirements of Five Cooling Strategies for Lactating Dairy Confined Housing in the Eastern United States. In 10th International Livestock Environment Symposium (ILES X) (p. 1). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.
Garrick, D.J., Snell, R.G. (2005). Emerging Technologies for Identifying Superior Dairy Cows in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 53(6), 390-399.
Guadu, T., Abebaw, M. (2016). Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects of Dairy Farming in Ethiopia: A review. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 11(1), 01-09.
Hadad, J.M.A. (2021). An Economic Study of the Cost of Dairy Milk Production In Erbil Governorate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 10764-10768.
Hemme, T., Uddin, M.M., Ndambi, O.A. (2014). Benchmarking Cost of Milk Production in 46 Countries. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 3, 254-270.
Jongerden, JP., Wolters, W., Dijkxhoorn, Y. (2018) Explorative Study Agricultural Development in Iraq and the federal Kurdistan Autonomous Region. WASS, Rural Sociology, Consumer and Chain, Water and Food. Research output: Book/Report › Report › Professional, Wageningen.
Joshi, J., Wang, J. (2018). Manure Management Coupled with Bioenergy Production: An Environmental and Economic Assessment of Large Dairies in New Mexico. Energy Economics, 74, 197-207.
Kebede, A.B. (2009). Characterization of milk production systems, marketing and on-farm evaluation of the effect of feed supplementation on milk yield and milk composition of cows at Bure District, Ethiopia. MSc thesis (Animal Production). 112p. Bahir Dar (Ethiopia): Bahir Dar University.
Khoshnaw, Y.K. (2013). A Study to Assess Needed Improvements and Barriers in Planning and Delivering Agricultural Extension Activities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Master's thesis, Texas A & M University.
Leyland, T., Catley, A. (2002). September. Community-based Animal Health Delivery Systems: Improving the Quality of Veterinary Service Delivery. In Office International Epizootics Seminar. Tunis, Tunisia: Organization of Veterinary Services and Food Safety. World Veterinary Congress.
Madau, F.A., Furesi, R., Pulina, P. (2016). The Existence of Buyer Power in the Italian Fresh Milk Supply Chain. British Food Journal, 118(1), 70-82.
Marshall, K., Salmon, G.R., Tebug, S., Juga, J., MacLeod, M., Poole, J., Baltenweck, I., Missohou, A. (2020). Net Benefits of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farms in Senegal Can be Significantly Increased Through the Use of Better Dairy Cattle Breeds and Improved Management Practices. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(9), 8197-8217.
Meilke, K.D., Larivière, S., Martin, C. (2001). Trade Liberalization in the Dairy Sector: An Overview. Estey Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 2, 118-145.
Ministry of Agricultural & Water Resources, (2019). Analysis On Crops, Water Resources and Irrigation, And Selected Value Chains, https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/IRQ/Agricultural%20Study%20-KRI%202019.pdf
Mohammed, A. (2018). Artificial Insemination and its Economical Significance in Dairy Cattle: Review. Int. J. Res. Stud. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 4(1), 30-43.
Mumba, C., Samui, K.L., Pandey, G.S., Hang’ombe, B.M., Simuunza, M., Tembo, G., Muliokela, S.W. (2011). Economic Analysis of the Viability of Smallholder Dairy Farming in Zambia. Foot, 42, 26-8.
Muradi, A.J., Akbay, C. (2018). Structure and Marketing Opportunities on Dairy Farms in Konya Province, Turkey. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 6(10), 756-762.
Nanakali, H.A.M. (2021). Rural Sustainable Development Policies in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and their Impact on Migration. The case of Erbil Governorate, International Planning Studies, http://hdl.handle.net/2003/40231
Ndambi, O.A., Garcia, O., Balikowa, D., Kiconco, D., Hemme, T., Latacz-Lohmann, U. (2008). Milk production systems in Central Uganda: a farm economic analysis. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 40(4), 269-279.
Newbold, P. (1995). Statistics for Business and Economics, Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
Okello, G.O., Saina, E., Ngode, L. (2019). Analysis of Institutional Factors Influencing Adoption of Zero-grazing Dairy Farming Technology among Smallholder Farmers in Bondo Sub County, Kenya.
Oladele, O.I. (2004). Effect of World Bank Loan Withdrawal on the Performance of Agricultural Extension in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 13(2), 5-5.
Rangnekar, D., Thorpe, W. (2001). Smallholder dairy production and marketing—Opportunities and constraints. Proceedings of a South-South Workshop held at National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Anand, India, 13-16 March 2001. ILRI Proceedings. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.
Rathod, P., Chander, M., Sharma G.C. (2017). Adoption Status of Artificial Insemination in Indian Dairy Sector: Application of Multinomial Logit Model. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45(1), 442-446.
Reijs, J.W., Daatselaar, C.H.G., Helming, J.F.M., Jager, J.H., Beldman, A.C.G. (2013). Grazing Dairy Cows in North-West Europe: Economic Farm Performance and Future Developments with Emphasis on the Dutch Situation. LEI Wageningen UR.
Richards, S.M. (2017). Productivity and Welfare of Cows on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Kenya. PhD Thesis in the Department of Health Management Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Prince Edward Island.
Ritter, C., Russell, E.R., Weary, D.M. and von Keyserlingk, M.A. (2021). Views of American Animal and Dairy Science Students on the Future of Dairy Farms and Public Expectations for Dairy Cattle Care: A Focus Group Study. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(7), 7984-7995.
Samer, M. (2010). How to Rectify Design Flaws of Dairy Housing in Hot Climates. In Proceedings of XVII CIGR World Congress, Quebec City, Canada. Book of Abstracts (79)
Shelley, A.N. (2016). Incorporating Machine Vision in Precision Dairy Farming Technologies. Doctoral Dissertation, Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Kentucky.
Sheng, Y., Chancellor, W. (2019). Exploring the Relationship Between Farm Size and Productivity: Evidence from the Australian Grains Industry. Food Policy, 84, 196-204.
Sundaram, M.S., Sekar, M. Subburaj, A. (2014). Women Empowerment: Role of Education. International Journal in Management & Social Science, 2(12), 76-85.
Upton, J., Humphreys, J., Koerkamp, P.G., French, P., Dillon, P., De Boer, I.J. (2013). Energy Demand on Dairy Farms in Ireland. Journal of dairy science, 96(10), 6489-6498.
Walker, M., Sarkar, A.A. (1996). The Development of a National Agricultural Extension Policy in Bangladesh. European Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 3(2), 85-95.
Wojdalski, J., Dróżdż, B., Brocki, H. (2008). Effectiveness of Electrical Energy and Water Consumption in a Small-Size Dairy Processing Plant. TEKA Kom. Mot. Energ. Roln. OL PAN, 8, 303-309.
World Bank. (2018). Iraq Agriculture Transformation Program; World Bank Group PowerPoint: Washington, DC USA, 2018.
Valk, J.N. (2019). The CAP According to Farmers as its Key Stakeholders: How Conventional Farmers in the Netherlands View the Direct Support Framework of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, Master's thesis, University of Twente.
Van Vuuren, A.M., Van Den Pol, A. (2006). Grazing Systems and Feed Supplementation. In Fresh Herbage for Dairy Cattle: The Key to a Sustainable Food Chain (No. 18, pp. 85-101). Springer.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Çiftlik İşletmeleri

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Eftekhar Ali Hakim Bu kişi benim
0000-0002-6385-1772
Iraq

Cuma Akbay ^*
0000-0001-7673-7584
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

28 Haziran 2024

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2024

Gönderilme Tarihi

3 Nisan 2024

Kabul Tarihi

6 Haziran 2024

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2024 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.61513/tead.1464518

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA78NZ29CJ

APA

Hakim, E. A., & Akbay, C. (2024). Assessment of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Farms and Management Practices in The Northern Region of Iraq. Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.61513/tead.1464518

Tarım Ekonomisi Araştırmaları Dergisi CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 lisansı kullanmaktadır.

Assessment of Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Farms and Management Practices in The Northern Region of Iraq

Abstract

Keywords

Irak'ın Kuzey Bölgesinde Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinin Sosyo-demografik Özelliklerinin ve Yönetim Uygulamalarının Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster