Pandemi Sürecinde Sebze Üreten Tarım İşletmelerinin Yapısal Durumu ve Finansmanı: Ankara İli Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 46 - 58, 30.06.2024

Türkan Karakaş Erdoğan Güneş

https://doi.org/10.61513/tead.1469936

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme süreçleri; gıda krizleri, salgın hastalıklar veya savaş gibi nedenlerle kesintiye uğrar. 2019 Aralık ayında başlayan, 30 Ocak 2020’de küresel acil durum ilan edilen ve 5 Mayıs 2022’de küresel acil durumdan çıkarılan COVID-19 pandemi süreci dünya ekonomisini etkilediği gibi tarım sektörünü de derinden etkilemiştir. Bu dönemde tarım sektörünün krizlere karşı dayanıklı ve sürdürülebilir hale getirilmesi oldukça önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, pandemi sürecinde sebze üreten tarım işletmelerinin yapısal durumlarının ortaya konulması, finansmanının incelenmesi ve pandemi sürecinin tarım işletmelerine etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada ana materyal olarak, Ankara ilinde Beypazarı ve Ayaş ilçelerinde Tabakalı Tesadüfi Örnekleme yönetimi ile belirlenen 112 adet sebze üreten tarım işletmesine yüz yüze anket uygulanarak elde edilen birincil veriler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, tarım işletmelerine dair bazı sosyoekonomik değişkenler incelenmiş, pandemi döneminde kredi kullanımı pandemi öncesine göre karşılaştırılmış ve pandemi sürecinin işletmelere etkisi 5’li likert ölçeği kullanılarak sıralanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında; ortalama hane halkı büyüklüğü 2.96 kişi iken işletmecilerin yaş ortalaması 54.68 yıl ve tarımsal deneyimi 43.06 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Ortalama işletme büyüklüğü 145.47 dekar ve parsel sayısı 12.20 adettir. İşletmelerde, pandemi öncesi %63.39 olan kredi kullanım oranı pandemi döneminde %73.21’e yükselmiştir. İşletme kredisi kullanım oranı pandemi öncesinde %57.75 iken pandemi döneminde %68.29’ye yükselmiştir. Sonuçlara göre işletmecilerin, pandemi döneminde sorun yaşandığına dair katılım düzeyi genel olarak düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte bu süreçte işçilik, pazarlama, tarımsal altyapı, hasat ve sulama sorunlarının yaşandığına dair katılım düzeyleri diğer hususlara göre daha yüksektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarım işletmesi, Tarımsal finansman, COVID-19 pandemisi, Sebze, Sürdürülebilirlik

The Structural Situation and Financing of Agricultural Enterprises Operating in the Vegetable Producing During the Pandemic: The Case of Ankara Province

Öz

Economic growth processes are interrupted by factors such as food crises, outbreaks of infectious diseases or wars. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in December 2019 and was declared a global emergency on January 30, 2020, with the global emergency status lifted on May 5, 2022, has deeply affected the world economy as well as the agricultural sector. During pandemic, making the agricultural sector resilient and sustainable against crises has become crucial. The aim of this study is to identify the structural conditions of agricultural enterprises engaged in vegetable farming during the pandemic, examine their financing and determine the effects of the pandemic on agricultural enterprises. The primary data obtained by conducting face-to-face surveys with 112 vegetable-producing agricultural enterprises in Beypazarı and Ayaş districts of Ankara province using the Stratified Random Sampling method were used as the main material in the study. Some socio-economic data regarding agricultural enterprises were collected, agricultural credit usages before and during the pandemic were compared, and the impact of the pandemic on enterprises was ranked using a five-point Likert scale. In the research findings; the average household size is 2.96 people, the average age of the operators is 54.68 years, the agricultural experience is 43.06 years. The average farm size is 145.47 decares, and the number of plots is 12.20. Before the pandemic 63.39% of the enterprises utilized financial credit, while during the pandemic 73.21% of the enterprises used financial credit. Before the pandemic, 57.75% of the enterprises used operational credits, while during the pandemic, this rate increased to 68.29%. According to the results, the level of participation indicating problems experienced by entrepreneurs during the pandemic was generally found to be low. However, during this period, the level of participation indicating problems related to labor, marketing, agricultural infrastructure, harvesting, and irrigation is higher.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Agricultural enterprise, Agricultural finance, COVID-19 pandemic, Vegetable, Sustainability

Kaynakça

• Alam, M. J., Kabir, A. M. F., Mastura, T., Kishore, A., Jackson, T., & Begum, I. A. (2023). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vegetable farmers in Bangladesh. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1), 2214432. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2214432
• Alanlar, E. (2021). Pazar Sepeti Analizi İle Birliktelik Kurallarının Belirlenmesi: Perakende Sektöründe COVID-19 Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karabük Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı. Karabük.
• Aydın, A. , Güner, A. (2020). COVID-19 salgınının tarım sektörü ve gıda güvenliği üzerine etkisi: Türkiye üzerine bir değerlendirme. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume 3, Issue 2, 155 – 171.
• Bochtis, D., Benos, L., Lampridi, M., Marinoudi, V., Pearson S., Sørensen, C. G. (2020). Agricultural workforce crisis in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12, 8212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198212
• Boyacı Gündüz, C.P.; Ibrahim, S.A.; Wei, O.C.; Galanakis, C.M.(2021) transformation of the food sector: security and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Foods, 2021, 10, 497. . https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10030497
• Brizi, A., & Biraglia, A. (2021). “Do I have enough food?” How need for cognitive closure and gender impact stockpiling and food waste during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-national study in India and the United States of America. Personality and Individual Differences, 168,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110396
• Bulut, O. D. , Çelik Kaysim, Z. & Karadaş, K. (2022). Determination of consumers’ fresh fruit and vegetable (FFV) purchasing preferences during the Covid-19 pandemic period: the case of Turkey . Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 59 (4) , 567-577. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1107062
• Coluccia, B., Agnusdei, G. P., Miglietta, P. P., & De Leo, F. (2021). Effects of COVID-19 on the Italian agri-food supply and value chains. Food Control, 123, 107839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107839
• Çavuş, O., Bayhan,İ., İsmail, B.B. (2022). An Overview of the effect of COVİD-19 on household food waste: how does the pandemic affect food waste at the house hold level? Int. J. Food System Dynamics 13(1), 2022, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.18461/ijfsd.v13i1.A1
• Çiçek, A., Erkan, O. (1996). Tarım ekonomisinde arastırma ve örnekleme yöntemleri. Gaziosmanpasa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, (12), 45.
• Debata, B., Patnaik, P., Mishra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic! It's impact on people, economy, and environment. J Public Affairs. 20(4), https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2372.
• Demirkol, E.C. (2022). Pandemi döneminde küçük aile çiftçilerinin sorunları üzerine nitel bir araştırma: Torbalı örneği. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 28 (1) , 67-75. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1071228
• Egger, D., Miguel, E., Warren, S. S., Shenoy, A., Collins, E., Karlan, D., ... & Vernot, C. (2021). Falling living standards during the COVID-19 crisis: Quantitative evidence from nine developing countries. Science advances, 7(6). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0997
• Eskandari, S., Rashidimehr, A., Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, F., Salmani, Y., & Esfarjani, F. (2021). Challenges of the vegetable production and distribution ındustry during the covıd-19 pandemic. J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 4(1). DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/040
• Falkendal , T., Otto,C., Schewe, J., Jägermeyr , J., Konar, M., Kummu , M., Watkins B., Puma, M.J. (2021). Grain export restrictions during COVID-19 risk food insecurity in many low- and middle-income countries. Nature Food, Vol 2, 11-14.
• FAO, 2024. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Web Site. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data. Erişim Tarihi:20.05.2024
• Ferguson, C. E., Tuxson, T., Mangubhai, S., Jupiter, S., Govan, H., Bonito, V., ... & Waide, M. (2022). Local practices and production confer resilience to rural Pacific food systems during the COVID-19 pandemic. Marine Policy, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.104954
• Güler, P. , Bozkır, Ç. & Uluata, S. (2023). COVID-19 pandemi kısıtlamalarının beslenme alışkanlıklarına etkisi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 32 (2), 237-243 . DOI: 10.34108/eujhs.1042777
• Harris, J., Depenbusch, L., Pal, A.A. et al. (2020). Food system disruption: initial livelihood and dietary effects of COVID-19 on vegetable producers in India. Food Security 12: 841–851
• Kansiime, M. K., Tambo, J. A., Mugambi, I., Bundi, M., Kara, A., & Owuor, C. (2021). COVID-19 implications on household income and food security in Kenya and Uganda: Findings from a rapid assessment. World development, 137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105199
• Kaushik, P., Sharma, V., Saini, I., Yadav, V. K., Jayaswal, D., Singh, G.,... & Srivastava, A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on vegetable sector and its allies. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (IJTK), 19, S-177.
• Kayabaşı, E. T. (2020). COVID-19’un tarımsal üretime etkisi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (Asead), Cilt 7 Sayı 5, S: 38-45.
• Kutlu, N., Ekin, M. M. , Alav, A. , Ceylan, Z., Meral, R. (2021). Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde bireylerin beslenme alışkanlığında meydana gelen değişimin belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma. International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research, , Volume 8, Issue 1, 2021, 173-187.
• Litton, M. M., Beavers, A. W. (2021). The relationship between food security status and fruit and vegetable intake during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients, 13(3), 712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030712
• Middendorf, B. J., Traoré, H., Middendorf, G., Jha, P. K., Yonli, D., Palé, S., & Prasad, P. V. (2022). Impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on vegetable production systems and livelihoods: Smallholder farmer experiences in Burkina Faso. Food and Energy Security, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.337
• Muştu, Ç. , Ceylan, V. & Sarıışık, M. (2020). COVID-19 virüs salgını kaynaklı karantina sürecinin evsel gıda atıklarına etkileri. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 26 (2) , 157-165.
• Ridley, W., Devadoss, S. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 on fruit and vegetable production. Applied economic perspectives and policy (43), number 1, pp. 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13107
• Ruan, J., Cai, Q., Jin, S. (2021). Impact of COVID‐19 and nationwide lockdowns on vegetable prices: evidence from wholesale markets in China. American journal of agricultural economics, 103(5), 1574-1594. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12211
• Sridhar, A., Balakrishnan, A., Jacob, M. M., Sillanpää, M., & Dayanandan, N. (2023). Global impact of COVID-19 on agriculture: role of sustainable agriculture and digital farming. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 42509-42525.
• Tripathi, A., Bharti, N., Sardar, S., & Malik, S. (2023). Covid-19, disrupted vegetable supply chain and direct marketing: experiences from India. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 13(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-04-2021-0095
• TÜİK, 2016. Tarımsal İşletme Yapı Araştırması. Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2020
• TÜİK, 2024a. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Web Sitesi. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/. Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2024
• TÜİK, 2024b. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Aile-2023-53784#:~ Erişim Tarihi 10.03.2024
• TÜİK, 2024c. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2023-53675#: Erişim Tarihi 10.03.2024
• Uğur, A., & Buruklar, T. (2021). Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on agri-food production and farmers. Food Science and Technology, 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.19821
• Van Hoyweghen, K., Fabry, A., Feyaerts, H., Wade, I., & Maertens, M. (2021). Resilience of global and local value chains to the Covid‐19 pandemic: Survey evidence from vegetable value chains in Senegal. Agricultural Economics, 52(3), 423-440. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12627
• WHO, 2024. World Health Organisation Web Sitesi.https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases?n=c. Erişim Tarihi: 11.03.2024
• Wojciechowska-Solis, J.; Kowalska, A.; Bieniek, M.; Ratajczyk, M.; Manning, L. (2022). Comparison of the Purchasing Behaviour of Polish and United Kingdom Consumers in the Organic Food Market during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health ,1137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031137
• Yamane, T. 1967. Elementary Sampling Theory. Prentice-Hall.Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
• Yang, C.; Chen, X. (2022). Factors Affecting Consumers’ Purchasing of Suboptimal Foods during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Agriculture 2022, 12, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010099
• Yılmaz, E. S., & Mutlu, H. M. (2020). Online Market Alışverişinin (Kuru Gıda, Yaş Meyve Sebze Ve Paketli Gıda Ürünleri Vb.) Benimsenmesi: Covıd-19 Anksiyetesinin Düzenleyici Rolü. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19 (COVID-19 Special Issue), 486-505. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.785032
• Yılmaz, Ö. T. (2021).The change ın ınternatıonal trade policies ın response to Covid-19. International Symposium of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies, 22-25 February 20212709
• Yogesh, S. G., & Ravindran, D. S. (2023). Farmers’ profitability through online sales of organic vegetables and fruits during the COVID-19 pandemic—an empirical study. Agronomy, 13(5), 1200.
• Zhan, Y., & Chen, K. Z. (2021). Building resilient food system amidst COVID-19: Responses and lessons from China. Agricultural Systems, 190, 103102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103102
• Zhou J., Han, F., Li, K., Wang, Y. (2020). Vegetable production under COVID-19 pandemic in China: An analysis based on the data of 526 households. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020, 19(12): 2854–2865.