BİLİŞSEL ALANIN SINIFLAMASINDA (TAKSONOMİ) YENİ GELİŞMELER VE SINIFLAMALAR

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 479 - 511, 01.09.2007

Sedat Yüksel

Öz

Bu çalışma, bilişsel hedeflerin sınıflamasında (taksonomi) yaşanan gelişmeleri ve bu alanda
geliştirilen yeni sınıflamaları tanıtmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ülkemizde bilişsel alanın sınıflamasında Bloom
tarafından 1956 yılında yapılan sınıflama hâlen yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak Bloom’un
sınıflamasına alternatif olarak geliştirilen yeni sınıflamalar ile bilişsel alanın sınıflamasındaki son
gelişmeler yeterince izlenmemektedir. Bu çalışmada Bloom’un sınıflamasına alternatif olarak geliştirilen
önemli sınıflamalar incelenmiştir. Bu alternatif sınıflamalar Bloom’un sınıflamasındaki temel düşünce ve
anlayışı çok fazla değiştirmemiş, genellikle bazı basamakların isimlerinde veya basamakların
sıralamasında değişiklikler yapmıştır. İleri sürülen alternatif sınıflamalar tek boyutlu (Gerlach ve
Sullivan, Hannah ve Michaelis, Gagné ve Briggs, Stahl ve Murphy, Quellmalz, Hauenstein ve Haladayna)
ve çok boyutlu (Tuckman, Marzano, Romizowski, Anderson ve Krathwohl, DeBlock, Williams ve
Haladayna) olmak üzere iki grupta toplanmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan sınıflamalar iki boyutludur. Bu
sınıflamalarda bilgiye ayrı bir önem verilmiş, bilişsel alan; içerik ve süreç olmak üzere iki boyuta
ayrılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçta, alternatif sınıflamalar Bloom’un sınıflamasını temel almış ve bu
sınıflamada gördükleri eksiklikleri gidermeye çalışmışlardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilişsel alan, Bloom, hedefler, hedeflerin aşamalı sınıflaması, yeni sınıflamalar

THE DEVELOPMENTS IN COGNITIVE DOMAIN AND NEW TAXONOMIES

Öz

The purpose of this study is to describe the new developments in the taxonomies of the objectives
in cognitive domain. The taxonomy created by Bloom in 1956 is still used extensively in Turkey. However,
alternative taxonomies developed after those of Bloom and new improvements in this area are not well
know. This study aims to explain and do an in depth analysis of these alternative taxonomies. These
alternative classifications did not bring big changes in Bloom’s taxonomy and the modifications are
mostly related to altering the names or the order of the steps of taxonomies. These alternative
classifications can be organized into two groups: one dimension and multiple dimensions taxonomies.
One dimension classifications are made by Gerlach and Sullivan, Hannah and Michaelis, Gagné and
Briggs, Stahl and Murphy, Quellmalz, Hauenstein and Haladayna. As for multiple dimension
taxonomies, they are done by Tuckman, Marzano, Romizowski, Anderson and Krathwoh, DeBlock,
Williams and Haladayna. Recent alternative taxonomies are two dimensions. Those taxonomies which
favored two dimensions divided the cognitive domain into process and content and examined them
separately. As a result, these alternative taxonomies aimed to make better classifications based on
Bloom’s taxonomies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cognitive domain, Bloom, educational objectives, taxonomy new taxonomies

Kaynakça

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