Yaya Kazalarının Yaralanma Şiddetinin İncelenmesi: İkili Lojistik Regresyon Modeli Uygulaması

Öz

Bu çalışmada ikili lojistik regresyon model kullanılarak yaya kazalarının yaralanma şiddetine etki eden faktörler belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü veri tabanından elde edilen, Mersin’de 2015-2017 yılları arasında tek bir taşıt ve tek bir yayanın karıştığı kazalara ait kaza düzeyindeki detaylı veriler kullanılmıştır. Yayaların yaralanma şiddetini belirlemek için kaza sonrası 30 günlük sürecin sonundaki veri kullanılmıştır. Model sonuçları kazalara 55 yaş ve üstü yayaların karışmasının, erkek yayaların karışmasının, kazada yayaların kusurlu olmasının, kazada hız kusuru olmasının ve kaza noktasında yatay kurb bulunmasının yaya kazalarının yaralanma şiddetinin 0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde arttırdığını göstermiştir. Yaya kazalarının devlet yollarında ve gece meydana gelmesi yaya kazalarının yaralanma şiddetini 0,10 anlamlılık düzeyinde artırmaktadır. Öte yandan, kazalara motosikletlerin karışması yaralanma şiddetini 0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde azalmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaya
• Kaza
• Şiddet
• Güvenlik
• Logistik regresyon

Injury Severity Level Examination of Pedestrian Crashes: An Application of Binary Logistic Regression

Öz

This study used a binary logistic regression model to identify factors affecting the severity level pedestrian crashes. For this purpose, a crash level disaggregate data were provided by the General Directorate of Security for the crashes involving a single vehicle and a single pedestrian in Mersin from 2015 to 2017. 30-day post-crash data were used to describe injury severity level of pedestrians. The model results showed that older pedestrians (55 years old and older), male pedestrians, pedestrians at-fault crashes, speeding and horizontal curves increases the severity level of pedestrian crashed at 0.05 significance level. State highway and night crash are associated with increased probability of severe injuries at 0.10 significance level. On the other hand, motorcycles decreases the severity level of pedestrian accidents at 0.05 significance level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pedestrian
• crash
• severity
• safety
• logistic regression

Kaynakça

1. [1] Kim, S., Ulfarsson, G. F., Traffic Safety in an Aging Society: Analysis of Older Pedestrian Crashes. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 11(3), 323-332, 2019.
2. [2] Abay, K. A., Examining Pedestrian-Injury Severity using Alternative Disaggregate Models. Research in Transportation Economics, 43(1), 123-136, 2013
3. [3] Lee, I. M., Buchner, D. M., The Importance of Walking to Public Health. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(7), S512-S518, 2008.
4. [4] Rothman, L., Howard, A. W., Camden, A., Macarthur, C., Pedestrian Crossing Location Influences Injury Severity in Urban Areas. Injury prevention, 18(6), 365-370, 2012.
5. [5] Moudon, A. V., Lin, L., Jiao, J., Hurvitz, P., Reeves, P., The Risk of Pedestrian Injury and Fatality in Collisions with Motor Vehicles: A Social Ecological Study of State Routes and City Streets in King County, Washington. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(1), 11-24, 2011.
6. [6] Islam, S., Jones, S. L., Pedestrian At-Fault Crashes on Rural And Urban Roadways in Alabama. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 72, 267-276, 2014.
7. [7] Kim, M., Kho, S. Y., Kim, D. K., Hierarchical Ordered Model for Injury Severity of Pedestrian Crashes in South Korea. Journal of safety research, 61, 33-40, 2017.
8. [8] Niebuhr, T., Junge, M., Rosén, E., Pedestrian Injury Risk and the Effect of Age. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 86, 121-128, 2016.

9. [9] Elvik, R., The Handbook of Road Safety Measures, 2004.
10. [10] Pucher, J., Dijkstra, L., Promoting Safe Walking and cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1509-1516, 2003.
11. [11] Sullman, M. J., Gras, M. E., Font-Mayolas, S., Masferrer, L., Cunill, M., Planes, M., The Pedestrian Behaviour of Spanish Adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 531-539, 2001.
12. [12] World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety 2015. World Health Organization, 2018.
13. [13] European Road Safety Observatory, Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018: Pedestrians. European Road Safety Observatory, 2018.
14. [14] Zhang, G., Yau, K. K., Zhang, X., Analyzing Fault and Severity in Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Accidents in China. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 73, 141-150, 2014.
15. [15] Sze, N. N., Wong, S. C., Diagnostic Analysis of the Logistic Model for Pedestrian Injury Severity in Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(6), 1267-1278, 2007.
16. [16] Kong, C., Yang, J., Logistic Regression Analysis of Pedestrian Casualty Risk in Passenger Vehicle Collisions in China. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 987-993, 2010.
17. [17] Ulfarsson, G. F., Kim, S., Booth, K. M., Analyzing Fault in Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1805-1813, 2010.
18. [18] Türkiye İstatistik Enstitüsü. Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri, 2018. Türkiye, 2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30640
19. [19] Hoşkal, D., 2003-2004 Yıllarında Diyarbakır İlinde Meydana Gelen Yaralanmalı Yaya Kazalarının İncelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2006.
20. [20] Kaygısız, Ö., Yıldız, A., Duzgun, S., Spatio-Temporal Pedestrian Accident Analysis to Improve Urban Pedestrian Safety: The Case of The Eskisehir Motorway. Gazi University Journal of Science, 28(4), 623-630, 2015.
21. [21] Avcı, C., Durduran, S. S., Analysis of Pedestrian Accidents Using a Geographical Information System (GIS) in Konya City, Turkey. WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, 134, 495-501, 2013.
22. [22] Cınarbaş Akın, S., Ankara Şehir İçinde Meydana Gelen Yaralanmalı Yaya Kazalarının Konumsal Olarak İrdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2002.
23. [23] Özkan, K., Ankara'da Meydana Gelen Yaya Kazalarına Uygun Denetim Politikasının Tespiti, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, 2002.
24. [24] Yüksekol, İ., Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety Around Bus Stops Using Geographic Information Systems, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, 2012.
25. [25] Ozen, M., Sayin, C. G., Yuruk, Y., Analysis of the Pedestrian Accidents in Turkey. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 2(3), 100-109, 2017.
26. [26] Baltes, M. R., Descriptive Analysis of Crashes Involving Pedestrians in Florida, 1990–1994. Transportation Research Record, 1636(1), 138-145, 1998.
27. [27] Jensen, S., Pedestrian Safety in Denmark. Transportation Research Record, 1674(1), 61-69, 1999.
28. [28] Graham, D. J., Glaister, S., Spatial Variation in Road Pedestrian Casualties: The Role of Urban Scale, Density and Land-Use Mix. Urban Studies, 40(8), 1591-1607, 2003.
29. [29] Martinez, K. L. H., Porter, B. E., The Likelihood of Becoming a Pedestrian Fatality and Drivers’ Knowledge of Pedestrian Rights and Responsibilities in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 7(1), 43-58, 2004.
30. [30] Ballesteros, M. F., Dischinger, P. C., Langenberg, P., Pedestrian Injuries and Vehicle Type in Maryland, 1995–1999. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(1), 73-81, 2004.
31. [31] Roudsari, B. S., Mock, C. N., Kaufman, R., Grossman, D., Henary, B. Y., Crandall, J., Pedestrian Crashes: Higher Injury Severity and Mortality Rate for Light Truck Vehicles Compared with Passenger Vehicles. Injury Prevention, 10(3), 154-158, 2004.
32. [32] Eluru, N., Bhat, C. R., Hensher, D. A., A Mixed Generalized Ordered Response Model for Examining Pedestrian and Bicyclist Injury Severity Level in Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(3), 1033-1054, 2008.
33. [33] Mabunda, M. M., Swart, L. A., Seedat, M., Magnitude and Categories of Pedestrian Fatalities in South Africa. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(2), 586-593, 2008.
34. [34] Zegeer, C. V., Zegeer, S. F., 1988. Pedestrians and Traffic-Control Measures, Report No: 139, 1988.
35. [35] Aidoo, E. N., Amoh-Gyimah, R., Ackaah, W., The Effect of Road and Environmental Characteristics on Pedestrian Hit-and-Run Accidents in Ghana. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 53, 23-27, 2013.
36. [36] Colucci, B., Valle, D., Characterization of Motor Vehicle–Pedestrian Fatalities in Urban Arterial Corridor, In Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2014.
37. [37] Liu, J., Hainen, A., Li, X., Nie, Q., Nambisan, S., Pedestrian Injury Severity in Motor Vehicle Crashes: An Integrated Spatio-Temporal Modeling Approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 132, 105272, 2019.
38. [38] Federal Highway Administration, KABCO Injury Classification Scale and Definitions, 2019. https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/hsip/spm/conversion_tbl/pdfs/kabco_ctable_by_state.pdf
39. [39] Campbell, B. J., Zegeer, C. V., Huang, H. H., Cynecki, M. J., A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad, Publication No: FHWA-RD-03-Federal Highway Administration, United States, 2003.
40. [40] Holland, C., Hill, R., The Effect of Age, Gender and Driver Status on Pedestrians’ Intentions to Cross the Road in Risky Situations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(2), 224-237, 2007.
41. [41] Clifton, K. J., Burnier, C. V., Akar, G., Severity of Injury Resulting from Pedestrian Vehicle Crashes: What Can We Learn From Examining the Built Environment?. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 14(6), 425-436, 2009.
42. [42] Rosén, E., Sander, U., Pedestrian Fatality Risk as a Function of Car Impact Speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41(3), 536-542, 2009.
43. [43] Lee, C., Abdel-Aty, M., Comprehensive Analysis of Vehicle–Pedestrian Crashes at Intersections in Florida. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 775-786, 2005.
44. [44] Kim, J. K., Ulfarsson, G. F., Shankar, V. N., Kim, S., Age and Pedestrian Injury Severity in Motor-Vehicle Crashes: A Heteroskedastic Logit Analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(5), 1695-1702, 2008.
45. [45] Kim, J. K., Ulfarsson, G. F., Shankar, V. N., Mannering, F. L., A Note on Modeling Pedestrian-Injury Severity in Motor-Vehicle Crashes with the Mixed Logit Model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1751-1758, 2010.
46. [46] Sklar, D. P., Demarest, G. B., McFeeley, P., Increased Pedestrian Mortality among the Elderly. The American journal of emergency medicine, 7(4), 387-390, 1989.
47. [47] Fontaine, H., Gourlet, Y., Fatal Pedestrian Accidents in France: A Typological Analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(3), 303-312, 1997.
48. [48] Salon, D., McIntyre, A., Determinants of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crash Severity by Party at Fault in San Francisco, CA. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 110, 149-160, 2018.
49. [49] Zajac, S. S., Ivan, J. N., Factors Influencing Injury Severity of Motor Vehicle–Crossing Pedestrian Crashes in Rural Connecticut. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(3), 369-379, 2003.
50. [50] Henary, B. Y., Ivarsson, J., Crandall, J. R., The Influence of Age on the Morbidity and Mortality of Pedestrian Victims. Traffic injury prevention, 7(2), 182-190, 2006.
51. [51] Tay, R., Choi, J., Kattan, L., Khan, A., A Multinomial Logit Model of Pedestrian–Vehicle Crash Severity. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5(4), 233-249, 2011.
52. [52] Loo, B. P., Tsui, K. L., Pedestrian Injuries in an Ageing Society: Insights from Hospital Trauma Registry. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 66(4), 1196-1201, 2009.
53. [53] Watanabe, R., Katsuhara, T., Miyazaki, H., Kitagawa, Y., Yasuki, T., Research of the Relationship of Pedestrian Injury to Collision Speed, Car-Type, Impact Location and Pedestrian Sizes using Human FE Model (THUMS Version 4), Report No: 2012-22-0007, SAE Technical Paper, 2012.
54. [54] Jang, K., Park, S. H., Kang, S., Song, K. H., Chung, S., Evaluation of Pedestrian Safety: Geographical Identification of Pedestrian Crash Hotspots and Evaluating Risk Factors for Injury Severity. In Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2013.
55. [55] Aziz, H. A., Ukkusuri, S. V., Hasan, S., Exploring the Determinants of Pedestrian–Vehicle Crash Severity in New York City. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 1298-1309, 2013.
56. [56] Harruff, R. C., Avery, A., Alter-Pandya, A. S., Analysis of Circumstances and Injuries in 217 Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30(1), 11-20, 1998.
57. [57] Islam, S., Hossain, A. B., Comparative Analysis of Injury Severity Resulting from Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle and Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Crashes on Roadways in Alabama. Transportation research record, 2514(1), 79-87, 2015.
58. [58] Li, D., Ranjitkar, P., Zhao, Y., Yi, H., Rashidi, S., Analyzing Pedestrian Crash Injury Severity under Different Weather Conditions. Traffic injury prevention, 18(4), 427-430, 2017.
59. [59] Oxley, J., Fildes, B., Ihsen, E., Charlton, J., Day, R., Differences in Traffic Judgements between Young and Old Adult Pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(6), 839-847, 1997.
60. [60] Maring, W., Van Schagen, I., Age Dependence of Attitudes and Knowledge in Cyclists. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 22(2), 127-136, 1990.
61. [61] DeLucia, P. R., Bleckley, M. K., Meyer, L. E., Bush, J. M., Judgments about Collision in Younger and Older Drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6(1), 63-80, 2003.
62. [62] Dommes, A., Cavallo, V., Vienne, F., Aillerie, I., Age-Related Differences in Street-Crossing Safety before and after Training of Older Pedestrians. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 44(1), 42-47, 2012.
63. [63] Harrell, W. A., Precautionary Street Crossing by Elderly Pedestrians. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 32(1), 65-80, 1991.
64. [64] Wazana, A., Rynard, V. L., Raina, P., Krueger, P., Chambers, L. W. Are Child Pedestrians at Increased Risk of Injury on One-Way Compared to Two-Way Streets?. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 91(3), 201-206, 2000.
65. [65] Yasmin, S., Eluru, N., Ukkusuri, S. V., Alternative Ordered Response Frameworks for Examining Pedestrian Injury Severity in New York City. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 6(4), 275-300, 2014.
66. [66] Haleem, K., Alluri, P., Gan, A., Analyzing Pedestrian Crash Injury Severity at Signalized and Non-Signalized Locations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 81, 14-23, 2015.
67. [67] Sarkar, S., Tay, R., Hunt, J. D., Logistic Regression Model of Risk of Fatality in Vehicle–Pedestrian Crashes on National Highways in Bangladesh. Transportation Research Record, 2264(1), 128-137, 2011.
68. [68] Öström, M., Eriksson, A., Pedestrian Fatalities and Alcohol. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 33(2), 173-180, 2001.
69. [69] DaSilva, M. P., Smith, J. D., Najm, W. G., Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes, Publication No: DOT-VNTSC-NHTSA-02-02, U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States, 2003.
70. [70] Sciortino, S., Chiapello, E., Environmental, Behavioral, and Demographic Factors that Affect the Severity of Pedestrian Injuries. AAP, 37, 357-68, 2005.
71. [71] Spainhour, L. K., Wootton, I. A., Modeling Fault in Fatal Pedestrian Crashes by Using Various Data Sources. Transportation Research Record, 2002(1), 64-71, 2007.
72. [72] Struik, M., Alexander, K., Cave, T., Fleming, A., Lyttle, J., Stone, A., Pedestrian Accident Project Report No. 4: Literature Review of Factors Contributing to Pedestrian Accidents (No. GR/88/8), 1988.
73. [73] Oxley, J., Lenné, M., Corben, B., The Effect of Alcohol Impairment on Road-Crossing Behaviour. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 9(4), 258-268, 2006.
74. [74] Lefler, D. E., Gabler, H. C., The Fatality and Injury Risk of Light Truck Impacts With Pedestrians in The United States. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(2), 295-304, 2004.
75. [75] Matsui, Y., Effects of Vehicle Bumper Height and Impact Velocity on Type of Lower Extremity Injury in Vehicle–Pedestrian Accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(4), 633-640, 2005.
76. [76] Pasanen, E., Salmivaara, H., Driving Speeds and Pedestrian Safety in the City of Helsinki. Traffic Engineering and Control, 34(6), 308-310, 1993.
77. [77] Davis, G. A., Relating Severity of Pedestrian Injury to Impact Speed in Vehicle-Pedestrian Crashes: Simple Threshold Model. Transportation Research Record, 1773(1), 108-113, 2001.
78. [78] Leden, L., Gårder, P., Johansson, C., Safe Pedestrian Crossings for Children and Elderly. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 38(2), 289-294, 2006.
79. [79] Starnes, M., Longthorne, A., Child Pedestrian Fatality Rates by Striking Vehicle Body Type: A Comparison of Passenger Cars, Sport Utility Vehicles, Pickups, and vans, Publication No: HS-809 640, United States 2003.
80. [80] Cuerden, R., Richards, D., Hill, J., Pedestrians and Their Survivability at Different Impact Speeds. In Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Lyon, France, Paper No: 07-0440, 2007.
81. [81] Leaf, W. A., Preusser, D. F., Literature Review on Vehicle Travel Speeds and Pedestrian Injuries. US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1999.
82. [82] Limpert, R., Motor Vehicle Crash Reconstruction and Cause Analysis, Michie Company, United States, 1994.
83. [83] Rosén, E., Stigson, H., Sander, U., Literature Review of Pedestrian Fatality Risk as A Function of Car Impact Speed. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(1), 25-33, 2011.
84. [84] Oh, C., Kang, Y. S., Kim, B., Kim, W., Analysis of pedestrian-vehicle crashes in Korea. In 84th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2005.
85. [85] Anderson, R. W., McLean, A. J., Farmer, M. J. B., Lee, B. H., Brooks, C. G., Vehicle Travel Speeds and the Incidence of Fatal Pedestrian Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 29(5), 667-674, 1997.
86. [86] Pour-Rouholamin, M., Zhou, H., Investigating the Risk Factors Associated with Pedestrian Injury Severity in Illinois. Journal of Safety Research, 57, 9-17, 2016.
87. [87] Verzosa, N., Miles, R., Severity of Road Crashes Involving Pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 94, 216-226, 2016.
88. [88] Garber, N. J., Lienau, T., Traffic and Highway Geometric Characteristics associated with Pedestrian Crashes in Virginia, Report No: 96-R29, Virginia Transportation Research Council, United States, 1996.
89. [89] LaScala, E. A., Gerber, D., Gruenewald, P. J., Demographic and Environmental Correlates of Pedestrian Injury Collisions: A Spatial Analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 32(5), 651-658, 2000.
90. [90] Zahabi, S. A. H., Strauss, J., Manaugh, K., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Estimating Potential Effect of Speed Limits, Built Environment, and other Factors on Severity of Pedestrian and Cyclist Injuries in Crashes. Transportation Research Record, 2247(1), 81-90, 2011
91. [91] Ivan, J. N., Garder, P. E., Zajac, S. S. Finding Strategies to Improve Pedestrian Safety in Rural Areas, 2001.
92. [92] Ukkusuri, S., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Ramadurai, G., Isa-Tavarez, J., The Role of Built Environment on Pedestrian Crash Frequency. Safety Science, 50(4), 1141-1151, 2012.
93. [93] Abdel-Aty, M., Keller, J., Exploring The Overall and Specific Crash Severity Levels at Signalized Intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(3), 417-425, 2005.
94. [94] Siddiqui, N. A., Chu, X., Guttenplan, M., Crossing Locations, Light Conditions, and Pedestrian Injury Severity. Transportation Research Record, 1982(1), 141-149, 2006.
95. [95] Pitt, R., Guyer, B., Hsieh, C. C., Malek, M., The Severity of Pedestrian Injuries in Children: An Analysis of the Pedestrian Injury Causation Study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 22(6), 549-559, 1990.
96. [96] Agran, P. F., Winn, D. G., & Anderson, C. L., Differences in Child Pedestrian Injury Events by Location. Pediatrics, 93(2), 284-288, 1994.
97. [97] Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., Haque, M. M., King, M. J., Injury Severity of Pedestrians Involved in Road Traffic Crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 9(1), 47-66, 2017
98. [98] Miles-Doan, R., Alcohol Use among Pedestrians and the Odds of Surviving an Injury: Evidence from Florida Law Enforcement Data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 28(1), 23-31, 1996.
99. [99] Sullivan, J. M., Flannagan, M. J., Differences in Geometry of Pedestrian Crashes in Daylight and Darkness. Journal of Safety Research, 42(1), 33-37, 2011.
100. [100] Tarko, A., Azam, M. S., Pedestrian Injury Analysis with Consideration of the Selectivity Bias in Linked Police-Hospital Data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), 1689-1695, 2011.
101. [101] Marshall, W. E., Garrick, N. W., Hansen, G., Reassessing On-Street Parking. Transportation Research Record, 2046(1), 45-52, 2008.
102. [102] Noland, R. B., Quddus, M. A., Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Casualties with Regional Panel Data. Transportation Research Record, 1897(1), 28-33, 2004.
103. [103] Savolainen, P. T., Mannering, F. L., Lord, D., Quddus, M. A., The Statistical Analysis of Highway Crash-Injury Severities: A Review and Assessment of Methodological Alternatives. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(5), 1666-1676, 2011.
104. [104] Krull, K. A., Khattak, A. J., Council, F. M., Injury Effects of Rollovers and Events Sequence in Single-Vehicle Crashes. Transportation Research Record, 1717(1), 46-54, 2000.
105. [105] Toy, E. L., Hammitt, J. K., Safety Impacts of SUVs, Vans, and Pickup Trucks in Two-Vehicle Crashes. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 23(4), 641-650, 2003.
106. [106] Rifaat, S. M., Tay, R., Effects of Street Patterns on Injury Risks in Two-Vehicle Crashes. Transportation Research Record, 2102(1), 61-67, 2009.
107. [107] Haleem, K., Abdel-Aty, M., Examining Traffic Crash Injury Severity at Unsignalized Intersections. Journal of Safety Research, 41(4), 347-357, 2010.
108. [108] Greene, W. H. Econometric Analysis. Pearson Education India, 2003.
109. [109] Türkiye İstatistik Enstitüsü. Nüfus İstatistikleri. Türkiye, 2019. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059
110. [110] Peduzzi, P., Concato, J., Kemper, E., Holford, T. R., Feinstein, A. R., A Simulation Study of the Number of Events per Variable in Logistic Regression Analysis. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 49(12), 1373-1379, 1996.
111. [111] Moons, K. G., de Groot, J. A., Bouwmeester, W., Vergouwe, Y., Mallett, S., Altman, D. G., ... Collins, G. S., Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies: The CHARMS Checklist. PLoS Medicine, 11(10)., 2014.
112. [112] Pavlou, M., Ambler, G., Seaman, S., De Iorio, M., Omar, R. Z., Review and Evaluation of Penalised Regression Methods for Risk Prediction in Low‐Dimensional Data with Few Events. Statistics in Medicine, 35(7), 1159-1177, 2015.
113. [113] Vittinghoff, E., McCulloch, C. E. Relaxing the Rule of Ten Events per Variable in Logistic and Cox Regression. American journal of epidemiology, 165(6), 710-718, 2007.