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Tibet’s Native Faith Bon and its Adherents: An Introductory Essay

Yıl 2022, , 61 - 101, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1140439

Öz

Two religious traditions have been established in Tibet for centuries. The most common of these is Buddhism, which has survived under the name Tibetan Buddhism (Lamaism). The other is the religious tradition known as Bon, which refers to the dominant pre-Buddhist religious structure in Tibet and non-Buddhist beliefs and practices after Buddhism gained supremacy in the region. Claiming to be the indigenous faith of Tibet, Bon argues that it emerged in pre-Buddhist times and is a distinct and original faith. Bon belief, which has been struggling with Buddhism in the region for a long time, has survived to the present day with a small number of supporters (Bonpo). Some of the Bon followers, immigrated from the region with Tibetan Buddhists when Tibet came under Chinese rule in the 1950s, continue their lives in the habitats they have established in India and Nepal, where they have taken refuge. This study aims to provide an introduction to the Bon faith, which is known as the indigenous religion of Tibet and has been trying to survive in Tibetan geography for centuries. In the article, the debates on the definition of the Bon religion, its founder, basic belief principles, rituals and its current situation will be discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Arizaga, Mara. “An Introduction to the Study of Bon in Modern China”. East and West 59/1.4 (2009), 327-335.
  • Aydın, Mehmet. Ansiklopedik Dinler Sözlüğü. Konya: Din Bilimleri Yayınları, 2005.
  • Bell, Charles Alfred. The Religion of Tibet. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1931.
  • Bellezza, John. “gShen-rab myi-bo, his life and times according to Tibet’s earliest literary sources”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 19 (October 2010), 31-118.
  • Binder, Franz. Dalai Lama. çev. Nazife Mertoğlu. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2008.
  • Bjerken, Zeff. “Exorcising the Illusion of Bon 'Shamans': A Critical Genealogy of Shamanism in Tibetan Religion”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 6 (October 2004), 4-59.
  • Bon Children. “Olmo Lungring: the imperishable sacred land”. Erişim 9 Aralık 2021.
  • http://bonpo.narod.ru/en/jewel2/03.htm
  • Brauen, Martin & Kvaerne, Per. “A Tibetan Death Ceremony”. Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 14 (1978), 9-24.
  • Budda, A. Hilmi Ömer. Dinler Tarihi. İstanbul: Vakit Gazete Matbaa Kütüphane, 1935.
  • Buswell, Robert E. Jr. & Lopez, Donald S. Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Can, Zeynep Pınar. Dunhuang Uygur Metinleri Üzerine Açıklamalı Kaynakça. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016.
  • Central Tibetan Administration. “About CTA/Tibet in Exile”. Erişim 22 Ocak 2022. https://tibet.net/about-cta/tibet-in-exile/.
  • Conze, Edward. Kısa Budizm Tarihi. çev. Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • Dakpa, Nyima. Opening the Door to Bön. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2005.
  • Das, Sarat Chandra. A Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Calcutta: The Bengal Sectariat Depot. 1902.
  • Das, Sarat Chandra. Journey to Lhasaa and Central Tibet. London: John Murray, 1902.
  • De Belt, Joke Van. Ani-La The Nuns From Redna Menling. çev. Evert Van Tijn. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2010.
  • Des Jardins, J.F. Marc. A Preliminary Field-Report On The Bon Community of The Songpan Area of North Sichuan. Montreal: McGill University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1993.
  • Elmas Sütra-Vacraççhedika Pracnaparamita Sütra. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Erengil, Cengiz. Budizm. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2004.
  • Germano, David. “Dzogchen”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 4/2545-2550. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Gurung, Kalsang Norbu. The Emergence of a Myth: In Search of the Origins of the Life Story of Shenrab Miwo, the Founder of Bon. Leiden: Leiden University, Doktora Tezi, 2011.
  • Gül, Ali. “Budist Sanatta ve İkonografide Buda’nın Temel Mudraları ve Fiziksel Özellikleri”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 8/2 (Aralık 2021), 1-40.
  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Konya: Vadi Yayınları, 1998.
  • Hoffmann, Helmut. The Religions of Tibet. çev. Edward Fitzgerald. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1961.
  • Huamaoji (Dpal-mo-skyid). My Faith (dad-pa) is Growing Inside of Me: The Chos-thog chen-mo Ritual Dance in a Tibetan Bon Community in Amdo mTsho-sngon (Qinghai) Province. Oslo: University of Oslo, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012.
  • Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Facts On File, 2008.
  • Ishii, Hiroshi. “Bon, Buddhist and Hindu Life Cycle Rituals: A Comparison”. Senri Ethnological Reports 15 (2000), 359-382.
  • Jurkovic, Ratka. “Prayer to Ta pi hri tsa - A short exposition of the Base, the Path and the Fruit in Bon Dzogchen teachings”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 16 (April 2009), 5-41.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budist Kutsal Metin Külliyatında Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra”. Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi’nin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük. ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 601-624. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2016.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Tantrik ve Ezoterik Dini Geleneklerde Mandala”. Journal of History School 43 (2019), 1768-1786.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budizm’in Erken Döneminde Kadın”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 102 (Mart 2020), 233-247.
  • Karataş, İbrahim Ethem. “Buddizm’de Tanrı Anlayışı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13/1 (2015), 85-105.
  • Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen. “A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon”. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 33 (1975), 171-218.
  • Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen. An Annotated Translation of The Treasury of Good Sayings. London: University of London, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1969.
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kerrigan, Michael. Ölümün Tarihi. çev. Sibel Erduman. İstanbul: Paris Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kind, Marietta. “Abducting the Divine Bride Reflections on Territory and Identity among the Bonpo Community in Phoksumdo, Dolpo”. Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas. ed. Katia Buffetrille & Hildegard Diemberger. 271-288. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • Kolas, Ashild & Thowsen, Monika P. On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2005.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “’The Great Perfection’ in the Tradition of the Bonpos”. Forty Five Years of Tibetan Studies: An Anthology of Articles by Per Kvaerne. 69-88. Dharamshala: Amnye Machen Institute, 2015.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bon”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 2/1007-1010. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bonpo Studies: The A Khrid system of Meditation (Part II The Essential Teachings of the A Khrid System)”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 1/4 (1973), 248-332.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bonpo Studies: The A Khrid system of Meditation”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 1/1 (1973), 19-50.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Canon of the Tibetan Bonpos, Part One”. Indo-Iranian Journal 16/1 (1974), 18-56.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Canon of the Tibetan Bonpos, Part Two”. Indo-Iranian Journal 16/2 (1974), 96-144.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Study of Bon in The West: Past, Present, and Future”. New Horizons in Bon Studies (Bon Studies 2). ed. Samten G. Karmay ve Yasuhiko Nagano. 7-20. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, 2004.
  • Kvaerne, Per. The Bon Religion of Tibet The Iconography of a Living Tradition. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1995.
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Tibet’in Yerli İnancı Bön Ve Taraftarları: Bir Giriş Denemesi

Yıl 2022, , 61 - 101, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1140439

Öz

Tibet’te asırlardır yerleşik iki dinî gelenek vardır. Bunlardan en yaygını Tibet Budizmi (Lamaizm) adıyla günümüze ulaşan Budizm’dir. Diğeri ise Tibet’te yerleşik olan, en genel anlamıyla Budizm öncesi hâkim dinî yapıyı ve Budizm’in bölgede üstünlük kurmasından sonra Budist olmayan inanç ve uygulamaları ifade eden ve Bön adıyla bilinen dinî gelenektir. Tibet’in yerli inancı olduğunu iddia eden Bön, Budizm öncesi zamanlarda ortaya çıktığını, farklı ve özgün bir inanç olduğunu savunmaktadır. Uzun zamandır bölgede Budizm ile mücadele ederek hayatta kalmaya çalışan Bön inancı, az sayıda da olsa taraftarlarıyla (Bönpo) günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. 1950’li yıllarda Tibet’in Çin hâkimiyetine geçmesiyle bölgeden Tibet Budistleriyle göç eden Bön taraftarlarının bir kısmı, sığındıkları Hindistan ve Nepal’de kurdukları yaşam yerlerinde hayatlarını sürdürmektedirler. Bu çalışmayla, Tibet’in yerli dini olarak bilinen ve yüzyıllardır Tibet coğrafyasında hayatta kalmaya çalışan Bön inancına bir giriş yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Makalede, Bön dininin tanımlanmasıyla ilgili tartışmalar, kurucusu, temel inanç esasları, ritüelleri ve günümüzdeki durumu ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Arizaga, Mara. “An Introduction to the Study of Bon in Modern China”. East and West 59/1.4 (2009), 327-335.
  • Aydın, Mehmet. Ansiklopedik Dinler Sözlüğü. Konya: Din Bilimleri Yayınları, 2005.
  • Bell, Charles Alfred. The Religion of Tibet. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1931.
  • Bellezza, John. “gShen-rab myi-bo, his life and times according to Tibet’s earliest literary sources”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 19 (October 2010), 31-118.
  • Binder, Franz. Dalai Lama. çev. Nazife Mertoğlu. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi, 2008.
  • Bjerken, Zeff. “Exorcising the Illusion of Bon 'Shamans': A Critical Genealogy of Shamanism in Tibetan Religion”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 6 (October 2004), 4-59.
  • Bon Children. “Olmo Lungring: the imperishable sacred land”. Erişim 9 Aralık 2021.
  • http://bonpo.narod.ru/en/jewel2/03.htm
  • Brauen, Martin & Kvaerne, Per. “A Tibetan Death Ceremony”. Temenos - Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion 14 (1978), 9-24.
  • Budda, A. Hilmi Ömer. Dinler Tarihi. İstanbul: Vakit Gazete Matbaa Kütüphane, 1935.
  • Buswell, Robert E. Jr. & Lopez, Donald S. Jr. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2014.
  • Can, Zeynep Pınar. Dunhuang Uygur Metinleri Üzerine Açıklamalı Kaynakça. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016.
  • Central Tibetan Administration. “About CTA/Tibet in Exile”. Erişim 22 Ocak 2022. https://tibet.net/about-cta/tibet-in-exile/.
  • Conze, Edward. Kısa Budizm Tarihi. çev. Ömer Cemal Güngören. İstanbul: Yol Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • Dakpa, Nyima. Opening the Door to Bön. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2005.
  • Das, Sarat Chandra. A Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Calcutta: The Bengal Sectariat Depot. 1902.
  • Das, Sarat Chandra. Journey to Lhasaa and Central Tibet. London: John Murray, 1902.
  • De Belt, Joke Van. Ani-La The Nuns From Redna Menling. çev. Evert Van Tijn. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2010.
  • Des Jardins, J.F. Marc. A Preliminary Field-Report On The Bon Community of The Songpan Area of North Sichuan. Montreal: McGill University, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1993.
  • Elmas Sütra-Vacraççhedika Pracnaparamita Sütra. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Erengil, Cengiz. Budizm. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2004.
  • Germano, David. “Dzogchen”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 4/2545-2550. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Gurung, Kalsang Norbu. The Emergence of a Myth: In Search of the Origins of the Life Story of Shenrab Miwo, the Founder of Bon. Leiden: Leiden University, Doktora Tezi, 2011.
  • Gül, Ali. “Budist Sanatta ve İkonografide Buda’nın Temel Mudraları ve Fiziksel Özellikleri”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 8/2 (Aralık 2021), 1-40.
  • Gül, Ali. Ansiklopedik Hinduizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Din ve İnanç Sözlüğü. Konya: Vadi Yayınları, 1998.
  • Hoffmann, Helmut. The Religions of Tibet. çev. Edward Fitzgerald. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1961.
  • Huamaoji (Dpal-mo-skyid). My Faith (dad-pa) is Growing Inside of Me: The Chos-thog chen-mo Ritual Dance in a Tibetan Bon Community in Amdo mTsho-sngon (Qinghai) Province. Oslo: University of Oslo, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2012.
  • Irons, Edward A. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. New York: Facts On File, 2008.
  • Ishii, Hiroshi. “Bon, Buddhist and Hindu Life Cycle Rituals: A Comparison”. Senri Ethnological Reports 15 (2000), 359-382.
  • Jurkovic, Ratka. “Prayer to Ta pi hri tsa - A short exposition of the Base, the Path and the Fruit in Bon Dzogchen teachings”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 16 (April 2009), 5-41.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budist Kutsal Metin Külliyatında Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra”. Türkiye’de Dinler Tarihi’nin Kurumsallaşması Sürecinde Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Küçük. ed. Ahmet Hikmet Eroğlu. 601-624. Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2016.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Tantrik ve Ezoterik Dini Geleneklerde Mandala”. Journal of History School 43 (2019), 1768-1786.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Budizm’in Erken Döneminde Kadın”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 102 (Mart 2020), 233-247.
  • Karataş, İbrahim Ethem. “Buddizm’de Tanrı Anlayışı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 13/1 (2015), 85-105.
  • Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen. “A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon”. Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 33 (1975), 171-218.
  • Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen. An Annotated Translation of The Treasury of Good Sayings. London: University of London, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 1969.
  • Kaya, Korhan. Buddhizm Sözlüğü. İstanbul: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kerrigan, Michael. Ölümün Tarihi. çev. Sibel Erduman. İstanbul: Paris Yayınları, 2017.
  • Kind, Marietta. “Abducting the Divine Bride Reflections on Territory and Identity among the Bonpo Community in Phoksumdo, Dolpo”. Territory and Identity in Tibet and the Himalayas. ed. Katia Buffetrille & Hildegard Diemberger. 271-288. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • Kolas, Ashild & Thowsen, Monika P. On the Margins of Tibet: Cultural Survival on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2005.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “’The Great Perfection’ in the Tradition of the Bonpos”. Forty Five Years of Tibetan Studies: An Anthology of Articles by Per Kvaerne. 69-88. Dharamshala: Amnye Machen Institute, 2015.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bon”. Encyclopedia of Religion. 2/1007-1010. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bonpo Studies: The A Khrid system of Meditation (Part II The Essential Teachings of the A Khrid System)”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 1/4 (1973), 248-332.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “Bonpo Studies: The A Khrid system of Meditation”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 1/1 (1973), 19-50.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Canon of the Tibetan Bonpos, Part One”. Indo-Iranian Journal 16/1 (1974), 18-56.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Canon of the Tibetan Bonpos, Part Two”. Indo-Iranian Journal 16/2 (1974), 96-144.
  • Kvaerne, Per. “The Study of Bon in The West: Past, Present, and Future”. New Horizons in Bon Studies (Bon Studies 2). ed. Samten G. Karmay ve Yasuhiko Nagano. 7-20. Delhi: Saujanya Publications, 2004.
  • Kvaerne, Per. The Bon Religion of Tibet The Iconography of a Living Tradition. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1995.
  • Kvaerne, Per. Tibet Bon Religion A Death Ritual of The Tibetan Bonpos. Leiden: Brill, 1985.
  • Lauf, Detlef Ingo. Secret Doctrines of the Tibetan Books of the Dead. çev. Graham Parkes. Boulder. Colorado: Shambhala Publications, 1977.
  • Liu, Yu-Shan. Minority Within a Minority Being Bonpo in the Tibetan Community in Exile. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh, Doktora Tezi, 2012.
  • Lotus Sutra. çev. Korhan Kaya. İstanbul: Sujala Yayıncılık, 2018.
  • Martin, Dan vd. (ed.). A Catalogue of the Bon Kanjur. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2003.
  • Martin, Dan. “Bon Bibliography: An Annotated List of Recent Publications”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 4 (October 2003), 61-77.
  • Martin, Dan. Unearthing Bon Treasures: Life and Contested Legacy of a Tibetan Scripture Revealer, with a General Bibliography of Bon. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
  • Muttalimova, Aliya. Budizm’de ve Tibet Budizmi’nde Kadın. Ankara: İlahiyat Yayınları, 2020.
  • Namdak, Lopön Tenzin. Bönpo Dzogchen Teachings. çev. John Myrdhin Reynolds. Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, 2006.
  • National Bureau of Statistics of China. “Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)”. Erişim 11 Kasım 2021. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html.
  • Oğuz, Mehmet. Budizm’de Mandala Anlayışı. Elazığ: Fırat Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2021.
  • Oğuz, Mehmet - Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Hint Dini Geleneğinde Mandala Ritüel İlişkisi”. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 122 (Kasım 2021), 574-596.
  • Okudan, Aysel. Lotus Sutra ve Budist Kutsal Metinleri Arasındaki Yeri ve Önemi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2017.
  • O’Donovan, Siofra. “The Great Perfection of Non-Sectarianism: rDzogs chen in the Bon and Buddhist Traditions of Tibet”. The Tibet Journal 29/1 (Spring 2004), 56-84.
  • Pommaret, Françoise. Tibet Yaralı Uygarlık. çev. Ali Berktay. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Powers, John. Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 2007.
  • Ramble, Charles. “Status and Death: Mortuary Rites and Attitudes to the Body in a Tibetan Village”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 9/4 (1982), 333-359.
  • Reynolds, John Myrdhin. The Oral Tradition from Zhang-Zhung: An Introduction to the Bonpo Dzogchen Teachings. Thamel, Kathmandu: Vajra Publications, 2005.
  • Rikey, Thupten K. “Thobgyal Sarpa: the Only Tibetan Bonpo Settlement in India”. Local and Global Encounters: Norms, Identities, and Representations in Formation. ed. Tuija Veintie & Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen. 61-76. Helsinki: Renvall Institute Publications, 2009.
  • Rinpoche, Yongdzin Lopön Tenzin Namdak. The Four Wheels of Bön. çev. Carol Ermakova ve Dmitry Ermakov. Yayın yeri yok: Foundation for the Preservation of Yungdrung Bön, 2016.
  • Rossi, Donatella. The Philosophical View of the Great Perfection in the Tibetan Bon Religion. New York: Snow Lion Publications, 1999.
  • Samuel, Geoffrey. “Shamanism, Bon and Tibetan Religion”. The History of Tibet. ed. Alex McKay. 1/459-472. London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
  • Shneiderman, Sara. “Living Practical Dharma: A Tribute to Chomo Khandru and the Bonpo Women of Lubra Village, Mustang, Nepal”. Women’s Renunciation in South Asia: Nuns, Yoginis, Saints, and Singers. ed. Meena Khandelwal vd.. 69-94. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Skorupski, Tadeusz. “Tibetan gYung-Drung Monastry at Dolanji”. Kailash A Journal of Himalayan Studies 8/1-2 (1981), 25-43.
  • Snellgrove, David L. (ed.). The Nine Ways of Bon: Excerpts from the gZi-brjid. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.
  • Snellgrove, David. “How Samten came to Europe”. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines 14 (October 2008), 1-6.
  • Stein, Rolf A. Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua. çev. ve ed. Arthur P. McKeown. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2010.
  • Sümer, İbrahim. “Tibet Budizmi’nde Din Anlayışı”. Dinler Tarihi Araştırmaları – II. 327-341. Ankara: Dinler Tarihi Derneği Yayınları, 2000.
  • Sümer, İbrahim. Lotusun İçindeki İnci Lamaizm’le Nirvana’ya Yolculuk. İstanbul: Karakutu Yayınları, 2003.
  • Szymoszyn, Anna. “Contemporary Bönpo Community In Tibetan Refugee Camps”. Ethnologia Polona 37 (2017), 67-82.
  • Şarafullina, Aliya. Budizm’de ve Tibet Budizmi’nde İnanç Esasları. Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Tashi, Kelzang. Contested Past, Challenging Future: An Ethnography of Pre-Buddhist Bon Religious Practices in Central Bhutan. Canberra: The Australian National University, Doktora Tezi, 2020.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. Doğu Dinlerinde Hac İbadeti Hinduizm ve Budizm. İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat, 2014.
  • The Tibetan and Himalayan Library. ”Bon Bibliography in THL Bibliographies”. Erişim 20 Ocak 2022. https://www.thlib.org/bibliographies/wiki/bon%20bibliography.html.
  • Tibet’in Ölüler Kitabı. çev. Suat Tahsuğ. İstanbul: Ruh ve Madde Yayınları, 1991.
  • Topaloğlu, Murat. Din ve Siyaset İlişkisi Bağlamında Çin’de Tibet Budizmi. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2018.
  • Tsomo, Karma Lekshe. “Pratimoksa”. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. ed. Robert E. Buswell. 2/667-669. New York: Thomson Gale, 2004.
  • Turan, Emine Zehra. Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2004.
  • U.S. Department of State. “2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: China – Tibet”. Erişim 11 Kasım 2021. https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/tibet/
  • Wikipedia. “Vajrakilaya”. Erişim 7 Nisan 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrakilaya
  • Yeru Bön Center. “Sangye-Bön Enlightened Deities”. Erişim 20 Aralık 2021. https://yeruboncenter.org/enlightened-deities/
  • Yungdrung Bon Monastic Centre Society. “A Brief Biography of His Holiness the 34th Menri Trizin Lungtok Dawa Dargyal Rinpoche, the Spiritual Head of Yungdrung Bon”. Erişim 22 Ocak 2022. “https://ybmcs.org/his-holiness-the-34th-menri-trizin-rinpoche/
  • Yungdrung Bon Monastic Centre Society. “A Short Historical Outline of Bon Religion”. Erişim 9 Aralık 2021. https://ybmcs.org/yungdrung-bon/
  • Yungdrung Bon Monastic Centre Society. “Biography of His Holiness the 33rd Abbot of Menri, Lungtok Tenpei Nyima Rinpoche”. Erişim 22 Ocak 2022. https://ybmcs.org/biography-of-hh33rd-menri-trizin-rinpoche/
  • Yungdrung Bön. “Parinirvana of Buddha Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche”. Erişim 18 Şubat 2022. https://yungdrungbon.co.uk/2020/11/15/parinirvana-of-buddha-tonpa-shenrab-miwoche/
Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Muhammed Ali Bağır 0000-0002-9700-8417

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Bağır, Muhammed Ali. “Tibet’in Yerli İnancı Bön Ve Taraftarları: Bir Giriş Denemesi”. Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi 9/2 (Aralık 2022), 61-101. https://doi.org/10.33718/tid.1140439.

Trabzon İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.