Şiddetin Önlenmesinde Değerler Ve Demokratik Yaşam Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişki

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 4-5, 245 - 269, 15.06.2020

Meral Sert Ağır

Öz

Kökleri değişmekle birlikte “organizma olarak ihtiyaçların” davranışlar dolayısıyla şiddet olgusunda etkili olduğunu söyleyebilmek mümkündür. Davranışların harekete geçirici kaynağı olarak ihtiyaçlar, bireylerin temel özelliklerinden biri olan değerleri hakkında da bilgi vermektedir. Bireylerin neyin ihtiyaç olduğuna ilişkin tanım ve gerekçeleri doğrultusunda göstermiş olduğu davranışları, değerler sisteminin de anlaşılmasını sağlamaktadır. Temel ihtiyaçların karşılanmasına yönelik motive edici düşünce ve inançlar olarak değerler, şiddet davranışıyla ulaşılması beklenen hedeflerin ya da kaynakların bilgisini vermektedir. Bu bilgi, bireyin hangi yaşamsal alanlarda zorluk yaşadığını ve desteğe ihtiyaç duyduğunu göstermektedir. Toplumlar, bireylerden oluşmaktadır; şiddeti üretenler de kurbanlar kadar aynı toplumun üyesi ve ürünü olduğu dikkate alınmak zorundadır. Bu bağlamda şiddet olgusunu önleyebilmek için yaşanılan toplumun ihtiyaçları karşılama konusunda hissettirmiş olduğu güvende olma algısı, davranışların şekillenmesinde etkili olabilecek faktörlerden biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Temel insan ihtiyaçlarının güvence altında olması ise toplumsal yaşam dinamiği olarak insan hakları ve demokrasi bilinci ile yakından ilişkilidir. Toplumların gelişmişlik düzeylerinden biri olarak, demokrasi ve özgürlük kavramları üzerine inşa edilen demokratik yaşam kriterleri aynı zamanda evrensel insan haklarının gözetilmesini sağlamaktadır. Demokratik yaşam kriterlerini uygulamaya yönelik çalışmalar, şiddet gibi toplumların var oluşunu tehdit eden sorunlarla mücadelede yadsınamaz önem taşımaktadır. Toplumun her bir üyesinin, demokrasi bilinci ile demokratik yaşam kriterlerine uygun yaşam kalitesine ulaşabilmesini sağlayabilmek amacıyla, eğitim sistemi ve eğitimin kendinden beklenen işlevleri yerine getirebilmesi kilit rol oynamaktadır. Disiplinler arası bir anlayışla gösterilecek çabanın yalnızca şiddet olgusu değil toplumsal refahı etkileyebilecek bir çok olumsuz faktör içinde koruyucu rol üstleneceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İhtiyaçlar, Şiddet, Değerler, Demokratik Yaşam Kalitesi

Kaynakça

• Aghedo, Iro. “Values and Violence: Explaining the Criminalization of Higher Education Students in Nigeria.” Journal of Black Studies 46, no. 2 (March 2015): 172-98. doi:10.1177/0021934714562959.
• Ağır Sert, Meral. Democratic Life Quality Perception, World Assumptions and Values. Ankara: Gece Akademi. 2019.
• Anderberg, Dan, Helmut Rainer, Jonathan Wadsworth, and Tanya Wilson. “Unemployment and Domestic Violence: Theory and Evidence.” The Economic Journal 126, no. 597 (October 1, 2015): 1947-79.
• Anderson, Kristin L. “Conflict, Power, and Violence in Families.” Journal of Marriage and Family 72, no. 3 (2010): 726-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00727.x.
• Baker, Gideon, and David Chandler. Global civil society: contested futures. Routledge, 2004.
• Bandura, Albert. "Human agency in social cognitive theory." American psychologist 44, no. 9 (1989): 1175-84.
• Bardi, Anat, Julie Anne Lee, Nadi Hofmann-Towfigh, and Geoffrey Soutar. "The structure of intraindividual value change." Journal of personality and social psychology 97, no. 5 (2009): 913-929.
• Benhabib, Seyla. “The Legitimacy of Human Rights.” Daedalus 137, no. 3 (2008): 94-104.
• Bilge, Muhittin. "Türkiye’de demokrasi kültürü: Siyaset ve toplum." Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 15, no. 3 (2011): 49-60.
• Brems, Christiane, and Mark E. Johnson. "Problem-solving appraisal and coping style: The influence of sex-role orientation and gender." The Journal of Psychology 123, no. 2 (1989): 187-194.
• Brooks, C., & Manza, J. (2006). Social policy responsiveness in developed democracies. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 474-494. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100306.
• Buğra, Ayşe. Kapitalizm, Yoksulluk ve Türkiye'de Sosyal Politika. İletişim Yayınları, 2016.
• Burroway, Rebekah Ann. "Structural Violence and Child Health: A Multi-Level Analysis of Development, Gender Inequality, and Democracy in Developing Countries." PhD diss., Duke University, 2011.
• Cárdenas, Manuel, Darío Páez, Bernard Rimé, Ángeles Bilbao, and Domingo Asún. "Personal emotions, emotional climate, social sharing, beliefs, and values among people affected and unaffected by past political violence." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 20, no. 4 (2014): 452.
• Chapman, Stephanie G., and Jonathan P. Schwartz. "Affiliation Need." The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (2010): 1-2.
• Conradie, Ernst M. "Eat and/or be eaten: The evolutionary roots of violence?." Scriptura 114 (2015): 1-22.
• Cunningham, Frank. Theories of democracy: a critical introduction. Routledge, 2002.
• De Winter, Micha. Socialization and civil society: How parents, teachers and others could foster a democratic way of life. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• De Zulueta, Felicity. From Pain to Violence.: The Traumatic Roots of Destructiveness. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
• Dekker, Paul, and Loek Halman, eds. The values of volunteering: Cross-cultural perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media, 2003.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0145-9_4.
• Demir, Nesrin. "Demokrasinin Temel İlkeleri ve Modern Demokrasi Kuramları”. Ege Academic Review 10, no. 2 (2010).
• Demirutku, K. "Değerlerin edinilmesinde ailenin rolü." Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Aile ve Toplum Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Aile Eğitim Programı Kitapçığı (2017).
• Demirutku, K., and Ö. Gümüş-Dirilen. "Portre değerler anketi’nin (pda57) ve değer sıralama anketi’nin (dsa19) psikometrik özellikleri." Yayınlanmamış ham veri (2014).
• Donnelly, Jack. Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press, 2013.
• Džuverovic, Nemanja. "Does more (or less) lead to violence? Application of the relative deprivation hypothesis on economic inequality-induced conflicts." Croatian International Relations Review 19, no. 68 (2013): 53-72.
• Eker, Işıl. "Aile İhtiyaçlarının İncelenmesi." (2019). Adresinden erişildi. http://hdl.handle.net/11655/7671.
• Elgar, Frank J., and Nicole Aitken. "Income inequality, trust and homicide in 33 countries." European Journal of Public Health 21, no. 2 (2010): 241-246.
• Elliott, Frank A. "Biological roots of violence." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 127, no. 2 (1983): 84-94.
• Evans, Tony. "International human rights law as power/knowledge." Human Rights Quarterly (2005): 1046-1068.
• Fazel, Seena, Jay P. Singh, Helen Doll, and Martin Grann. "Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence and antisocial behaviour in 73 samples involving 24 827 people: systematic review and meta-analysis." Bmj 345 (2012): e4692.
• Ferracuti, Franco, and Marvin E. Wolfgang. The subculture of violence: Towards an integrated theory in criminology. Routledge, 2013.
• Fonagy, Peter. "Psychoanalytic theories." The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (2010): 1-4.
• Fonagy, Peter. "The developmental roots of violence in the failure of mentalization." Matter of security: The application of attachment theory to forensic psychiatry and psychotherapy (2003): 13-56.
• Gilligan, James. Violence: Our deadly epidemic and its causes. New York: GP Putnam, 1996.
• Graham, Jesse, and Jonathan Haidt. "Sacred values and evil adversaries: A moral foundations approach." (2012).
• Grusec, Joan E. "Socialization processes in the family: Social and emotional development." Annual review of psychology 62 (2011): 243-269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131650.
• Güleç, Hüseyin, Mürüvvet Topaloğlu, Demet Ünsal, and Merih Altıntaş. "Bir kısır döngü olarak şiddet." Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 4, no. 1 (2012): 112-137.
• Günther, Sven. "Walter Scheidel, The Great Leveler. Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. Princeton, NJ 2017." Historische Zeitschrift 307, no. 1: 140-141.
• Hofstede, Geert, and Robert R. McCrae. "Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture." Cross-cultural research 38, no. 1 (2004): 52-88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397103259443.
• Hofstede, Geert. "Dimensionalizing cultures: The Hofstede model in context." Online readings in psychology and culture 2, no. 1 (2011): 8. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1014.
• Hofstede, Geert. "The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept." Academy of Management review 9, no. 3 (1984): 389-398. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4279653.
• Holt, A., Martin, D., Hayden, C., & Nee, C. (2011). Schooled in democracy? Promoting democratic values as a whole-school approach to violence prevention. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 13(3), 205-217.
• Honderich, Ted. Violence for Equality (Routledge Revivals): Inquiries in Political Philosophy. Routledge, 2014.
• Iadicola, Peter, and Anson D. Shupe. Violence, inequality, and human freedom. Rowman & Littlefield, 2013.
• Inglehart, Ronald, and Christian Welzel. Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• Inglehart, Ronald. "Gender, aging, and subjective well-being." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43, no. 3-5 (2002): 391-408.https://doi.org/10.1177/002071520204300309.
• Inglehart, Ronald. "Globalization and postmodern values." Washington Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2000): 215-228.
• Inglehart, Ronald. Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton university press, 1997.
• Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. "Schema-change perspectives on posttraumatic growth." In Handbook of posttraumatic growth, pp. 95-113. Routledge, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315805597.ch5.
• Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie. "The benefits of illusions, the threat of disillusionment, and the limitations of inaccuracy." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 8, no. 2 (1989): 158-175.
• Jeavons, Sue, and Kenneth Mark Greenwood. "World assumptions, coping and attributions." Personality and Individual Differences 42, no. 7 (2007): 1427-1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.010.
• Kenyon, Kristi Heather, Lisa Forman, and Claire E. Brolan. "Deepening the Relationship between Human Rights and the Social Determinants of Health: A Focus on Indivisibility and Power." Health and human rights 20, no. 2 (2018): 1.
• Keyman, E. Fuat. "Modernity, democracy, and civil society." In Environmentalism in Turkey, pp. 49-64. Routledge, 2016.
• Kula, Sedat, and Bekir Çakar. "Maslow ihtiyaçlar hiyerarşisi bağlamında toplumda bireylerin güvenlik algısı ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki." Bartın Üniversitesi İİ BF Dergisi 6, no. 12 (2015): 191-210.
• Kunst, Jonas R., Ronald Fischer, Jim Sidanius, and Lotte Thomsen. "Preferences for group dominance track and mediate the effects of macro-level social inequality and violence across societies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (2017): 5407-5412.
• Laplante, Lisa J. "Transitional justice and peace building: Diagnosing and addressing the socioeconomic roots of violence through a human rights framework." The International Journal of Transitional Justice 2, no. 3 (2008): 331-355.
• Lilly, Michelle M., Christine E. Valdez, and Sandra A. Graham-Bermann. "The mediating effect of world assumptions on the relationship between trauma exposure and depression." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26, no. 12 (2011): 2499-2516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510383033.
• Lyons, Sean T., Linda Duxbury, and Christopher Higgins. "An empirical assessment of generational differences in basic human values."Psychological reports 101, no. 2 (2007): 339-352.
• Magnani, Lorenzo. Understanding violence: The intertwining of morality, religion and violence: a philosophical stance. Vol. 1. Springer Science & Business Media, 2011.
• McSweeney, Brendan. "Hofstede’s model of national cultural differences and their consequences: A triumph of faith-a failure of analysis." Human relations 55, no. 1 (2002): 89-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726702551004.
• Morlino, Leonardo. "What is a ‘good’democracy?." Democratization 11, no. 5 (2004): 10-32.
• Natale, Jo Anna. "Roots of Violence." American School Board Journal 181, no. 3 (1994).
• Olson, Jean A. "Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie (1992). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York: Free Press, pp. 256, $24.95." (1994): 222-225.
• Pabayo, Roman, Beth E. Molnar, and Ichiro Kawachi. "The role of neighborhood income inequality in adolescent aggression and violence." Journal of Adolescent Health 55, no. 4 (2014): 571-579.
• Palermo, George B., and Douglas Simpson. "At the Roots of Violence the Progressive Decline and Dissolution of the Family." International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology 38, no. 2 (1994): 105-116.
• Pardini, Dustin A., Adrian Raine, Kirk Erickson, and Rolf Loeber. "Lower amygdala volume in men is associated with childhood aggression, early psychopathic traits, and future violence." Biological psychiatry 75, no. 1 (2014): 73-80.
• Pedersen, Cort A. "Biological aspects of social bonding and the roots of human violence." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1036, no. 1 (2004): 106-127.
• Poveda, Alexander Cotte. "Economic development, inequality and poverty: an analysis of urban violence in Colombia." Oxford Development Studies 39, no. 4 (2011): 453-468.
• Ray, Larry. Violence and society. Sage, 2018.
• Reich, John W., and Frank J. Infurna, eds. Perceived control: Theory, research, and practice in the first 50 years. Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Rigterink, Tami, Lynn Fainsilber Katz, and Danielle M. Hessler. "Domestic violence and longitudinal associations with children’s physiological regulation abilities." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 25, no. 9 (2010): 1669-1683.
• Rokeach, Milton. The nature of human values. Free press, 1973.
• Rule, James B. Theories of civil violence. University of California Press, 2018.
• Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci. "Self-determination theory and the role of basic psychological needs in personality and the organization of behavior." Handbook of personality: Theory and research 3 (2008): 654-678.
• Schudson, Michael. "Why conversation is not the soul of democracy." Critical Studies in Media Communication 14, no. 4 (1997): 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039709367020.
• Schultz, P. Wesley, and Lynnette Zelezny. "Reframing environmental messages to be congruent with American values." Human ecology review (2003): 126-136.
• Schultz, P. Wesley, and Lynnette Zelezny. "Values as predictors of environmental attitudes: Evidence for consistency across 14 countries." Journal of environmental psychology 19, no. 3 (1999): 255-265.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values." Online readings in Psychology and Culture 2, no. 1 (2012): 11. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values?." Journal of social issues 50, no. 4 (1994): 19-45.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "Cultural and individual value correlates of capitalism: A comparative analysis." Psychological Inquiry 18, no. 1 (2007): 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701388963.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "Studying values: Personal adventure, future directions." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42, no. 2 (2011): 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022110396925.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "The refined theory of basic values." In Values and behavior, pp. 51-72. Springer, Cham, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56352-7_3.
• Schwartz, Shalom H. "Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries." In Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 25, pp. 1-65. Academic Press, 1992.
• Schwartz, Shalom H., and Klaus Boehnke. "Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis." Journal of research in personality 38, no. 3 (2004): 230-255.
• Schwartz, Shalom H., and Wolfgang Bilsky. "Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications." Journal of personality and social psychology 58, no. 5 (1990): 878.
• Schwartz, Shalom H., Jan Cieciuch, Michele Vecchione, Eldad Davidov, Ronald Fischer, Constanze Beierlein, Alice Ramos et al. "Refining the theory of basic individual values." Journal of personality and social psychology 103, no. 4 (2012): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029393.
• Schwartz, Shalom. "A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications." Comparative sociology 5, no. 2-3 (2006): 137-182. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913306778667357.
• Schwarzmantel, John, and Hendrik Jan Kraetzschmar, eds. Democracy and violence: global debates and local challenges. Routledge, 2013.
• Schwarzmantel, John. "Democracy and violence: A theoretical overview." Democratization 17, no. 2 (2010): 217-234.
• Seddig, Daniel, and Eldad Davidov. "Values, attitudes toward interpersonal violence, and interpersonal violent behavior." Frontiers in psychology 9 (2018): 604.
• Shepherd, Jonathan P., Linda Robinson, and B. G. H. Levers. "Roots of urban violence." Injury 21, no. 3 (1990): 139-141.
• Staniland, Paul. "Violence and democracy." Comparative Politics 47, no. 1 (2014): 99-118.
• Staub, Ervin. "Cultural-societal roots of violence: The examples of genocidal violence and of contemporary youth violence in the United States." American Psychologist 51, no. 2 (1996): 117.
• Staub, Ervin. "The roots of evil: Social conditions, culture, personality, and basic human needs." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (1999): 179-192.
• Stewart, Frances. "Horizontal inequalities and conflict." In Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012.
• Thomassen, Jacques JA, and S. A. H. Denters. How Democracy Works: Political Representation and Policy Congruence in Modern Societies: Essays in Honour of Jacques Thomassen. Amsterdam University Press, 2010.
• Tomasello, Michael. "The ontogeny of cultural learning." Current Opinion in Psychology 8 (2016): 1-4.
• Üngüren, Engin. "Beynin Nöroanatomik ve Nörokimsayal Yapısının Kişilik ve Davranış Üzerindeki Etkisi." Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business/Alanya Isletme Fakültesi Dergisi 7, no. 1 (2015).
• Weigert, Kathleen M. "Structural violence." Stress of war, conflict, and disaster. Oxford: Elsevier (2010): 126-133.
• Yalçın, Özhan, and Ayten Erdoğan. "Şiddet ve agresyonun nörobiyolojik, psikososyal ve çevresel nedenleri." Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 5, no. 4 (2013): 388-419.