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Institutionalization of Human Rights: National Human Rights Institutions

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8, 15 - 60, 07.03.2022

Öz

The prevalence of national human rights institutions on a global scale corresponds to the post-Cold War era. Human rights norms that were 'internationalized' during the Cold War era were 'internalized' in the post-war period, leading to the formation of national protection mechanisms. The global prevalence of national human rights institutions, which are state institutions designed to protect and promote human rights, is explained by the internalization of these norms. These efforts to protect and develop human rights should be carried out on a national scale first. Indeed, national human rights institutions function as a ‘bridge’ between international norms and local practice.
National human rights institutions are designed to encourage states compliance with their international legal obligations. However, discussions on the gradual creation of new institutional structures and their unification, especially on a European scale, have started to become widespread. These discussions are carried out through the unification of equality bodies and human rights institutions under a single institutional roof. These discussions present a general picture of the positive and negative aspects of single and multiple institutional structuring.
There are discussions about the ‘activity area, duties and authorities, institutional structure and effectiveness’ of national human rights institutions that have become widespread on a global scale. Although there are criticisms of this institutional structure, it is obvious that ‘human rights institutions’ are necessary in order for international law standards to function locally. As a matter of fact, it is possible for national human rights institutions to perform an institutional function that prevents violations of rights and promotes human rights, by placing international human rights norms in public institutions.

Kaynakça

  • Brodie, Meg, “Uncomfortable Truths: Protecting the Independence of National Human Rights Institutions to Inquire”, University of NSW Law Journal, Vol. Nu. 3, 2015.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “Adaptive States: The Proliferation of National Human Rights Institutions”, Carr Center For Human Rights Policy Working Paper T-01-04, 2001.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, Chains of Justice: The Global Rise of State Institutions for Human Rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania 2014.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “National Human Rights Institutions and State Compliance”, Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions, (eds. Ryan Goodman; Thomas Pegram), Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “Sovereignty Transformed? The Role of National Human Rights Institutions”, Negotiating Sovereignty and Human Rights, (eds. Noha Shawki and Michaelene Cox), Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
  • Cardinas, Sonia, “Confronting Racism in the US: Are Civil Rights Enough?”, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/openglobalrights-openpage-blog/confronting-racism-in-us-are-civil-rights-enough/
  • Carver, Richard, “A New Answer to an Old Question: National Human Rights Institutions and the Domestication of International Law”, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 10, Nu. 1, 2010.
  • Carver, Richard, “One NHRI or Many? How Many Institutions Does It Take to Protect Human Rights? – Lessons from the European Experience”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 3, Nu. 1, 2011.
  • Carver, Richard; Dvornik, Srđan and Redžepagić, Denis, “Rationalization of the Croatian Human Rights Protection System”, Report of Expert Team, 2010.
  • Choudhury, Tufyal, “The Commission For Equality and Human Rights: Designing the Big Tent”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Vol. 13, Nu. 3, 2006.
  • Crowther, Neil; O’Cinneide, Colm, “Bridging the Divide? Integrating the Functions of National Equality Bodies and National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union”, UCL Faculty of Laws, October 2013.
  • De Feyter, Koen, “Localising Human Rights”, University of Antwerp&Institute of Development Policy and Management, Discussion Paper, 2006.
  • De Feyter, Koen, “Sites of Rights Resistance”, The Local Relevance of Human Rights, (eds. Koen De Feyter, Stephan Parmentier, Christiane Timmerman and George Ulrich), Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Douzinas, Costas, İnsan Haklarının Sonu (çev. Kasım Akbaş ve Umre Deniz Tuna), Dipnot Yayınları, 1. Baskı, Ankara 2015. Douzinas, Costas, Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism, Routledge-Cavendish, 1st Edition, 2007.
  • EQUINET, Equality Bodies-Current Challenges, 2012.
  • Galligan, D., Sandler, D., “Implementing Human Rights”, Human Rights Brought Home: Socio-Legal Perspectives on Human Rights in the National Context, (eds. Halliday, S, Schmidt), Hart Publishing, 2004.
  • Goldschmidt, Jenny, “Protecting Equality as a Human Right in the Netherlands”, The Equal Rights Review, Vol.8, 2012. Groves, Steven, “U.S. National Human Rights Institution: A Bad Idea”, https://www.heritage.org/report/us-national-human-rights-institution-bad-idea, 2013.
  • Huntington, Samuel P., Üçüncü Dalga: Geç Yirminci Yüzyılda Demokratikleşme, (çev. Ergun Özbudun), Kilit Yayınları, Ankara 2011.
  • Karan, Ulaş, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku ve Anayasa Hukuku Işığında Eşitlik İlkesi ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
  • Kjærum, Morten, “National Human Rights Institutions Implementing Human Rights”, Danish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark 2003.
  • Kılıç, Muharrem, “Mit ile Gerçeklik Arasında İnsan Hakları Anlatısı”, I. Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Sempozyumu, 06-07Aralık 2018, “İnsan Haklarını Yeniden Düşünmek” Bildiriler Kitabı.
  • Kumar, C. Raj, “National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Toward the Institutionalization and Developmentalization of Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, Nu. 3, 2006.
  • Lacatus, Corina, “Explaining Institutional Strength: The Case Of National Human Rights İnstitutions in Europe and its Neighbourhood”, Journal of European Public Policy, 2018.
  • Moreno, Erika, “The Contributions of the Ombudsman to Human Rights in Latin America, 1982-2011”, Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 58, Nu. 1, 2015.
  • Moreno, Erika; Witmer, Richard, “The Power of the Pen: Human Rights Ombudsman and Personal Integrity Violations in Latin America, 1982-2006”, Human Rights Review, Vol. 17, Nu. 2, 2016.
  • Moss, Jeremy, “Valuing Equality”, Philosophy Compass, Vol. 10, Nu. 3, 2015.
  • Moyn, Samuel, Son Ütopya: Tarihte İnsan Hakları, (çev. Firdevs Er), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
  • Murray, Rachel, “National Human Rights Institutions: Criteria And Factors For Assessing Their Effectiveness”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 25/2, 2007.
  • Mutua, Makau, “Is the Age Of Human Rights Over?”, Routledge Companion to Literature and Human Rights, (eds. Sophia A. McClennen and Alexandra Schultheis Moore), Routledge, London and New York 2016.
  • Pegram, Tom, Rodriguez, N. H., “Bridging the Gap: National Human Rights Institutions and the Inter-American Human Rights System”, The Inter-American Human Rights System: Impact Beyond Compliance, (ed. P. Engstrom), 2018.
  • Pegram, Tom, “Diffusion Across Political Systems: The Global Spread of National Human Rights Institutions”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 32, Nu. 3, 2010.
  • Renshaw, Catherine; Byrnes, Andrew; Durbach, Andrea, “Testing the Mettle of National Human Rights Institutions: A Case Study of the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia”, Asian Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, Nu. 1, 2011.
  • Risse, Thomas; Sikkink, Kathryn, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction”, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (eds. Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, Kathryn Sikkink), Cambridge University Press, December 2009.
  • Rosenblum, Peter, “Tainted Origins and Uncertain Outcomes Evaluating NHRIs”, Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (eds. Ryan Goodman; Thomas Pegram), Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Solano Carboni, Montserrat, “The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Implementing Decisions of the Inter-American System: Three Recent Examples from Costa Rica”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 12, Nu. 1, 2020.
  • Shawki, Noha, “A New Actor in Human Rights Politics? Transgovernmental Networks of National Human Rights Institutions”, Negotiating Sovereignty and Human Rights, (eds. Noha Shawki and Michaelene Cox), Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
  • Smith, Anne, “The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, Nu. 4, 2006.
  • Spencer, Sarah; Harvey, Colin, “Context, Institution or Accountability? Exploring the Factors that Shape the Performance of National Human Rights and Equality Bodies”, Policy & Politics, Vol. 42, Nu. 1, 2014.
  • UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 10: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1998/25.
  • Welch, Ryan M., “Domestic Politics and the Power to Punish: The Case of National Human Rights Institutions”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 36, Nu. 4, 2019.
  • Welch, Ryan M., DeMeritt, Jacqueline H. R., R. Conrad, Courtenay, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Institutional Variation in National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 65, Nu. 5, 2021.
  • Wolfsteller, René, “The Unrealized Potential of National Human Rights Institutions in Business and Human Rights Regulation: Conditions for Effective Engagement and Proposal for Reform”, Springer, 2021.
  • Wolman, Andrew, “The Relationship Between National and Sub-National Human Rights Institutions in Federal States”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 17, Nu. 4, 2013.
  • Yefet, Bosmat, “Can National Human Rights Institutions Make a Difference? Discourse, Accountability, and the Egyptian National Council for Human Rights”, Journal of Human Rights, 2021.

İnsan Haklarının Kurumsallaşması: Ulusal İnsan Hakları Kurumları

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8, 15 - 60, 07.03.2022

Öz

Küresel ölçekte ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının yaygınlık kazanması, Soğuk Savaş sonrası döneme tekabül etmektedir. Soğuk Savaş döneminde ‘uluslararasılaşan’ insan hakları normları, savaş sonrası dönemde ‘içselleştirilerek’ ulusal koruma mekanizmalarının oluşmasına yol açmıştır. İnsan haklarını korumak ve geliştirmek amacıyla tasarlanmış kamu kurumları olan ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının küresel ölçekte yaygınlık kazanması bu normların içselleştirilmesiyle izah edilmektedir. İnsan haklarını koruma ve geliştirmeye yönelik bu kurumsal çabaların öncelikle ulusal ölçekte gerçekleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Nitekim ulusal insan hakları kurumları, uluslararası normlar ve yerel uygulama arasında bir ‘köprü’ işlevi görmektedir.
Ulusal insan hakları kurumları, devletlerin uluslararası yasal yükümlülüklerine uyumunu teşvik etmek amacıyla tasarlanmıştır. Ancak özellikle Avrupa ölçeğinde, yeni kurumsal yapıların aşamalı olarak oluşturulması ve bunların birleştirilmelerine yönelik tartışmalar yaygınlık kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu tartışmalar, eşitlik kurumları ile insan hakları kurumlarının tek bir kurumsal çatı altında birleştirilmesi üzerinden gerçekleştirilmektedir. Söz konusu tartışmalar, tekli ve çoklu kurumsal yapılanmanın olumlu ve olumsuz yönlerine ilişkin genel bir tablo ortaya koymaktadır.
Küresel ölçekte yaygınlaşan ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının ‘faaliyet alanı, görev ve yetkileri, kurumsal yapılanması ve etkililiğine’ yönelik tartışmalar bulunmaktadır. Her ne kadar bu kurumsal yapılanmaya yönelik eleştiriler söz konusu olsa da uluslararası insan hakları hukuku normlarının yerel ölçekte işlerlik kazanabilmesi için ‘insan hakları kurumlarının’ gerekliliği aşikardır. Nitekim ulusal insan hakları kurumlarının hak ihlallerini önleyici ve insan haklarını geliştirici bir kurumsal işlev icra edebilmesi uluslararası insan hakları normlarının kamu kurumlarına yerleştirilmesiyle mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • Brodie, Meg, “Uncomfortable Truths: Protecting the Independence of National Human Rights Institutions to Inquire”, University of NSW Law Journal, Vol. Nu. 3, 2015.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “Adaptive States: The Proliferation of National Human Rights Institutions”, Carr Center For Human Rights Policy Working Paper T-01-04, 2001.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, Chains of Justice: The Global Rise of State Institutions for Human Rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania 2014.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “National Human Rights Institutions and State Compliance”, Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions, (eds. Ryan Goodman; Thomas Pegram), Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Cardenas, Sonia, “Sovereignty Transformed? The Role of National Human Rights Institutions”, Negotiating Sovereignty and Human Rights, (eds. Noha Shawki and Michaelene Cox), Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
  • Cardinas, Sonia, “Confronting Racism in the US: Are Civil Rights Enough?”, 2015, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/openglobalrights-openpage-blog/confronting-racism-in-us-are-civil-rights-enough/
  • Carver, Richard, “A New Answer to an Old Question: National Human Rights Institutions and the Domestication of International Law”, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 10, Nu. 1, 2010.
  • Carver, Richard, “One NHRI or Many? How Many Institutions Does It Take to Protect Human Rights? – Lessons from the European Experience”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 3, Nu. 1, 2011.
  • Carver, Richard; Dvornik, Srđan and Redžepagić, Denis, “Rationalization of the Croatian Human Rights Protection System”, Report of Expert Team, 2010.
  • Choudhury, Tufyal, “The Commission For Equality and Human Rights: Designing the Big Tent”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Vol. 13, Nu. 3, 2006.
  • Crowther, Neil; O’Cinneide, Colm, “Bridging the Divide? Integrating the Functions of National Equality Bodies and National Human Rights Institutions in the European Union”, UCL Faculty of Laws, October 2013.
  • De Feyter, Koen, “Localising Human Rights”, University of Antwerp&Institute of Development Policy and Management, Discussion Paper, 2006.
  • De Feyter, Koen, “Sites of Rights Resistance”, The Local Relevance of Human Rights, (eds. Koen De Feyter, Stephan Parmentier, Christiane Timmerman and George Ulrich), Cambridge University Press, 2011.
  • Douzinas, Costas, İnsan Haklarının Sonu (çev. Kasım Akbaş ve Umre Deniz Tuna), Dipnot Yayınları, 1. Baskı, Ankara 2015. Douzinas, Costas, Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism, Routledge-Cavendish, 1st Edition, 2007.
  • EQUINET, Equality Bodies-Current Challenges, 2012.
  • Galligan, D., Sandler, D., “Implementing Human Rights”, Human Rights Brought Home: Socio-Legal Perspectives on Human Rights in the National Context, (eds. Halliday, S, Schmidt), Hart Publishing, 2004.
  • Goldschmidt, Jenny, “Protecting Equality as a Human Right in the Netherlands”, The Equal Rights Review, Vol.8, 2012. Groves, Steven, “U.S. National Human Rights Institution: A Bad Idea”, https://www.heritage.org/report/us-national-human-rights-institution-bad-idea, 2013.
  • Huntington, Samuel P., Üçüncü Dalga: Geç Yirminci Yüzyılda Demokratikleşme, (çev. Ergun Özbudun), Kilit Yayınları, Ankara 2011.
  • Karan, Ulaş, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku ve Anayasa Hukuku Işığında Eşitlik İlkesi ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı, Oniki Levha Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
  • Kjærum, Morten, “National Human Rights Institutions Implementing Human Rights”, Danish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark 2003.
  • Kılıç, Muharrem, “Mit ile Gerçeklik Arasında İnsan Hakları Anlatısı”, I. Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Sempozyumu, 06-07Aralık 2018, “İnsan Haklarını Yeniden Düşünmek” Bildiriler Kitabı.
  • Kumar, C. Raj, “National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Toward the Institutionalization and Developmentalization of Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, Nu. 3, 2006.
  • Lacatus, Corina, “Explaining Institutional Strength: The Case Of National Human Rights İnstitutions in Europe and its Neighbourhood”, Journal of European Public Policy, 2018.
  • Moreno, Erika, “The Contributions of the Ombudsman to Human Rights in Latin America, 1982-2011”, Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 58, Nu. 1, 2015.
  • Moreno, Erika; Witmer, Richard, “The Power of the Pen: Human Rights Ombudsman and Personal Integrity Violations in Latin America, 1982-2006”, Human Rights Review, Vol. 17, Nu. 2, 2016.
  • Moss, Jeremy, “Valuing Equality”, Philosophy Compass, Vol. 10, Nu. 3, 2015.
  • Moyn, Samuel, Son Ütopya: Tarihte İnsan Hakları, (çev. Firdevs Er), Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul 2017.
  • Murray, Rachel, “National Human Rights Institutions: Criteria And Factors For Assessing Their Effectiveness”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 25/2, 2007.
  • Mutua, Makau, “Is the Age Of Human Rights Over?”, Routledge Companion to Literature and Human Rights, (eds. Sophia A. McClennen and Alexandra Schultheis Moore), Routledge, London and New York 2016.
  • Pegram, Tom, Rodriguez, N. H., “Bridging the Gap: National Human Rights Institutions and the Inter-American Human Rights System”, The Inter-American Human Rights System: Impact Beyond Compliance, (ed. P. Engstrom), 2018.
  • Pegram, Tom, “Diffusion Across Political Systems: The Global Spread of National Human Rights Institutions”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 32, Nu. 3, 2010.
  • Renshaw, Catherine; Byrnes, Andrew; Durbach, Andrea, “Testing the Mettle of National Human Rights Institutions: A Case Study of the Human Rights Commission of Malaysia”, Asian Journal of International Law, Vol. 1, Nu. 1, 2011.
  • Risse, Thomas; Sikkink, Kathryn, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction”, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (eds. Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, Kathryn Sikkink), Cambridge University Press, December 2009.
  • Rosenblum, Peter, “Tainted Origins and Uncertain Outcomes Evaluating NHRIs”, Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (eds. Ryan Goodman; Thomas Pegram), Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Solano Carboni, Montserrat, “The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in Implementing Decisions of the Inter-American System: Three Recent Examples from Costa Rica”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 12, Nu. 1, 2020.
  • Shawki, Noha, “A New Actor in Human Rights Politics? Transgovernmental Networks of National Human Rights Institutions”, Negotiating Sovereignty and Human Rights, (eds. Noha Shawki and Michaelene Cox), Ashgate Publishing, 2009.
  • Smith, Anne, “The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, Nu. 4, 2006.
  • Spencer, Sarah; Harvey, Colin, “Context, Institution or Accountability? Exploring the Factors that Shape the Performance of National Human Rights and Equality Bodies”, Policy & Politics, Vol. 42, Nu. 1, 2014.
  • UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 10: The Role of National Human Rights Institutions in the Protection of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/1998/25.
  • Welch, Ryan M., “Domestic Politics and the Power to Punish: The Case of National Human Rights Institutions”, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 36, Nu. 4, 2019.
  • Welch, Ryan M., DeMeritt, Jacqueline H. R., R. Conrad, Courtenay, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Institutional Variation in National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 65, Nu. 5, 2021.
  • Wolfsteller, René, “The Unrealized Potential of National Human Rights Institutions in Business and Human Rights Regulation: Conditions for Effective Engagement and Proposal for Reform”, Springer, 2021.
  • Wolman, Andrew, “The Relationship Between National and Sub-National Human Rights Institutions in Federal States”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 17, Nu. 4, 2013.
  • Yefet, Bosmat, “Can National Human Rights Institutions Make a Difference? Discourse, Accountability, and the Egyptian National Council for Human Rights”, Journal of Human Rights, 2021.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muharrem Kılıç 0000-0002-7937-3998

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 5 Mart 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, M. (2022). İnsan Haklarının Kurumsallaşması: Ulusal İnsan Hakları Kurumları. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi, 5(8), 15-60.