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Institutional Structuring of the Doctrine to Prevent Torture and Ill-Treatment: National Prevention Mechanism

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 15 - 66, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1430951

Öz

Abstract
In an ancient historical phrase, violence first manifested as a ‘body massacre’ with different approaches, through the self displaying naked power over the other self. In historical continuity, types of violence formed through archaic reference codes have evolved into mythical and ritualized actions. Physical punishment, as the most powerful tool of the state’s authority produced through the “monopoly of violence”, strengthens the ruling apparatus by instrumentalizing the criminal body. The state, which has absolute power to punish on a contractual basis, uses this authority as a public sign of power. Torture prevention is a “global strategy” that aims to identify the risks of torture and ill-treatment and to create an environment where torture and ill-treatment are less likely to occur. The doctrine of preventing torture has a contractual and institutional upper framework as a product of collective legal mind. The torture prevention doctrine consists of multiple declarations, conventions and additional protocols, human rights jurisprudence and national-constitutional norms.
Declaring the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, which poses an attack on the physical and mental integrity of individuals, to the whole world by international consensus, both at normative and institutional levels, represents an significant paradigmatic approach. In the historical process, increasingly diverse normative fields and sub-institutional mechanisms have been produced around the ‘prohibition of torture’ axis. Thus, universal, regional and national institutional structures with the authority to regularly and/or ad hoc visit places where people are deprived of their freedom have been built. At this point, it is of critical importance that torture prevention policies not only remain at the universal level, but also build local institutional structures and become an integral stakeholder of this policy. As a matter of fact, monitoring and inspecting prisons on a local scale is the most important way to adopt an effective strategy by infiltrating problem areas.

Kaynakça

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İŞKENCE VE KÖTÜ MUAMELEYİ ÖNLEME DOKTRİNİNİN KURUMSAL YAPILANMASI: ULUSAL ÖNLEME MEKANİZMASI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12, 15 - 66, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1430951

Öz

Kadim tarihsel izlekte şiddet ilk olarak, benin öteki ben üzerinde çıplak güç gösterimiyle çeşitlenen araçlarla bir ‘beden kıyımı’ olarak tezahür etmiştir. Arkaik referans kodları üzerinden biçimlenen şiddet türleri, tarihsel süreklilik içerisinde mitselleşen ve ritüelleşen bir eyleme dönüşmüştür. Devletin “şiddet tekeli” üzerinden üretmiş olduğu tahakküm gücünün en önemli aracı olarak bedensel tecziye, suçlu bedenin araçsallaştırılmasıyla iktidar aygıtının gücünü tahkim etmektedir. Sözleşmesel temelde mutlak cezalandırma yetkesine sahip olan devlet, bu yetkesini kamusal bir otorite göstergesi olarak ortaya koymaktadır.
İşkenceyi önleme, işkence ve kötü muamele risklerini tanımlamayı ve işkence ve kötü muamelenin meydana gelme ihtimalinin daha düşük olduğu bir ortam yaratmayı amaçlayan ‘küresel bir strateji’ olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İşkenceyi önleme doktrini kolektif hukuksal aklın bir ürünü olarak sözleşmesel ve kurumsal üst çerçeveye sahiptir. Birden fazla bildirge, sözleşme ve bunlara ek protokoller, insan hakları yargılamasının içtihatları ve ulusal-anayasal normlar bir bütün olarak işkenceyi önleme doktrinini oluşturmaktadır.
Bireylerin bedensel ve ruhsal bütünlüğüne saldırı niteliğindeki işkence ve kötü muamelenin yasaklanmasının, tüm dünyaya gerek normatif gerekse de kurumsal düzlemde uluslararası uzlaşıyla deklare edilmesi önemli bir paradigmatik yaklaşımı temsil etmektedir. Tarihsel süreçte, ‘işkence yasağı’ ekseninde giderek çeşitlenen normatif alanlar ve alt-kurumsal mekanizmalar üretilmiştir. Böylelikle kişilerin özgürlüklerinden yoksun bırakıldıkları yerlere düzenli ve/ya ad hoc ziyaret yetkisini haiz evrensel, bölgesel ve ulusal kurumsal yapılar inşa edilmiştir. Bu noktada işkenceyi önleme politikalarının yalnızca evrensel düzeyde kalmayıp yerel kurumsal yapıların da inşa edilerek bu politikanın ayrılmaz bir paydaşı haline getirilmesinin kritik önemi haizdir. Nitekim yerel ölçekte hapishanelerin izlenmesi ve denetlenmesi, sorunlu alanlara sızarak etkili bir strateji benimsemenin en önemli yoludur.

Kaynakça

  • Agamben, Giorgio, Kutsal İnsan: Egemen İktidar ve Çıplak Hayat, (çev. İsmail Türkmen), Ayrıntı Yayınları, 2020. Aizpurua, Eva; Rogan, Mary, “Understanding New Actors in European Arrest Warrant Cases Concerning Detention Conditions: The Role, Powers and Functions of Prison Inspection and Monitoring Bodies”, New Journal of European Criminal Law, Vol. 11, Nu. 2, 2020.
  • Alston, Philip, The EU and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2000. Anayurt, Ömer, “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi İçtihatlarında İşkence Kavramı”, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: XII, Sayı: 1-2, 2008. Aoilain, Fionnuala Ni, “The European Convention on Human Rights and Its Prohibition on Torture”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • APT, “Civil Society and National Preventive Mechanisms under the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture”, APT Publication, 2008.
  • APT, Preventing Torture, Upholding Dignity: From Pledges to Actions Outcome Report, The Global Forum on the OPCAT, 2012.
  • APT, The Torture Prevention Ambassadors’ Good Practice Report, 2016. Arendt, Hannah, Totalitarizmin Kaynakları 3 /Totalitarizm, (çev. İsmail Serin), İletişim Yayınları, 4. Baskı, 2021.
  • Austin, John Langshaw, Söylemek ve Yapmak, (çev. R. Levent Aysever), Metis Yayınları, 2017.
  • Beccaria, Cesare, Suçlar ve Cezalar Hakkında, İmge Kitabevi, 8. Baskı, 2019.
  • Beck, Ulrich, Risk Toplumu, Başka Bir Modernliğe Doğru, (çev. Kazım Özdoğan, Bülten Doğan), İthaki Yayınları, 2. Baskı, 2016.
  • Beco, Gauthier de, “The Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (the OPCAT) in Europe: Duplication or Reinforcement?”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, Vol. 18, Nu. 1, 2011.
  • Bicknell, Christine; Evans, Malcolm, “Monitoring Prisons: The Increasingly Complex Relationship Between International and Domestic Frameworks”, Europe in Prisons: Assessing the Impact of European Institutions on National Prison Systems, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Binder, Werner, “Ritual Dynamics of Torture: The Performance of Violence and Humiliation at the Abu Ghraib Prison”, State, Power, and Violence (Ritual Dynamics and the Science of Ritual), (eds. Margo Kitts, Bernd Schneidmuller, Gerald Schwedler, Eleno Tounta, Axel Michaels), Otto Harrassowitz, 2010.
  • Bozbayındır, Ali Emrah, “İşkence ve Kötü Muamele Yasağının Yatay Etkisi (Drittwirkung)”, Terazi Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 145, 2018.
  • Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa, “Effective Torture Prevention”, Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention, (eds. Malcolm D. Evans, Jens Modvig), Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
  • Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa, Does Torture Prevention Work?, Liverpool University Press, 2016.
  • Casale-Katzman, Emma-Alexia, Preventing Torture in the 21st Century: Monitoring in Europe Two Decades On, Monitoring Globally Two Years, Human Rights Centre, University of Essex, 2010.
  • Cassese, Antonio, The Human Dimension of International Law, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Chul Han, Byung, Şiddetin Topolojisi, (çev. Dilek Zaptçıoğlu), Metis Yayınları, 6. Basım, 2023.
  • Cliquennois, Gaëtan; Snacken, Sonja; Dirk van Zyl, Smit, “Introduction: Human Rights, Prisons and Penal Policies”, European Journal of Criminology, Vol. 18, Nu. 1, 2021.
  • Cormac, Behan; Kirkham, Richard, “Monitoring, Inspection and Complaints Adjudication in Prison: The Limits of Prison Accountability Frameworks”, Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, Vol. 55, Nu. 4, 2016.
  • Cover, Robert, “Şiddet ve Söz”, Şiddetin Eleştirisi Üzerine, (Yayına Hazırlayan: Aykut Çelebi), Metis Yayınları, 2010.
  • Crewe, Ben, The Prisoner Society: Power, Adaptation and Social Life in an English Prison, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Downs, George W.; Rocke, David M.; Barsoom, Peter N., “Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?”, International Organization, Vol. 50, Nu. 3, 1996.
  • Durkheim, Emile, “Ceza Evriminin İki Kanunu”, (çev. Hamide Topçuoğlu), Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Kriminoloji Enstitüsü Yayınları, Suç ve Ceza Sosyolojisi Klasikleri No.1, 1966.
  • Durkheim, Emile, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, (trans. Karen E. Fields), The Free Press, 1995.
  • European Training and Research Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, “Bringing Home Human Rights Standards: The Role of National Preventive Mechanisms”, Research Paper 1, 2016.
  • Evans, Malcolm D., Tackling Torture: Prevention in Practice, Bristol University Press, 2023.
  • Foucault, Michel, Hapishanenin Doğuşu, (çev. Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay), İmge Kitapevi, 6. Baskı, 2015.
  • Foucault, Michel, Kabahat İşlemek- Doğruyu Söylemek: İtirafın Adalet Kurumundaki İşlevi, (çev. Ayşe Deniz Temiz), Ketebe Yayınlar, 1. Baskı, 2022.
  • Garland, David, Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory, The University of Chicago Press, 1990.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Ulus Devlet ve Şiddet, (çev. Cumhur Atay), Kalkedon Yayınları, 1. Baskı, 2008.
  • Gros, Frédéric, Michel Foucault, (çev. İsmet Birkan), İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • Gonza´lez Pinto, Lorena, “The United Nations Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture: The Effects of Preventive Action”, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 14, 2022.
  • Hathaway, Oona A., “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?”, The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 111, 2002.
  • Hathaway, Oona A., “The Promise and Limits of the International Law of Torture”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Hill, Daniel W., “Estimating the Effects of Human Rights Treaties on State Behavior” Journal of Politics, Vol. 72, Nu. 4, 2010.
  • Iacopino, Vincent, “The Istanbul Protocol: Development, Practical Applications, and Future Directions”, Monitoring Detention, Custody, Torture, and Ill-Treatment: A Practical Approach to Prevention and Documentation, (eds. Jason Payne-James, Jonathan Beynon, Duarte Nuno Vieira), Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
  • Ignatieff, Michael, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror, Princeton University Press, 2005.
  • Kafka, Franz, Ceza Sömürgesi, Kırmızı Kedi Yayınları, 2018.
  • Kelly, Tobias; Jensen, Steffen; Andersen, Morten Koch, “Fragility, States and Torture”, Research Handbook on Torture: Legal and Medical Perspectives on Prohibition and Prevention, (eds. Malcolm D. Evans, Jens Modvig), Edward Elgar Publishing, 2020.
  • Kılıç, Muharrem, “İnsan Haklarının Kurumsallaşması: Ulusal İnsan Hakları Kurumları”, TİHEK Akademik Dergisi, Yıl: 5, Sayı: 8, 2022.
  • Kılıç, Muharrem, “Yasal Koruma ve Güvence Sistemleri Açısından Şiddetin Hukuksal Çerçevesi”, Legal Hukuk Dergisi, Cilt: 11, Sayı: 132, 2013.
  • Kuçuradi, İoanna, İnsan Hakları Kavramları ve Sorunları, Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Yayınları, 2011.
  • Lagat, Caroline Jepkosgei, Effectiveness of National Preventive Mechanisms in Prevention of Torture: The Case of Interconnectedness and Cooperation, European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation, A.Y. 2017/2018.
  • Langbein, John H., “The Legal History of Torture”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Langtry, David; Lyer, Kirsten Roberts, National Human Rights Institutions: Rules, Requirements, and Practice, Oxford University Press, 2021.
  • Lazaris, Audrey vd., “Leaving No One Behind in Prison: Improving the Health of People in Prison as a Key Contributor to Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals 2030”, BMJ Global Health, Vol. 6, Nu. 3, 2021.
  • Le Breton, David, Acının Antropolojisi, (çev. İsmail Yerguz), Sel Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı, 2010.
  • Liebling, Alison; Crewe, Ben, “Prisons Beyond the New Penology: The Shifting Moral Foundations of Prison Management”, The SAGE Handbook of Punishment and Society, (eds. Jonathan Simon, Richard Sparks), SAGE, 2013.
  • Louis-Phillipe, Rouillard, “Misinterpreting the Prohibition of Torture under International Law: The Office of the Legal Counsel Memorandum”, American University International Law Review, Vol. 21, Nu. 1, 2015.
  • McCosker, Sarah, “Innovations in Institution Building and Fresh Challenges: the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, Human Rights in the Asia-Pacific Region: Towards Institution Building, (eds. Hitoshi Nasu, Ben Saul), Routledge, 2011.
  • McGregor, Judy, “The Challenges and Limitations of OPCAT National Preventive Mechanisms: Lessons from New Zealand”, Australian Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 23, Nu. 3, 2017.
  • Méndez, Juan E., “International Legal Framework on Torture”, Monitoring Detention, Custody, Torture, and Ill-Treatment: A Practical Approach to Prevention and Documentation, (eds. Jason Payne-James, Jonathan Beynon, Duarte Nuno Vieira), Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.
  • Meriç, Cemil, Sosyoloji Notları ve Konferansları, İletişim Yayınları, 2021.
  • Miller, Reuben Jonathan; Stuart, Forrest, “Carceral Citizenship: Race, Rights and Responsibility in the Age of Mass Supervision”, Theoretical Criminology, Vol. 21, Nu. 4, 2017.
  • Murray, Rachel vd., The Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Murray, Rachel, “National Preventive Mechanisms Under The Optional Protocol To The Torture Convention: One Size Does Not Fit All”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 26, Nu. 4, 2008.
  • O’Connell, Ciara; Rogan, Mary, “Monitoring Prisons in Europe: Understanding Perspectives of People in Prison and Prison Staff”, Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 48, Nu. 1, 2023.
  • Parry, John T., “Escalation and Necessity: Defining Torture at Home and Abroad”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Pinto, Mattia, “Beyond Criminalisation: Torture as a Political Category”, 2021, https://criticallegalthinking.com/2021/03/01/beyond-criminalisation-torture-as-a-political-category/, Erişim tarihi: 30.01.2024.
  • Polanyi, Karl, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Beacon Press Boston, 1944.
  • Reif, Linda C., “The Shifting Boundaries of NHRI Definition in the International System”, Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions, (eds. Ryan Goodman and Thomas Pegram), Cambridge University Press 2012.
  • Rejali, Darius, Torture and Democracy, Princeton University Press, 2007.
  • Rogan, Mary, “Prison Inspection and Monitoring: The Need to Reform European Law and Policy”, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, Vol. 27, 2021.
  • Santos, Maria-Fátima, “Modernizing Leviathan: Carceral Reform and the Struggle for Legitimacy in Brazil’s Espírito Santo State”, American Sociological Review, Vol. 87, Nu. 5, 2022.
  • Shue, Henry, “Torture”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Smit, Dirk van Zyl; Snacken, Sonja, Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Sparks, Richard; Bird, Jessica; Brangan, Louise, “The Politics of Imprisonment”, Handbook on Prisons, (eds. Yvonne Jewkes, Ben Crewe, Jamie Bennett), Routledge, Second Edition, 2016.
  • Steinerte, Elina, “The Changing Nature of the Relationship Between The United Nations Subcommittee On Prevention of Torture and National Preventive Mechanisms: In Search for Equilibrium”, Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 31/2, 2013.
  • Steinerte, Elina, “The Jewel in the Crown and Its Three Guardians: Independence of National Preventive Mechanisms Under the Optional Protocol to the UN Torture Convention”, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 14, 2014.
  • Sullivan, Andrew, “The Abolition of Torture”, Torture: A Collection, (ed. Sanford Levinson), Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • T.C. 1982 Anayasası.
  • TİHEK, İnsan Hakları ve Ceza Adalet Sistemi Açısından Ceza İnfaz Kurumlarının İzlenmesi Sempozyumu Tebliğ Kitabı, Ankara 2022.
  • Valk, Sophie van der; Rogan, Mary, “Experiencing Human Rights Protections in Prisons: The Case of Prison Monitoring in Ireland”, European Journal of Criminology, Vol. 18, Nu. 1, 2020.
  • Vreeland, James Raymond, “Political Institutions and Human Rights: Why Dictatorships Enter into the United Nations Convention against Torture”, International Organization, Vol. 62, No. 1, 2008.
  • Wantchekon, Leonard; Healy, Andrew, “The “Game” of Torture”, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 43, Nu. 5, 1999.
  • Weber, Max, “Politics as a Vocation”, From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, (eds. H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills), Oxford University Press, 1946.
  • Welch, Ryan M., “National Human Rights Institutions: Domestic Implementation of International Human Rights Law”, Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 16, Nu. 1, 2017.
  • İNTERNET KAYNAKLARI
  • 2016 tarih ve 6701 sayılı Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu, https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6701&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5, Erişim Tarihi: 23. 01. 2024.
  • https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/declaration_of_the_rights_of_man_1789.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 22. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.apt.ch/about-us/history-impact, Erişim Tarihi: 28. 01. 2024. https://www.apt.ch/knowledge-hub/opcat/germany, Erişim Tarihi: 27. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.britannica.com/topic/torture, Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2024. https://www.cglpl.fr/missions-et-actions/autorite-independante/, Erişim Tarihi: 28. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.coe.int/en/web/cpt/about-the-cpt, Erişim Tarihi: 22. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.hrw.org/news/2003/03/11/legal-prohibition-against-torture#laws, Erişim Tarihi: 15. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.nationale-stelle.de/en/the-national-agency.html, Erişim tarihi: 27. 01. 2024.
  • https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/spt, Erişim Tarihi: 1. 02. 2024.
  • https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/spt/introduction-committee, Erişim Tarihi: 22. 01. 2024.
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yurtiçi İnsan Hakları Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muharrem Kılıç 0000-0002-7937-3998

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Şubat 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Şubat 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Kılıç, M. (2024). İŞKENCE VE KÖTÜ MUAMELEYİ ÖNLEME DOKTRİNİNİN KURUMSAL YAPILANMASI: ULUSAL ÖNLEME MEKANİZMASI. Türkiye İnsan Hakları Ve Eşitlik Kurumu Akademik Dergisi, 7(12), 15-66. https://doi.org/10.59162/tihek.1430951