The Sedimentological Properties and Priliminary Results of Palaeoenvironmental Development of Middle-Late Pleistocene Gürlek-Kocabaş (Denizli) and Örtülü (Afyon) Travertines, SW-Turkey

Yıl 2018, , 1 - 22, 01.01.2018

Ezher Toker Tagliasacchi

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.358160

Cited By: 3

Öz

This study includes the prilimary results of the Gürlek-Kocabaş (Denizli) and Örtülü (Afyon) travertines precipitated within the similar depositional systems and the comparative investigation of the sedimentary processes and depositional periods of these terrestrial carbonates. The investigated areas are located within the NW-SE trending Denizli Graben (Gürlek-Kocabaş) and NE-SW trending Acıgöl Graben (Örtülü) that adjacent to each other which started to develop due to the extentional tectonic regime in the neotectonic period in SW-Turkey. 

Gürlek-Kocabaş travertines are deposited in shallow-pool like depression depositional system where the marshpool and flat-pool facies are observed. On the other hand Örtülü travertines have been determined in this study where could be precipitated in higher energy environment like slope depositional system and also in lower energy environment like shallow-pool depositional system. While the lateral expanded of the Gürlek-Kocabaş travertines is hundreds of meters, the Örtülü travertines continued few hundred meters and then they changed to the fluvial tufas towards Acigöl Graben. Palaeosol levels are significantly observed in two travertine deposits. According to the first pollen data, the existence of pollens (Pinaceae, Cedrus, Artemisia, Quercus), which are generally belonging to herbaceous and gymnosperms plants, are important data of climatic fluctuation. The presence of the Artemisia form  in the investigated samples suggests the cool and arid climatic conditions in the precipitation of these terrestrial carbonates. 

According to radiometric dating, two travertine deposits are precipitated in Middle-Late Pleistocene. In this study is also determined that Gürlek-Kocabaş travertines continued to precipitate until 85 ka but Örtülü travertine accumulations ceased approximately 308 ka ago.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depositional settings, lithofacies, Middle-late Pleistocene, palynology, SW-Turkey, travertine

Orta-Geç Pleyistosen Yaşlı Gürlek-Kocabaş (Denizli) ve Örtülü (Afyon) Travertenlerinin Sedimantolojik Özellikleri ve Paleoortamsal Gelişimine ait ilk bulgular (GB-Türkiye)

Öz

Bu çalışma, benzer depolanma sistemi içerisinde çökelmiş olan Gürlek-Kocabaş (Denizli) ile Örtülü (Afyon) travertenlerinin sedimantolojik özellikleri ile bu karasal karbonatların çökelme koşullarının ve döneminin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi sonucu elde edilen ilk bulguları içermektedir. İnceleme alanları, GB-Türkiye’deki neotektonik dönemde genişleme tektoniğine bağlı olarak açılmaya başlamış birbirlerine komşu, KB-GD uzanımlı Denizli Grabeni (Gürlek-Kocabaş) ile KD-GB uzanımlı Acıgöl Grabeni (Örtülü) içinde yer almaktadır. Gürlek-Kocabaş travertenlerinin bataklık-havuz ve havuz düzlüğü fasiyeslerinin gözlendiği, sığ-havuz gibi çöküntü depolanma sistemi içinde çökelmiş olduğu, Örtülü travertenlerinin ise, yer yer ortam enerjisinin daha yüksek olduğu yamaç depolanma sisteminde ve aynı zamanda sığ, otsul, enerjisi daha düşük sığ-havuz depolanma sisteminde çökelmiş olabileceği yapılan bu çalışmada belirlenmiştir.

Gürlek-Kocabaş travertenlerinin yanal devamlılığı yüzlerce metre sürerken, Örtülü travertenleri, birkaç yüz metre devam etmekte ve daha sonra Acıgöl Graben’ine doğru akarsu tufalarına geçiş göstermektedir. Paleosol seviyeleri, iki traverten çökelinde de belirgin olarak gözlenmektedir. Elde edilen ilk polen verilerine göre, genellikle otsul ve açık tohumlu bitkilere ait polenlerin varlığı (Pinaceae, Cedrus, Artemisia, Quercus) bölgede iklimsel salınımlar açısından da önemli veriler içermektedir. İncelenen örneklerde Artemisia formunun varlığı, bu karasal karbonatların çökeliminde, serin ve kurak iklim koşullarını işaret etmektedir. 

U/Th radyometrik yaş tayinlerine göre, iki traverten çökeli Orta-Geç Pleyistosen döneminde çökelmiş ancak Gürlek-Kocabaş travertenleri, çökelimine 85 bin yıl’a kadar devam etmiş olmasına rağmen, Örtülü travertenlerinin çökelimi yaklaşık 308 bin yıl önce tamamen sonlanmış olduğu bu çalışmada belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depolanma ortamları, GB-Türkiye, litofasiyes, Orta-Geç Pleyistosen, palinoloji, traverten

Kaynakça

• Alçiçek, H., Varol, B. ve Özkul, M., 2007. Sedimentary facies, depositional environments and palaeogeographic evolution of the Neogene Denizli Basin of SW Anatolia, Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 202, 596–637.
• Altunel, E. ve Hancock, P.L., 1993a. Morphology and structural setting of Quaternary Travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geological Journal, 28, 335 – 346.
• Altunel, E. ve Hancock, P.L., 1993b. Active fissuring faulting in Quaternary travertines at Pamukkale, Western Turkey: In: Neotectonics and Active Faulting (edited by Stevvart, l. S., Vita.Finzi, c. & Ovven, L. A.) Zeitschrift Geomorphologie Supplementary Volume, 94, 285-302.
• Altunel, E., 1996. Pamukkale travertenlerinin morfolojik özellikleri, yaşları ve neotektonik önemleri, MTA Dergisi, 118, 47-64.
• Altunel, E. ve Karabacak, V., 2005. Determination of horizontal extension from fissure ridge travertines: a case study from the Denizli Basin, southwestern Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 333–342.
• Andrews, J.E., Riding, R. ve Dennis, P.F., 1997. The stable isotope record of environmental and climatic signals in modern terrestrial microbial carbonates from Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 129, 171-189.
• Andrews, J.E., Pedley, H.M. ve Dennis, P.F., 2000. Palaeoenvironmental records in Holocene Spanish tufas: a stable isotope approach in search of reliable climatic archives. Sedimentology, 47, 961–978.
• Bozkurt, E. ve Oberhansli, R., 2001. Menderes Massif (western Turkey): structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution-a synthesis. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 679-708.
• Brogi, A. ve Capezzuoli, E., 2009. Travetine deposition and faluting: the fault-related travertine fissure-ridge at Terme S. Giovanni, Rapolano Terme (Italy). International Journal of Earth Science Geology Rundsch 98, 931-947.
• Brogi, A., Capezzuoli, E., Aqué, R., Branca, M. ve Voltaggio, M., 2010. Studying travertine for neotectonics investigations: Middle-Late Pleistocene syntectonic travertine deposition at Serre di Rapolano (northern Appennines, Italy). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99, 13831398.
• Chafetz, H.S. ve Folk, R.L., 1984. Travertines: Depositional morphology and the bacterially constructed constituents. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, 54 (1), 289 – 316.
• Craig, H., 1963. The isotope geochemistry of water and carbon in geothermal areas. Nuclear Geology on Gethermal Areas. Spoleto.(E. Tongiorni, Ed.) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Laboratorio di Geologic Nucleare, Pisa, 17-53.
• Çakır, Z. 1999. Along-strike discontinuty of active normal faults and its influence on Quaternary travertine deposition: Examples from western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 8, 67-80.
• De Filippis, L., Faccenna, C., Billi, A., Anzalone, E., Brilli, M., Özkul, M., Soligo, M., Tuccimei, P. ve Villa, M., 2012. Growth of fissure ridge travertines from geothermal springs of Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 124, 1629–1645.
• Dilsiz, C., 2006. Conceptual hydrodynamic model of the Pamukkale hydrothermal field, southwestern Turkey, based on hydrochemical and isotopic data. Hydrogeology Journal 14, 562–572.
• Erdoğan,B. ve Güngör, T. 2004. The problem of the corecover boundary of the menderes massif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granites, western Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 15-36.
• Ford, T.D. ve Pedley, H.M., 1996. A review of tufa and travertine deposits of the world, Earth Science Review, 41, 117-175.
• Gandin, A. ve Capezzuoli, E., 2014. Travertine: Distinctive depositional fabrics of carbonates from thermal spring systems, Sedimentology, 61, 264-290.
• Garnett, E.A., Andrews, J.E., Preece, R.C. ve Dennis, P.F., 2004. Climatic change recorded by stable isotopes and trace elements in a British Holocene tufa. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19, 251-262.
• Göktaş, F., Çakmakoğlu, A., Tari, E., Sütçü, Y. F. ve Sarıkaya, H., 1989. Çivril –Çardak Arasının Jeolojisi (Geology of Çivril-Çardak Region]. MTA Raporu, 8701, 107s (yayınlanmamış).
• Guo, L. ve Riding, R., 1998. Hot-spring travertine facies and sequences, Late Pleistocene Rapolano Terme, Italy, Sedimentology, 45, 163-180.
• Guo, X. ve Chafetz, H.S., 2014. Trends in δ18O and δC values in lacustrine tufa mounds: Palaeohydrology of Searles Lake, California. Sedimentology, 61, 221-237.
• Hancock, P.L., Chalmers, R. M.L., Altunel E. ve Çakir, Z., 1999. Travitonics: using travertines in active fault studies. Journal of Structural Geology, 21, 903-916.
• Helvacı C., Alçiçek, M.C., Gündoğan, İ. ve Gemici, Ü., 2013. Tectonosedimentary Development and Palaeoenvironmental Changes in the Acıgöl Shallow-Perennial Playa-Lake Basin, SW Anatolia,Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 173-190.
• İslamoğlu, Y. ve Hakyemez, A., 2010. Oligocene History of the Çardak-Dazkırı Sub-basin (Denizli, SW Turkey): Integrated Molluscan and Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 19, 473-496.
• Kaymakcı, N., 2006. Kinematic development and paleostress analysis of the Denizli Basin (Western Turkey): Implications of spatial variation of relative paleostress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 207–222.10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.03.003.
• Koçyiğit, A., 2005. Denizli-graben horst system: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey, Geodinamica Acta, 18 (3-4), 167-208.
• Konak, N. ve Şenel, M., 2002. Türkiye jeoloji haritası, Denizli paftası 1: 500 000. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
• Koşun, E., Sarıgül, A. ve Varol, B., 2005. Antalya Tufalarının Litofasiyes Özellikleri. MTA Dergisi, 130, 57-70. Lojen, S., Dolenec, T., Vokal, B., Cukrov, N., Mihelčić, G. ve Papesch, W., 2004. C and O stable isotope variability in recent freshwater carbonates (River Krka, Croatia). Sedimentology, 51, 361-375.
• Miall, A.D., 1977. A review of the braided river depositional environment: Earth Science Review,13, 1-62.
• Minissale, A., Kerrick, D. M., Magro, G., Murrell, M. T., Paladini, M., Rihs, S., Sturchio, N. C., Tassi, F. ve Vaselli, O., 2002. Geochemistry of Quaternary travertines in the region north of Rome (Italy): structural, hydrologic and paleoclimatic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 203, (2), 709-728.
• Mutlu, H., Kadir, S. ve Akbulut, A.,1999. Mineralogy and water chemistry of the Lake Acıgöl (Denizli), Turkey. Carbonates and Evaporites 14, 91–99.
• Özkul, M. Varol, B. ve Alçiçek, M.C., 2002. Depositional environments and Petrography of Denizli Travertines. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 125, 13-29.
• Özkul, M., Kele, S., Gökgöz, A., Shen, C.C., Jones, B., Baykara, M.O., Fórizs, I., Németh, T., Chang, Y.W. ve Alçiçek, M.C., 2013. Comparison of the Quaternary travertine sites in the Denizli extensional basin based on their depositional and geochemical data. Sedimentary Geology, 294, 179-204.
• Özkul, M., Gökgöz, A., Kele, S., Baykara, M.O., Shen, C.C., Chang, Y.W., Kaya, A., Hançer, M., Aratman, C., Akın, T. ve Örü, Z., 2014. Sedimentological and Geochemical characteristics of a fluvial travertine: A case from the eastern Mediterreanean region. Sedimentology, 61, 291-318.
• Pedley, H.M., 2009. Tufas and travertines of the Mediterranean region: a testing ground for freshwater carbonate concepts and developments. Sedimentology, 56, 221–246.
• Pentecost, A., 1993. British travertines: a review, Proceeding of the Geologists’ Association, 104, 23-39.
• Pentecost, A., 1995. Quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor. Quaternary Science Review, 14, 1005-1028.
• Pentecost, A., Bayarı, S. ve Yeşertener, C., 1997. Phototropic microorganisms of the Pamukkale travertine, Turkey; their distribution and influence on travertine deposition. Geomicrobiology Journal, 14, 264-283.
• Pentecost, A., 2005. Travertine. Springer, Berlin, 445. Sözbilir, H., 1997. Stratigraphy and Sedimentation of the Tertiary Sequences in the Northeastern Denizli Province (Southwest Turkey). (Doktora Tezi), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi (yayınlanmamış).
• Sözbilir H., 2002. Revised stratigraphy and facies analysis of the Palaeocene–Eocene supraallochthonous sediments and their tectonic significance (Denizli, SW Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1–27.
• Sözbilir, H., 2005. Oligo-Miocene extension in the Lycian orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18 (3-4), 255-282.
• Sun, R. S., 1990. Denizli-Uşak Arasının Jeolojisi ve Linyit Olanakları. İzmir, MTA Raporu, No 9985.
• Şenel, M., 1997. Denizli-J9 Quadrangle, 1:100.000 ölçekli Jeoloji haritası ve açıklamaları. MTA Yayınları, Ankara (yayınlanmamış)
• Şimşek, Ş., Günay, G., Elhatip, H., Ekmekci, M., 2000. Environmental protection of geothermal waters and travertines at Pamukkale, Turkey. Geothermics 29, 557–572.
• Toker, E., 2009. Acıgöl-Çardak (Denizli) Grabeninin kuzeyindeki Tersiyer Çökellerinin TektonoSedimanter Gelişiminin İncelenmesi. (Doktora tezi), Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 242 (yayınlanmamış).
• Toker, E., Akkiraz, M.S., Yağmurlu, F., Akgün, F. ve Örçen, S., 2012. Sedimentary Properties of the Middle-Late Eocene Formations outcroping in Çardak, Burdur and İncesu, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 20, 335-374.
• Toker, E., Kayseri-Özer, M.S., Özkul, M. ve Kele, S., 2015. Depositional system and palaeoclimatic interpretations of Middle to Late Pleistocene travertines: Kocabaş, Denizli, SW Turkey. Sedimentology, 62 (5), 1360-1383.
• Toker, E., 2016. The Quaternary Travertınes in the Örtülü Area, SW- Turkey: Facies And Depositional Environment. 32. IAS Meeting of Sedimentology, 23-25 Mayıs, Marakeş, Fas
• Toker, E., 2017. Quaternary fluvials tufas of Sarıkavak area, southwestern Turkey: Facies and depositional systems. Quaternary International, Non-marine Carbonates, Special Issue, 437, 37-50. Uysal, I.T., Feng, Y., Zhao, J., Altunel E., Weatherley D., Karabacak, V., Cengiz, O., Golding S.D., Lawrence M.G. ve Collerson K.D., 2007. U-series dating and geochemical tracing of late Quaternary travertine in co-seismic fissures. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 257, 450–462.
• Uysal, I.T., Feng, Y., Zhao, J., Işık, V., Nuriel, P. ve Golding, S.D., 2009. Hydrothermal CO2 degassing in seismically active zones during the late Quaternary. Chemical Geology, 265, 442-454.
• Van Noten, K., Claes, H., Soete, J., Foubert, A., Özkul, M. ve Swennen, R., 2013. Fracture networks and strike-slip deformation along reactivated normal faults in Quaternary travertine deposits, Denizli Basin, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 588, 154–170.
• Vermoere, M., Degryse, P., Vanhecke, L., Muchez, Ph., Paulissen, E., Smets, E. ve Waelkens, M., 1999. Pollen analysis of two travertine sections during the early Holocene in Baskoy (southwestern Turkey): implications for environmental conditions during the early Holocene. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 105, (1-2), 93-110.
• Westaway, R., Guillou, H., Yurtmen, S., Demir, T., Scaillet, S. ve Rowbotham, G., 2005. Constraints on the timing and regional conditions at the start of the present phase of crustal extension in western Turkey, from observations in and around the Denizli region. Geodinamica Acta 18, 209–238.
• Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş.C., Gürer, F., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. ve Elmas, A., 2000. When did the western Anatolian grabens bagin to develop? Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and their surrounding area. Geological Society in London, 173, 353-384.
• Zanchi, A., Kissel, C. ve Tapırdamaz, C., 1990. Deformazione Continentale Neogenico Quaternaria in Anatolia Occidentale:Nuovi DAti Strutturali. Mem. Society of Geology Italy, 45, 481-488.