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Yetişkin acil servisine ve birinci basamak kliniğine başvuran hastaların sağlık okuryazarlığı düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 481 - 490, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1661083

Öz

Amaç: 1970’lerde tanıtılmasından bu yana sağlık okuryazarlığı (SO), halk sağlığı ve sağlık hizmetlerinde giderek daha önemli hale gelmiş ve günümüzde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle acil servis (AS) başvurularının arttığı ülkemizde SO’nun önemi daha da belirgindir. Bu çalışmada, acil servisin yeşil alanına başvuran hastalar ile birinci basamak kliniğine (BBK) başvuran hastaların SO düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tek merkezli, prospektif ve gözlemsel anket çalışması olarak tasarlanan bu araştırmaya, Kanada Triaj Sistemi’ne göre 4. ve 5. seviye olarak sınıflandırılan ayaktan hastalar ile BBK'ye başvuran 18 yaş üstü bireyler dahil edilmiştir. Hastalar eğitim, meslek ve gelir-gider durumlarına göre alt gruplara ayrılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 480 hasta dahil edilmiş olup, hastaların medyan yaşı 36 yıl ve 205’i (%42,7) erkekti. Hastaların 169’u (%35,2) BBK'ye, 311’i (%64,8) ise AS’ye başvurmuştu. İlkokul mezunlarında AS başvurularının anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu, lisans ve yüksek lisans mezunlarında ise BBK başvurularının AS'ye kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha fazla olduğu saptandı (sırasıyla p < 0,001, p < 0,001 ve p = 0,020). Genel sağlık okuryazarlığı indeks skoru açısından BBK ve AS başvuruları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı (p = 0,147). Ancak, sağlıkla ilgili bilgiye erişim (p = 0,021) ve sağlıkla ilgili bilgiyi anlama (p = 0,019) ortalama skorları, AS'ye başvuran hastalarda anlamlı derecede daha düşüktü.
Sonuçlar: Acil servislerin üzerindeki yükü azaltmak için, toplumun eğitim düzeyi, meslek veya gelir durumundan bağımsız olarak birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinin önemi konusunda bilinçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, genel SO seviyelerinin artırılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Wang X, Luan W. Research progress on digital health literacy of older adults: a scoping review. Front Public Health. 2022; 10: 906089.
  • Fan M, Ezeudoka BC, Qalati SA. Exploring the resistance to e-health services in Nigeria: an integrative model based upon the theory of planned behavior and stimulus-organism-response. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2024; 11: 571.
  • Kickbusch IS. Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide. Health Promot Int. 2001; 16: 289-97.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırılması. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2018.
  • Amin KS, Mayes LC, Khosla P, Montague E, Slater J, Zhang W, et al. Assessing the efficacy of large language models in health literacy: a comprehensive cross-sectional study. Yale J Biol Med. 2024; 97: 17-27.
  • Nakayama K, Osaka W, Togari T, Ishikawa H, Yonekura Y, Sekido A, et al. Comprehensive health literacy in Japan is lower than in Europe: a validated Japanese-language assessment of health literacy. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 505.
  • Kamberi H, Hysa B, Toçi E, Tahiraj I, Doko E, Shabani A, et al. Functional health literacy among primary health care users in transitional Kosovo. Med Arch. 2013; 67: 209-11.
  • Tanrıöver DM, Yıldırım HH, Ready DFN, Kaya N, Erdinç S, Kıyak M, et al. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Araştırması. Sağlık-Sen Yayınları. 2014; 25: 1426.
  • Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Röthlin F, Ganahl K, Slonska Z, Doyle G, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey. Eur J Public Health. 2015;2 5: 1053-1058.
  • Bertakis KD, Azari R, Helms LJ, Callahan EJ, Robbins JA. Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. J Fam Pract. 2000; 49: 147-52.
  • von Wagner C, Knight K, Steptoe A, Wardle J. Functional health literacy and health-promoting behaviour in a national sample of British adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61: 1086-90.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçekleri Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması 2016. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2016.
  • Rikard RV, Thompson MS, McKinney J, Beauchamp A. Examining health literacy disparities in the United States: a third look at the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 975.
  • Jovic-Vranes A, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Marinkovic J. Functional health literacy among primary health-care patients: data from the Belgrade pilot study. J Public Health Oxf. 2009; 31: 490-5.
  • Deniz S, Oğuzöncül AF. Assessment of health literacy level in Akcadag, Malatya, Turkey. Firat Tip Derg. 2020; 25: 1.
  • Andrews H, Kass L. Non-urgent use of emergency departments: populations most likely to overestimate illness severity. Intern Emerg Med. 2018; 13: 893-900.
  • Khan Y, Glazier RH, Moineddin R, Schull MJ. A population-based study of the association between socioeconomic status and emergency department utilization in Ontario, Canada. Acad Emerg Med. 2011; 18: 836-43.
  • Lee HY, Rhee TG, Kim NK, Ahluwalia JS. Health literacy as a social determinant of health in Asian American immigrants: findings from a population-based survey in California. J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30: 1118-24.
  • Beauchamp A, Buchbinder R, Dodson S, Batterham RW, Elsworth GR, Osborne RH. Distribution of health literacy strengths and weaknesses across socio-demographic groups: a cross-sectional survey using the Health Literacy Questionnaire. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 678.
  • Suka M, Odajima T, Okamoto M, Sumitani M, Igarashi A, Ishikawa H, et al. Relationship between health literacy, health information access, health behavior, and health status in Japanese people. Patient Educ Couns. 2015; 98: 660-8.
  • Speirs KE, Messina LA, Munger AL, Grutzmacher S. Health literacy and nutrition behaviors among low-income adults. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2012; 23: 1082-91.
  • Bakan AB, Yıldız M. 21-64 yaş grubundaki bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesine ilişkin bir çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019; 8: 101-8.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçekleri Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması 2016. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2016.
  • Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırması. URL: https://sggm.saglik.gov.tr/TR,56524/turkiye-saglik-okuryazarligi-duzeyi-ve-iliskili-faktorleri-arastirmasi.html.
  • Eroglu SE, Toprak SN, Urgan O, Acar K, Kara B, Bozkurt S, et al. Evaluation of non-urgent visits to a busy urban emergency department. Saudi Med J. 2012; 33: 967-72.

Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 481 - 490, 01.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1661083

Öz

Aim: Since its introduction in the 1970s, health literacy (HL) has gained increasing significance in public health and health services, becoming even more crucial today. HL is particularly important in our country, where the number of patients in emergency departments has risen.This study aimed to evaluate and compare HL levels between patients in the emergency department (ED) green area and primary care clinic (PCC).
Material and Methods: This single-center, prospective, observational survey study included outpatients classified as Canadian triage levels 4-5 and patients over 18 years old who visited the PCC. Patients were divided into subgroups based on education, occupation, and income-expense status.
Results: The median age of the 480 patients included in the study was 36 years, with 205 (42.7%) being male. Of the cases, 169 (35.2%) visited the PCC, and 311 (64.8%) visited the ED. The number of ED visits among primary school graduates was significantly higher than PCC visits, while the number of PCC visits among bachelor's and master's degree graduates was significantly higher than ED visits (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.020, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the health literacy index score (p = 0.147) between PCC and ED visits. However, the mean scores for accessing health-related information (p = 0.021) and understanding health-related information (p = 0.019) were significantly lower for those who visited the ED.
Conclusions: To reduce the burden on EDs, our society should be educated on the importance of utilizing primary health care services regardless of education level, occupation, and income, alongside improving HL levels.

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was obtained from the ethics committee of a third-level Health Sciences University hospital (Ethics committee approval dated 18.12.2019 and numbered B.10.1.TKH.4.34.H.GP.0.01/232). Consent forms were obtained from all patients and healthy volunteers or their first-degree relatives. The entire study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the principles of Good Clinical Practice.

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Teşekkür

Thank Doç. Dr. Adem ÇAKIR for all of help and contrabition.

Kaynakça

  • Wang X, Luan W. Research progress on digital health literacy of older adults: a scoping review. Front Public Health. 2022; 10: 906089.
  • Fan M, Ezeudoka BC, Qalati SA. Exploring the resistance to e-health services in Nigeria: an integrative model based upon the theory of planned behavior and stimulus-organism-response. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2024; 11: 571.
  • Kickbusch IS. Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide. Health Promot Int. 2001; 16: 289-97.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi Genel Müdürlüğü. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırılması. Ankara: Özyurt Matbaacılık; 2018.
  • Amin KS, Mayes LC, Khosla P, Montague E, Slater J, Zhang W, et al. Assessing the efficacy of large language models in health literacy: a comprehensive cross-sectional study. Yale J Biol Med. 2024; 97: 17-27.
  • Nakayama K, Osaka W, Togari T, Ishikawa H, Yonekura Y, Sekido A, et al. Comprehensive health literacy in Japan is lower than in Europe: a validated Japanese-language assessment of health literacy. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 505.
  • Kamberi H, Hysa B, Toçi E, Tahiraj I, Doko E, Shabani A, et al. Functional health literacy among primary health care users in transitional Kosovo. Med Arch. 2013; 67: 209-11.
  • Tanrıöver DM, Yıldırım HH, Ready DFN, Kaya N, Erdinç S, Kıyak M, et al. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Araştırması. Sağlık-Sen Yayınları. 2014; 25: 1426.
  • Sørensen K, Pelikan JM, Röthlin F, Ganahl K, Slonska Z, Doyle G, et al. Health literacy in Europe: comparative results of the European health literacy survey. Eur J Public Health. 2015;2 5: 1053-1058.
  • Bertakis KD, Azari R, Helms LJ, Callahan EJ, Robbins JA. Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. J Fam Pract. 2000; 49: 147-52.
  • von Wagner C, Knight K, Steptoe A, Wardle J. Functional health literacy and health-promoting behaviour in a national sample of British adults. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007; 61: 1086-90.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçekleri Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması 2016. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2016.
  • Rikard RV, Thompson MS, McKinney J, Beauchamp A. Examining health literacy disparities in the United States: a third look at the National Assessment of Adult Literacy. BMC Public Health. 2016; 16: 975.
  • Jovic-Vranes A, Bjegovic-Mikanovic V, Marinkovic J. Functional health literacy among primary health-care patients: data from the Belgrade pilot study. J Public Health Oxf. 2009; 31: 490-5.
  • Deniz S, Oğuzöncül AF. Assessment of health literacy level in Akcadag, Malatya, Turkey. Firat Tip Derg. 2020; 25: 1.
  • Andrews H, Kass L. Non-urgent use of emergency departments: populations most likely to overestimate illness severity. Intern Emerg Med. 2018; 13: 893-900.
  • Khan Y, Glazier RH, Moineddin R, Schull MJ. A population-based study of the association between socioeconomic status and emergency department utilization in Ontario, Canada. Acad Emerg Med. 2011; 18: 836-43.
  • Lee HY, Rhee TG, Kim NK, Ahluwalia JS. Health literacy as a social determinant of health in Asian American immigrants: findings from a population-based survey in California. J Gen Intern Med. 2015; 30: 1118-24.
  • Beauchamp A, Buchbinder R, Dodson S, Batterham RW, Elsworth GR, Osborne RH. Distribution of health literacy strengths and weaknesses across socio-demographic groups: a cross-sectional survey using the Health Literacy Questionnaire. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15: 678.
  • Suka M, Odajima T, Okamoto M, Sumitani M, Igarashi A, Ishikawa H, et al. Relationship between health literacy, health information access, health behavior, and health status in Japanese people. Patient Educ Couns. 2015; 98: 660-8.
  • Speirs KE, Messina LA, Munger AL, Grutzmacher S. Health literacy and nutrition behaviors among low-income adults. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2012; 23: 1082-91.
  • Bakan AB, Yıldız M. 21-64 yaş grubundaki bireylerin sağlık okuryazarlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesine ilişkin bir çalışma. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019; 8: 101-8.
  • Okyay P, Abacıgil F. Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçekleri Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması 2016. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2016.
  • Türkiye Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Düzeyi ve İlişkili Faktörleri Araştırması. URL: https://sggm.saglik.gov.tr/TR,56524/turkiye-saglik-okuryazarligi-duzeyi-ve-iliskili-faktorleri-arastirmasi.html.
  • Eroglu SE, Toprak SN, Urgan O, Acar K, Kara B, Bozkurt S, et al. Evaluation of non-urgent visits to a busy urban emergency department. Saudi Med J. 2012; 33: 967-72.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlığın Sosyal Belirleyicileri, Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Rıza Gücal 0009-0002-4947-6192

Serkan Emre Eroğlu 0000-0002-3183-3713

Abdullah Algın 0000-0003-2403-6211

Mehmet Muzaffer İslam 0000-0001-6928-2307

Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Gücal, R., Eroğlu, S. E., Algın, A., İslam, M. M. (2026). Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 16(4), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1661083
AMA Gücal R, Eroğlu SE, Algın A, İslam MM. Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic. TJCL. Ocak 2026;16(4):481-490. doi:10.18663/tjcl.1661083
Chicago Gücal, Rıza, Serkan Emre Eroğlu, Abdullah Algın, ve Mehmet Muzaffer İslam. “Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16, sy. 4 (Ocak 2026): 481-90. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1661083.
EndNote Gücal R, Eroğlu SE, Algın A, İslam MM (01 Ocak 2026) Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16 4 481–490.
IEEE R. Gücal, S. E. Eroğlu, A. Algın, ve M. M. İslam, “Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic”, TJCL, c. 16, sy. 4, ss. 481–490, 2026, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.1661083.
ISNAD Gücal, Rıza vd. “Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 16/4 (Ocak2026), 481-490. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1661083.
JAMA Gücal R, Eroğlu SE, Algın A, İslam MM. Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic. TJCL. 2026;16:481–490.
MLA Gücal, Rıza vd. “Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, c. 16, sy. 4, 2026, ss. 481-90, doi:10.18663/tjcl.1661083.
Vancouver Gücal R, Eroğlu SE, Algın A, İslam MM. Comparison of health literacy levels of patients applying to adult emergency department and primary care clinic. TJCL. 2026;16(4):481-90.


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