The Breastfeeding in Adolescent Mothers

Yıl 2017, , 50 - 58, 20.03.2017

Gülşen Işık , Nuray Egelioğlu Cetişli

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.296329

Cited By: 2

Öz

World Health
Organization defined the adolescent period between the ages of 10-19 and
declared that one out of every six people are adolescent. Physical and
psychological changes in this period might cause risky behaviors such as drug
abuse, sexual intercourse with no protection and unwanted pregnancy. Adolescent
pregnancies are an important health problem in both developed and developing
countries. Risk factors of adolescent pregnancy are complicated and
miscellaneous. Abortus, threat of premature birth, hypertension in pregnancy,
anemia, low weight of the newborn, congenital anomaly risk, increased neonatal
mortality and breast feeding problems are some of them. For adolescent mothers,
who are in a risky period for many aspects, low rates of starting and
continuing breast feeding is another important and neglected problem affecting
mother's and newborn's health negatively. Low socio-economic condition, absence
of partner, inadequate social support, negative support of parents and couple,
pain, cultural factors, lack of knowledge, negative experiences, breast feeding
intention, manner regarding breast feeding and self-sufficiency were reported
as factors affecting the breast feeding.

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü, adölesan dönemini 10-19 yaşları arasındaki
dönem olarak tanımlamakta ve dünyada her altı kişiden birinin adölesan olduğunu
bildirmektedir. Bu dönemde gerçekleşen fiziksel ve psikolojik değişiklikler,
madde bağımlılığı, korunmasız cinsel ilişki ve istenmeyen gebelikler gibi bazı
riskli davranışlara neden olabilmektedir. Hem gelişmiş, hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde adölesan gebelikler
önemli bir sağlık sorunudur. Adölesan gebeliğin risk faktörleri, çok yönlü ve
karmaşıktır. Abortus, erken doğum tehditi, gebelikte hipertansiyon, anemi,
düşük doğum ağırlığı, konjenital anomali riski, artmış neonatal mortalite ve
emzirme problemleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Birçok açıdan riskli bir
dönemde olan adölesan anneler arasında emzirmeye başlama, emzirmeye devam etme
oranlarının az olması da, anne ve bebeğin sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen ve göz
ardı edilen önemli sorunlardandır. Düşük sosyoekonomik durum, partner yokluğu,
sosyal destek yetersizliği, olumsuz anne ve eş desteği, ağrı, kültürel etkiler,
bilgi eksikliği, olumsuz deneyimler, emzirme niyeti, emzirmeye ilişkin tutum ve
öz-yeterlilik emzirmeyi etkileyen faktörler olarak belirtilmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

adolescent, motherhood, breastfeeding

Kaynakça

• 1. Borise, S. (Ed.). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health toolkit for humanitarian settings: A companion to the inter-agency field manual on reproductive health in humanitarian settings. United Nations Fund for Population Activities UNFPA 2009;1-8. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_ASRHtoolkit_english.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 2. World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescents: health risks and solutions. 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs345/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2016)
• 3. United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA). Girlhood, Not Motherhood. Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy 2015;1-30. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Girlhood_not_motherhood_final_web.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 4. American Psycological Association (APA). Devoloping adolescents: A reference for professionals 2002;1-20. https://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/develop.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 5. Skinner H, Biscope S, Poland B, Goldberg E. How adolescents use technology for health ınformation: Implications for health professionals from focus group studies. J Med Internet Res 2003;5(4):e32.
• 6. MacKay AP, Duran C. Adolescent health in the United States, 2007. National Center for Health Statistics. 2007;1-10. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/adolescent2007.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.2016
• 7. World Health Organization (WHO). Adolescent pregnancy. 2014 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs364/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 8. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması (TNSA). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü 2013;70-73. Ankara, Türkiye.
• 9. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Doğum İstatistikleri. 2015 http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=21514 (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 10. Anthony, D. The state of the world’s children 2011- adolescence: An age of opportunity. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF. 2011 19-22. www.unicef.org/sowc2011/pdfs/SOWC-2011-Main Report_EN_02092011.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.16
• 11. World Health Organization. Pregnant adolescents: Delivering on global promises of hope. 2006;4-7. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/43368/1/9241593784_eng.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.16
• 12. Olausson P, Cnattingius S, Haglund B. Teenage pregnancies and risk of late fetal death and ınfant mortality. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 1999;54(8):484-485.
• 13. Chen X, Wen S, Fleming N, Demissie K, Rhoads G, Walker M. Teenage pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a large population based retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology 2007;36(2):368-373.
• 14. Shrim A, Ates S, Mallozzi A, Brown R, Ponette V, Levin I et al. Is young maternal age really a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcome in a canadian tertiary referral hospital ? Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2011;24(4):218-222.
• 15. Leclair E, Robert N, Sprague A, Fleming N. Factors associated with breastfeeding ınitiation in adolescent pregnancies: A cohort study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2015;28(6):516-521.
• 16. Victora C, Bahl R, Barros A, França G, Horton S, Krasevec J et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet 2016;387(10017):475-490.
• 17. Wambach K, Cohen S. Breastfeeding experiences of urban adolescent mothers. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2009;24(4):244-254.
• 18. Britton J, Britton H, Gronwaldt V. Breastfeeding, sensitivity, and attachment. Pediatrics 2006;118(5):e1436-e1443.
• 19. World Health Organization (WHO). Infant and young child feeding. 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 06. 09. 2016)
• 20. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 2012; 129(3):e827-e841.
• 21. Bartick M, Reinhold A. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States: A pediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics 2010;125(5):e1048-e1056.
• 22. Sipsma H, Biello K, Cole-Lewis H, Kershaw T. Like father, like son: The ıntergenerational cycle of adolescent fatherhood. Am J Public Health 2010;100(3):517-524.
• 23. Lavender T, Thompson S, Wood L. Supporting teenage mothers with breastfeeding guardians. Br J Midwifery 2005;13(6):354-359.
• 24. Hannon P, Willis S, Bishop-Townsend V, Martinez I, Scrimshaw S. African-American and Latina adolescent mothers’ infant feeding decisions and breastfeeding practices: A qualitative study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2000;26(6):399-407.
• 25. Brown A, Raynor P, Lee M. Young mothers who choose to breast feed: the importance of being part of a supportive breast-feeding community. Midwifery 2011;27(1):53-59.
• 26. Sipsma H, Magriples U, Divney A, Gordon D, Gabzdyl E, Kershaw T. Breastfeeding behavior among adolescents: Initiation, duration, and exclusivity. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(3):394-400.
• 27. Martin J, Hamilton BE, Sutton PD, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Kirmeyer S, Mathews TJ. Births: Final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports 2009;57(7):1-25.
• 28. Central for Disease Breastfeeding Report Card, 2014;1-8. http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.2015.
• 29. Central for Disease Breastfeeding Report Card, 2011;1-4. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2011breastfeedingreportcard.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.2015.
• 30. Fleming N, Ng N, Osborne C, Biederman S, Yasseen A, Dy J et al. Adolescent pregnancy outcomes in the province of ontario: A cohort study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 2013;26(2):e55.
• 31. Dunn S, Bottomley J, Ali A, Walker M. 2008 Niday Perinatal database quality audit: report of a quality assurance project. Chronic Dis Inj Can 2011; 32:32
• 32. Bolling K, Grant C, Hamlyn B, Thornton A. Infant feeding survey 2005. 20071-20. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB00619/infa-feed-serv-2005-rep.pdf Date accessed: 06.09.16
• 33. Santo L, de Oliveira L, Giugliani E. Factors associated with low ıncidence of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months. Birth 2007;34(3):212-219.
• 34. Dennis C, Heaman M, Mossman M. Psychometric testing of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2011;49(3):265-271.
• 35. Hunter L. Teenagers' experiences of postnatal care and breastfeeding. Br J Midwifery 2008;16(12):785-790.
• 36. Fleming N, Tu X, Black A. Improved obstetrical outcomes for adolescents in a community-based outreach program: A matched cohort study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 2012;34(12):1134-1140.
• 37. Glass T, Tucker K, Stewart R, Baker T, Kauffman R. Infant feeding and contraceptive practices among adolescents with a high teen pregnancy rate: A 3-year retrospective study. Journal of Women's Health 2010;19(9):1659-1663.
• 38. Lavender T, Thompson S, Wood L. Supporting teenage mothers with breastfeeding guardians. Br J Midwifery 2005;13(6):354-359.
• 39. Tucker C, Wilson E, Samandari G. Infant feeding experiences among teen mothers in North Carolina: Findings from a mixed-methods study. Int Breastfeed J 2011;6(1):14.
• 40. Wambach K, Aaronson L, Breedlove G, Domian E, Rojjanasrirat W, Yeh H. A randomized controlled trial of breastfeeding support and education for adolescent mothers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2010;33(4):486-505.
• 41. de Oliveira L, Giugliani E, Santo L, Nunes L. Counselling sessions increased duration of exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized clinical trial with adolescent mothers and grandmothers. Nutrition Journal 2014;13(1):1-7.
• 42. Dykes F, Moran V, Burt S, Edwards J. Adolescent mothers and breastfeeding: experiences and support needs-an exploratory study. Journal of Human Lactation 2003;19(4):391-401.
• 43. Avery AB, Magnus JH. Expectant fathers' and mothers' perceptions of breastfeeding and formula feeding: A focus group study in three us cities. Journal of Human Lactation 2011;27(2):147-154.
• 44. Bäckström CA, Wahn EIW, Ekström AC. Two sides of breastfeeding support: experiences of women and midwives. Int Breastfeed J 2010;5(1):20.
• 45. Cricco-Lizza R. Everyday nursing practice values in the NICU and their reflection on breastfeeding promotion. Qualitative Health Research 2011;21(3):399-409.
• 46. Woods N, Chesser A, Wipperman J. Describing adolescent breastfeeding environments through focus groups in an urban community. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 2013;4(4):307-310.
• 47. Apostolakis-Kyrus K, Valentine C, De Franco E. Factors associated with breastfeeding ınitiation in adolescent mothers. The Journal of Pediatrics 2013;163(5):1489-1494.
• 48. Li R, Fein S, Chen J, Grummer-Strawn L. Why mothers stop breastfeeding: mothers' self-reported reasons for stopping during the first year. Pediatrics 2008;122(Supplement):S69-S76.
• 49. Ogbuanu C, Glover S, Probst J, Liu J, Hussey J. The effect of maternity leave length and time of return to work on breastfeeding. Pediatrics 2011;127(6):e1414-e1427.
• 50. Nelson A. Adolescent attitudes, beliefs, and concerns regarding breastfeeding. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2009;34(4):249-255.
• 51. Thomas J. Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers during the first four weeks postpartum. Doctoral Thesis. Walden University 2016;1-40.
• 52. Yılmaz E, Yılmaz Z, Işık H, Gültekin I, Timur H, Kara F et al. Factors associated with breastfeeding ınitiation and exclusive breastfeeding rates in turkish adolescent mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine 2016;11(6):315-320.
• 53. Smith HP, Coley S, Labbok M, Cupito S, Nwokah E. Early breastfeeding experiences of adolescent mothers: a qualitative prospective study. Int Breastfeed J 2012;7(1):13.
• 54. Nelson A, Sethi S. The breastfeeding experiences of canadian teenage mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2005;34(5):615-624.
• 55. Bailey C, Pain R, Aarvold J. A ‘give it a go’ breast-feeding culture and early cessation among low-income mothers. Midwifery 2004;20(3):240-250.
• 56. McFadden, AToole G. Exploring women's views of breastfeeding: a focus group study within an area with high levels of socio-economic deprivation. Maternal and Child Nutrition 2006;2(3):156-168.
• 57. Mitra A, Khoury A, Hinton A, Carothers C. Predictors of breastfeeding ıntention among low-ıncome women. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2004;8(2):65-70.
• 58. Dennis C. Theoretical underpinnings of breastfeeding confidence: a self-efficacy framework. Journal of Human Lactation 1999;15(3):195-201.
• 59. Bandura A. Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory. Psychology & Health 1998;13(4):623-649.
• 60. Mossman M, Heaman M, Dennis C, Morris M. The ınfluence of adolescent mothers' breastfeeding confidence and attitudes on breastfeeding ınitiation and duration. Journal of Human Lactation 2008;24(3):268-277.
• 61. Andrade IG, Taddei JA. Social-economical, cultural and family determinants in the city of Natal, Brazil. Rev Paul Pediatr 2002;20(8):16
• 62. Susin LR, Giugliani ER, Kummer SC. Influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding practices. Rev Saude Publica 2005; 39:141–147.
• 63. Chang Y, Valliant M, Bomba A. Gender differences in knowledge and attitude regarding breastfeeding. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2012;36(3):342-351.
• 64. Sherriff N, Hall V, Panton C. Engaging and supporting fathers to promote breast feeding: A concept analysis. Midwifery 2014;30(6):667-677.
• 65. Rosane Odeh Susin L, Regina Justo Giugliani E. Inclusion of fathers in an ıntervention to promote breastfeeding: ımpact on breastfeeding rates. Journal of Human Lactation 2008;24(4):386-392.
• 66. Kang N, Song Y, Im E. Korean university students’ knowledge and attitudes toward breastfeeding: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2005;42(8):863-870.
• 67. Grady MA, Bloom KC. Pregnancy outcomes of adolescents enrolled in a centering pregnancy program. J Midwifery Women Health 2004; 49:412–20.
• 68. Greenwood K, Littlejohn P. Breastfeeding intentions and outcomes of adolescent mothers in the starting out program. Breastfeed Rev 2002; 10:19 –23.
• 69. Quinlivan JA, Box H, Evans SF. Postnatal home visits in teenage mothers: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:893–900.
• 70. Volpe E, Bear M. Enhancing breastfeeding ınitiation in adolescent mothers through the Breastfeeding Educated and Supported Teen (BEST) Club. Journal of Human Lactation 2000;16(3):196-200.
• 71. Monteiro J, Dias F, Stefanello J, Reis M, Nakano A, Gomes-Sponholz F. Breast feeding among Brazilian adolescents: Practice and needs. Midwifery 2014;30(3):359-363.
• 72. Grassley JS. Adolescent mothers’ breastfeeding social support needs. JOGNN 2010; 39:713-722
• 73. Hall Moran V, Edwards J, Dykes F, Downe S. A systematic review of the nature of support for breast-feeding adolescent mothers. Midwifery 2007;23(2):157-171.
• 74. Sipsma HL, Jones KL, Cole-Lewis H. Breastfeeding among adolescent mothers: a systematic review of interventions from high-income countries. Journal of Human Lactation. 2015;31(2):221–229
• 75. Pentecost R, Grassley JS. Adolescents' needs for nurses' support when initiating breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation. 2014;30(2):224–228
• 76. Dykes F, Moran V, Burt S, Edwards J. Adolescent mothers and breastfeeding: experiences and support needs-an exploratory study. Journal of Human Lactation 2003;19(4):391-401.
• 77. Spear HJ. Breastfeeding behaviors and experiences of adolescent mothers. The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2006;31(2):106-113.
• 78. Meglio G, McDermott M, Klein J. A randomized controlled trial of telephone peer support's ınfluence on breastfeeding duration in adolescent mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine 2010;5(1):41-47.
• 79. World Health Organization. Who guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries 2011;1-8.
• 80. Uzun AK, Orhon FŞ. Adolesan gebeliklerin anne ve bebek sağlığına olan etkileri. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine 2013;66(1):19-24.