ÇEVRESEL OLARAK TOKSİK BİR AĞIR METAL OLAN KURŞUNUN FETÜS SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2019, , 363 - 370, 20.09.2019

Hatice Gürgen Şimşek , Ayşe Emel Önal

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.478783

Cited By: 1

Öz

Çevrede yaygın bir şekilde
bulunan ve birçok endüstiriyel alanda kullanılan kurşun, insan sağlığı için
risk teşkil etmektedir. Fetal kurşun etkileniminin değerlendirilmesinde, anne
kan kurşun düzeyi ve kord kanı kurşun düzeyleri yaygın bir şekilde
kullanılmaktadır. Vücuda değişik yollarla alınması, depolanması ve gebelikte
plasenta aracılığıyla fetüse ulaşması sonucu, fetüs üzerinde olumsuz sağlık
sonuçlarına neden olabilmektedir. Kanda kurşun seviyelerinin azaltılması için
gebelik döneminde öncelikli olarak beslenme önem arz etmektedir. Gebelikte kan
kurşun düzeylerinin olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması konusunda sağlık
çalışanlarına özellikle halk sağlıkçılara önemli görevler düşmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kurşun, fetüs, sağlık

The Effects of Lead of an Environmental Toxic Heavy Metal on Fetus Health

Öz

Lead, which is widely
found in the environment and used in many industrial areas, poses a risk to
human health. In the evaluation of fetal lead effects, maternal blood lead
level and cord blood lead levels are widely used. It may cause negative health
consequences on fetus as a result of various ways of getting, storing and
reaching the fetus through the placenta in pregnancy. In order to reduce lead
levels in the blood, nutrition is primarily important during pregnancy. Health
workers, especially public health professionals, have an important role in
reducing the negative effects of blood lead levels during pregnancy.

Çevrede yaygın bir şekilde bulunan ve birçok
endüstriyel alanda kullanılan kurşun, insan sağlığı için risk teşkil
etmektedir. Fetal kurşun etkileniminin değerlendirilmesinde, anne kan kurşun
düzeyi ve kord kanı kurşun düzeyleri yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır.
Vücuda değişik yollarla alınması, depolanması ve gebelikte plasenta
aracılığıyla fetüse ulaşması sonucu, fetüs üzerinde olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarına
neden olabilmektedir. Kanda kurşun seviyelerinin azaltılması için gebelik
döneminde öncelikli olarak beslenme önem arz etmektedir. Gebelikte, kan kurşun
düzeylerinin olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması konusunda, sağlık çalışanlarına,
özellikle halk sağlıkçılara önemli görevler düşmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

lead, fetus, health

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization, WHO Childhood Lead Poisoning. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. ISBN 978 92 4 150033 3(NLM classification: QV 292) Erişim, 19 Ekim 2018. http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/childhoodpoisoning/en/
• 2. Ettinger AS, Wengrovitz AG. Guidelines for the Identification and Management of Lead Exposure in Pregnant and Lactating Women. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010. Atlanta, GA. Erişim, 19 Ekim 2018. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/publications/LeadandPregnancy2010.pdf
• 3. Kahvecioğlu Ö, Kartal G, Güven A, Timur S. Metallerin çevresel etkileri-I. Metalurji 2009; 136. Erişim,18 Ekim 2018. http://www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi136/d136_4753.pdf.
• 4. World Health Organization International Agency For Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2006. France. Erişim, 18 Ekim 2018. https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mono87.pdf
• 5. World Health Organization. Air Quality Guidelines-Second Edition. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Denmark; 2001. Erişim, 18 Ekim 2018. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/123077/AQG2ndEd_6_7Lead.pdf
• 6. Dursun A, Yurdakok K, Yalcin SS, Tekinalp G, Aykut O, Orhan G, et al. Maternal risk factors associated with lead, mercury and cadmium levels in umbilical cord blood, breast milk and newborn hair. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2016;29(6):954-961.
• 7. Téllez-Rojo MM, Bautista-Arredondo LF, Richardson V, Estrada-Sánchez D, Ávila-Jiménez L, Ríos C, et al. Lead poisoning and marginalization in newborns of Morelos, Mexico. Salud Publica Mex 2017;59(3):218-226.
• 8. Pantic I, Tamayo-Ortiz M, Rosa-Parra A, Bautista-Arredondo L, Wright R, Peterson K, et al. Children’s blood lead concentrations from 1988 to 2015 in Mexico City: The contribution of lead in air and traditional lead-glazed ceramics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018;15(10):2153.
• 9. Bodeau-Livinec F, Glorennec P, Cot M, Dumas P, Durand S, Massougbodji A, et al. Elevated blood lead levels in infants and mothers in Benin and potential sources of exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2016;13(3):316.
• 10. Oh SE, Kim GB, Hwang SH, Ha M, Lee KM. Longitudinal trends of blood lead levels before and after leaded gasoline regulation in Korea. Environmental Health and Toxicology 2017;32. doi.org/10.5620/eht.e2017019
• 11. Tang D, Li T, Liu JJ, Zhou Z, Yuan T, Chen Y, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to coal-burning pollutants on children’s development in China. Environ Health Perspect 2008;116:674-679.
• 12. Al-Jawadi AA, Al-Mola ZWA, Al-Jomard RA. Determinant of maternal and umblical blood lead levels: a cross-sectional study, Mosul, Iraq. Bio Med Central Research Notes 2009;(2):47.
• 13. Yan J, Gao Z, Wang J, Ma W, Ying X, Zhou C, Yan C. Family environmental and dietary implications for low-level prenatal lead exposure in Wujiang City, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2018; 1-8.
• 14. Al-Saleh I, Al-Enazi S, Shinwari, N. Assessment of lead in cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:105-113.
• 15. Malakootian M, Pourshaaban MM, Hassaini H. Lead levels in powders of surma(kohl) used in Kerman. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2010;17(2):164-174.
• 16. Al-Ashban RM, Aslam M, Shah AH. Kohl (Surma): A toxic traditional eye cosmetic study in Saudi Arabia. Public Health 2004;118;292-298.
• 17. Janjua NZ, Delzell E, Larson RR, Meleth S, Kabagambe E, Kristensen S, Sathiakumar N. Maternal nutrional status during pregnancy and surma use determine cord lead levels in Karachi Pakistan. Environ Res 2008;108(1):69-79.
• 18. World Health Organization. Lead in Drinking Water. WHO Press, Geneva; 2011. Erişim, 19 Ekim 2018. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/lead.pdf
• 19. Dökmeci İ. Toksikoloji Zehirlenmelerde Tanı ve Tedavi. 3. Baskı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2001.p. 333-343.
• 20. Tunçok Y, Kalyoncu Nİ. Birinci Basamağa Yönelik Zehirlenmeler Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberleri. Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2008. p.189-191.
• 21. Bilir N, Yıldız AN. İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2004.p. 179-184.
• 22. Yeşilleten N. Kimyasal Maddelerle Meydana Gelen Meslek Hastalıkları. Turhan A, editör. İşyeri Hekimliği Ders Notları. Ankara: Türk Tabipleri Birliği Yayını; 2001. p.79-86.
• 23. Apostoli P, Cornelis R, Duffus D, Hoet P, Lison D, Templeton D. Environmental Health Criteria 234: Elemental Speciation ın Human Health Risk Assessment. World Health Organization, Geneva; 2006. ISBN 92 4 157234 5 (NLM classification: QV 600). Erişim, 19 Ekim 2018. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc234.pdf
• 24. Turfaner N, Özçelik D, Can G, Halaç M, Dirican A. İstanbul’da Yaşayan Kadınlarda Kan Kurşun Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler.Ankara: II. Ulusal Çevre Hekimliği Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı Palme Yayıncılık; 2006.p.399.
• 25. Tellez-Rojo MM, Hernandez-Avila M, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Smith D, Hernandez-Cadena L, Mercado A, et al. Impact of bone lead and bone resorption on plasma and whole blood lead levels during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160(7):668-678.
• 26. Ettinger AS, Hu H, Hernandez-Avila M. Dietary calcium supplemantation to lower blood lead levels in pregnancy and lactation. The Journal Nutrional of Biochemistry 2007;18(3):172–178.
• 27. Kirel B, Aksit MA, Bulut H. Blood lead levels of maternal-cord pairs, children and adults who live in a central urban area in Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2005;47(2):125-131.
• 28. Hu H, Tellz-Rojo MM, Bellinger D, Smith D, Ettinger AS, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, et al. Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development. Environ Health Perspect 2006;114(11); 1730-1735.
• 29. Patel AB, Prabhu AS. Determinants of lead level in umblical cord blood. Indian Pediatr 2009;46(17):791-793.
• 30. Gundacker C, Fröhlich S, Graf-Rohrmeister K, Eibenberger B, Jessenig V, Gicic V, et al. Perinatal lead and mercury exposure in Austria. Sci Total Environ 2010. 408;23 :5744–5749.
• 31. Factor-Litvak P, Wasserman G, Kline JK, Graziano J. The Yugoslavia prospective study of environmental lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107(1):9-15.
• 32. Patel AB, Mamtani MR, Thakre TP, Kulkarni H. Association of umblical cord blood lead with neonatal behavior at varying levels of exposure. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2006;(2):22.
• 33. Jedrychowski W, Perera FP, Jankowski J, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Mroz E, Flak E, et al. Low prenatal exposure to lead and mental development of children in infancy and early childhood: Krakow prospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 2009;32:270–278.
• 34. Liu JA, Chen Y, Gao D, Jing J, Hu Q. Prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and cognitive development of infants followed over the first three years of life: a prospective birth study in the Pearl River Delta region, China. Neurotoxicology 2014;44:326-334.
• 35. Huang PC, Su PH, Chen HY, Huang HB, Tsai JL, Huang HI, et al. Childhood blood lead levels and intellectual development after ban of leaded gasoline in Taiwan: a 9-year prospective study. Environment international 2012;40:88-96.
• 36. Perkins M, Wright RO, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Jayawardene I, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E. Very low maternal lead level in pregnancy and birth outcomes in an eastern Massachusetts population. Ann Epidemiol 2014;24(12):915-9.
• 37. Deo S, Agarwal M, Jaiswar SP, Sankhwar P, Mahdi AA, Fatnani A, Nigam N. Association of maternal and cord blood lead level with the feto-maternal outcome. International Journal of Scientific Research 2018; 7(3):58-60.
• 38. Yazbeck C, Thiebaugeorges O, Moreau T, Goua V, Debotte G, Sahuquillo J, et al. Maternal blood lead levels and the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension: The EDEN cohort study. Environ Health Perspect 2009;117(10):1526-1530.
• 39. Bayat F, Akbari SAA, Dabirioskoei A, Nasiri M, Mellati A. The relationship between blood lead level and preeclampsia. Electronic Physician 2016; 8(12):3450.
• 40. Atabek ME, Kurtoglu S, Pirgon O, Uzum K, Saraymen R. Relation of in utero lead exposure with insulin-like growth factor-i levels and neonatal anthropometric parameters. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2007;210:91-95.
• 41. Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Nester M, Mashhour A, Moncari L, Mohamed GED, Rabah A. Longitudinal study of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia: A preliminary results of cord blood lead levels. J Trop Pediatr 2008;54(5):300–307.
• 42. Zhu M, Fitzgerald EF, Gelberg KH, Lin S, Druschel CM. Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect 2010;118(10):1471-1475.
• 43. Torabi Z, Halvachi M, Mohseni M, Khederlou H. The Relationship between maternal and neonatal umbilical cord blood lead levels and their correlation with neonatal anthropometric ındices. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 2018; 9(1): 1-5.
• 44. Neda AN, Fahimeh S, Tahereh ZK, Leila F, Zahra N, Bahman C, et al. (2017). Lead level in umbilical cord blood and its effects on newborns anthropometry. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 2017; 11(6):1-4.
• 45. Saoudi A, Dereumeaux C, Goria S, Berat B, Brunel S, Pecheux M, et al. Prenatal exposure to lead in France: Cord-blood levels and associated factors: Results from the perinatal component of the French Longitudinal Study since Childhood (Elfe). International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 2018;221(3):441-450.