Dietary Supplement Use in Adults and Related Factors During the COVID-19 Epidemic

Öz

Introduction: In this study, it was aimed to determine the factors associated with the use of dietary supplements in adults during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods: This descriptive type study included 424 literate adults aged between 18-64 who agreed to participate in the study, filled in the online questionnaire with no missing data, were contacted via social media between January 2021 and June 2021, were not diagnosed with mental illness, and were not pregnant or breastfeeding. The study data were collected online using the Descriptive Information Form, Perception of COVID-19 Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and the Perceived Food Literacy Scale. In the data analysis, numbers, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson chi-square test, Student's t test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Of the participating adults, 29.7% used dietary supplements. The three dietary supplements they most commonly used were vitamin D (51.6%), multivitamin (31.0%), and vitamin C (27.0%). They used dietary supplements to strengthen their immune response, protect their health, and protect themselves from coronavirus. It was determined that the presence of systemic disease and the increase in the perception of dangerousness were associated with the increase in the use of dietary supplements. Conclusion: It was determined that approximately one-third of the participating adults used dietary supplements and that approximately one-third of those who used dietary supplements used them according to information they obtained from sources other than health personnel. It will be beneficial to increase the level of knowledge of adults about the benefits and side effects of dietary supplements are, and when and how they should use them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dietary supplements
• perception of COVID-19
• fear of COVID-19
• Food Literacy

COVID-19 Salgını Sürecinde Yetişkinlerde Gıda Takviyesi Kullanımı ve İlişkili Etmenler

Öz

Giriş: Bu araştırmada, COVID-19 salgını sürecinde yetişkin bireylerde gıda takviyesi kullanımı ile ilişkili etmenlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Araştırmaya Ocak-Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında sosyal medya aracılığı ile ulaşılan, 18-64 yaş arası, okuma yazma bilen ve araştırmaya katılmayı kabul ederek çevrimiçi anketi tamamlayan, eksik verisi bulunmayan, ruhsal hastalık tanısı almayan, gebelik ve emzirme döneminde olmayan 424 yetişkin dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri tanıtıcı bilgi formu, COVID-19 Hastalık Algısı, COVID-19 Korkusu ve Algılanan Gıda Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği’ni içeren çevrimiçi anket aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Veri analizinde, sayı, yüzde, ortalama, standart sapma, Pearson ki-kare testi, Student’s t testi ve çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Yetişkinlerin %29,7’sinin gıda takviyesi kullandığı, en sık kullanılan üç gıda takviyesinin sırasıyla D vitamini (%51,6), multivitamin (%31,0) ve C vitamini (%27,0) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En sık bağışıklığı güçlendirme, sağlığı koruma ve koronavirüsten korunma amacıyla gıda takviyesi kullanıldığı, sistemik hastalık varlığının ve tehlikelilik algısındaki artışın gıda takviyesi kullanımında artışla ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Yetişkinlerin yaklaşık üçte birinin gıda takviyesi kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Gıda takviyesi kullananların yaklaşık üçte birinin sağlık personeli dışındaki kaynaklardan edindiği bilgiye göre bunları kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Yetişkinlerin, gıda takviyelerinin hangi durumlarda kullanılması gerektiğine, yararları ve yan etkilerine yönelik bilgi düzeyinin arttırılmasının faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gıda Takviyesi
• COVID-19 algısı
• COVID 19 korkusu
• Gıda Okuryazarlığı

Kaynakça

1. 1. World Health Organization. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19 (accessed May 2021).
2. 2. Lee SA. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Stud. 2020;44(7):393-401.
3. 3. Duan L, Zhu G. Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(4):300-2.
4. 4. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L, Attinà A, Cinelli G et al. Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):229.
5. 5. Macit MS. Covid-19 salgını sonrası yetişkin bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıklarındaki değişikliklerin değerlendirilmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;13(3):277-88.
6. 6. Duong TV, Pham KM, Do BN, Kim GB, Dam HTB, Le VT et al. Digital Healthy Diet Literacy and Self-Perceived Eating Behavior Change during COVID-19 Pandemic among Undergraduate Nursing and Medical Students: A Rapid Online Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):7185.
7. 7. de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani C, Corgosinho FC, Sanches FFZ, Prado CMM, Laviano A, Mota JF. Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutr Rev. 2021;79(4):382-93.
8. 8. Barr S, McNulty H, Li D. Dietary Supplements: Patterns of Use and Potential Roles in Health and Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Br Med J. 2020.

9. 9. Acar Tek N, Pekcan G. Besin destekleri kullanılmalı mı? Ankara: T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Klasmat Matbaacılık, 2008.
10. 10. Marupuru S, Axon DR, Slack MK. How do pharmacists use and recommend vitamins, minerals, herbals and other dietary supplements? BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):229.
11. 11. Shraim NY, Shawahna R, Sorady MA, Aiesh BM, Alashqar GS, Jitan RI et al. Community pharmacists' knowledge, practices and beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine in Palestine: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):429.
12. 12. Pérez-Rodrigo C, Gianzo Citores M, Hervás Bárbara G, Ruiz-Litago F, Casis Sáenz L, Arija V et al. Patterns of Change in Dietary Habits and Physical Activity during Lockdown in Spain Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nutrients. 2021;13(2):300.
13. 13. Zhao A, Li Z, Ke Y, Huo S, Ma Y, Zhang Y et al. Dietary Diversity among Chinese Residents during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Associated Factors. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1699.
14. 14. Alyami HS, Orabi MAA, Aldhabbah FM, Alturki HN, Aburas WI, Alfayez AI et al. Knowledge about COVID-19 and beliefs about and use of herbal products during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J. 2020;28(11):1326-32.
15. 15. Samar E. Pandemi Sürecinde Spor Salonlarında Egzersiz Yapan Kişilerde Gıda Takviyesi Kullanma Durumunun İncelenmesi. ISPEC International Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities. 2021;5(2):189-203.
16. 16. Fulton ES. The Effect of Age and Prescribed Dietary Supplements in Adult Women. CREATE Conference on April 24, 2020.
17. 17. Moore J, McClain A, Hong MY. Dietary Supplement Use in the United States: Prevalence, Trends, Pros, and Cons. Nutrition Today. 2020;55(4):174-81.
18. 18. Sousa AG, Costa THMD. Diet and supplement assessment in a Brazilian urban population. Rev Saude Publica. 2021;55:26.
19. 19. Radwan H, Hasan HA, Ghanem L, Alnajjar G, Shabir A, Alshamsi A et al. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use and Associated Factors Among College Students in the United Arab Emirates. J Community Health. 2019;44(6):1135-40.
20. 20. Demir Gökmen B, Balkan AB, Aras GN. Kovid 19 Pandemisine Yönelik Algı ve Duyguların İncelenmesi. Ejons International Journal On Mathematics, Engineering - Natural Sciences. 2020;15:614-24.
21. 21. Kaya S, Uzdil Z, Cakiroğlu FP. Evaluation of the effects of fear and anxiety on nutrition during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(2):282-9.
22. 22. Velardo S. The Nuances of Health Literacy, Nutrition Literacy, and Food Literacy. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2015;47(4):385-9.e1.
23. 23. Luta X, Hayoz S, Gréa Krause C, Sommerhalder K, Roos E, Strazzullo P et al. The relationship of health/food literacy and salt awareness to daily sodium and potassium intake among a workplace population in Switzerland. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(3):270-7.
24. 24. Dickinson A, MacKay D, Wong A. Consumer attitudes about the role of multivitamins and other dietary supplements: report of a survey. Nutr J. 2015;14:66.
25. 25. Poelman MP, Dijkstra SC, Sponselee H, Kamphuis CBM, Battjes-Fries MCE, Gillebaart M et al. Towards the measurement of food literacy with respect to healthy eating: the development and validation of the self perceived food literacy scale among an adult sample in the Netherlands. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(1):54.
26. 26. Geniş B, Gürhan N, Koç M, Geniş Ç, Şirin B, Çırakoğlu OC et al. Development of perception and attitude scales related with COVID-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences-Humanities. 2020;5(7):306-28.
27. 27. Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1-9.
28. 28. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1-14.
29. 29. Tarı Selçuk K, Çevik C, Baydur H, Meseri R. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the self-perceived food literacy scale. Progress in Nutrition. 2020;22(2):671-7.
30. 30. Alshammari SA, Alwakeel LS, Alghtani JA, Alsabbagh LM. Effect of COVID-19 on awareness and consumption of dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine. 2021;4(2):190.
31. 31. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye Beslenme ve Sağlık Araştırması (TBSA). Ankara, Tiraj Basim Ve Yayin Sanayi Ticaret Ltd. Şti, 2019.
32. 32. Alowais MA, Selim MAE. Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(2):365-72.
33. 33. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th Edition, Dec 2015.
34. 34. Zaki NAM, Rasidi MN, Awaluddin SM, Hiong TG, Ismail H, Nor NSM. Prevalence and characteristic of dietary supplement users in Malaysia: data from the Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) 2014. Glob J Health Sci. 2018;10(12).
35. 35. Hamulka J, Jeruszka-Bielak M, Górnicka M, Drywień ME, Zielinska-Pukos MA. Dietary Supplements during COVID-19 Outbreak. Results of Google Trends Analysis Supported by PLifeCOVID-19 Online Studies. Nutrients. 2020;13(1):54.
36. 36. Bailey RL, Gahche JJ, Miller PE, Thomas PR, Dwyer JT. Why US adults use dietary supplements. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(5):355-61.
37. 37. Dobrovolskij V. Prevalence of food supplement use and opinion about food supplements among Lithuanian residents. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(suppl_4):cky218-066.
38. 38. Mishra S, Stierman B, Gahche JJ, Potischman N. Dietary Supplement Use Among Adults: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2021;(399):1-8.
39. 39. Blumberg JB, Frei B, Fulgoni VL, Weaver CM, Zeisel SH. Contribution of Dietary Supplements to Nutritional Adequacy in Various Adult Age Groups. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1325.
40. 40. Lee YJ, Kang M, Paik HY, Song Y. Use of dietary supplements and determinants of taking dietary supplements by gender in the Korean population: Using the 4th Korean national health and nutrition examination survey (2007-2009). Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, 2017;22(4):347-55.
41. 41. Kofoed CL, Christensen J, Dragsted LO, Tjønneland A, Roswall N. Determinants of dietary supplement use--healthy individuals use dietary supplements. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(12):1993-2000.
42. 42. Giammarioli S, Boniglia C, Carratù B, Ciarrocchi M, Chiarotti F, Mosca M et al. Use of food supplements and determinants of usage in a sample Italian adult population. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(10):1768-81.
43. 43. Vatanparast H, Adolphe JL, Whiting SJ. Socio-economic status and vitamin/ mineral supplement use in Canada. Health Rep. 2010;21(4):19-25.
44. 44. Cowan AE Subramanian SV, Huijts T, Avendano M. Self-reported health assessments in the 2002 World Health Survey: how do they correlate with education? Bull World Health Organ. 2010;88(2):131-8.
45. 45. Pouchieu C, Andreeva VA, Péneau S, Kesse-Guyot E, Lassale C, Hercberg S et al. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary correlates of dietary supplement use in a large sample of French adults: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(8):1480-91.
46. 46. Pajor EM, Eggers SM, Curfs KCJ, Oenema A, de Vries H. Why do Dutch people use dietary supplements? Exploring the role of socio-cognitive and psychosocial determinants. Appetite. 2017;114:161-8.
47. 47. Harrison RA, Holt D, Pattison DJ, Elton PJ. Are those in need taking dietary supplements? A survey of 21 923 adults. Br J Nutr. 2004;91(4):617-23.
48. 48. Vai B, Cazzetta S, Ghiglino D, Parenti L, Saibene G, Toti M et al. Risk Perception and Media in Shaping Protective Behaviors: Insights From the Early Phase of COVID-19 Italian Outbreak. Front Psychol. 2020;11:563426.
49. 49. Arumsari I, Ayunin EN, Surayya I, Sari MP. Dietary Supplement Intake is Differed by Covid-19 Risk Perception and Media Exposure among Indonesian Social Media Users. STRADA Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan, 2021;10(1):422-30.
50. 50. Begley A, Paynter E, Dhaliwal SS. Evaluation Tool Development for Food Literacy Programs. Nutrients. 2018;10(11):1617.