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GÖÇEBELER VE DAĞLILAR: TÜRK/TÜRKMEN – KÜRT İLİŞKİLERİNİN KİMLİK TEMELLİ TARİHSEL BİR İNCELEMESİ

Yıl 2020, , 111 - 136, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.655734

Öz

Türkiye’nin Suriye’de YPG’ye karşı başlattığı Barış Pınarı Operasyonuyla beraber ‘Türkler’ ve ‘Kürtler’, Batı medyası ve siyasi çevreler tarafından yaygın bir şekilde ve söylemsel olarak iki karşıt grup olarak tasvir edildi. Amerikan Başkanı Donald Trump, ‘Türkler’ ve ‘Kürtlerin’ yüzyıllardır birbirleriyle savaştığını ve bundan dolayı ‘tabii hasımlar’ olduklarını bile iddia etti. Ancak milliyetçilik çağı öncesinde gevşek bağlarla bağlı birer sosyal bütünsellik olan ‘Türkler’ ve ‘Kürtlerin’ karmaşık tarihsel ilişkileri bu tarz temelsiz ve zayıf iddiaları çürütmektedir. Bu çalışma Türk/Türkmen toplum ve siyasi teşekküllerin Kürt kollektiviteleri ile modern millet ve milliyetçiliğin doğuşuna kadar olan dönemdeki karşılıklı ilişkilerini kimlik temelli bir perspektiften tarihsel olarak incelemektedir. Böylece bu makale, Türk hükümetinin Türkiye’nin içerisindeki ve dışarısındaki Kürtler ile olan ilişkilerini besleyen fikri ve söylemsel bağlamı ortaya koymaktadır. Güncel basın ve akademik literatürdeki büyük problem, ilgili aktörlerin birbirlerini algılama biçimleri ile mevcut siyasi tercihlerini besleyen tarihsel arka plan bilgisinin göz ardı edilmesidir. ‘Çözüm süreci’, ‘koruculuk sistemi’ ya da farklı Kürt grupların İran ve Türkiye arasında konumlanması gibi bugünün olgu ve olayları bazen tarihte daha önce gerçekleşmiş olaylara benzemektedir. Bu çalışma bahsedilen boşluğu doldurmaya bütüncül bir katkı için karşılıklı ilişkilerin tarihsel bir hülasasını ortaya koyacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, Mehmet. “Evliya Çelebi’nin Gözüyle Kürtler ve Kürdistan”, Artuklu Akademi, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2015, 45-58.
  • Alican, Mustafa. “Selçuklu-Mervani İlişkileri”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 8 No.11, Fall 2013, 1-15.
  • Arfa, Hassan. The Kurds: An Historical and Political Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
  • Ateş, Sabri. “In the name of Caliph and Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880-1881”, Iranian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2014, 735-798.
  • Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856), Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • Bajalan, Djene Rhys. “Princes, Pashas, and Patriots: The Kurdish Intelligentsia, the Ottoman Empire and the National Question (1908-1914)”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2016, 140-157.
  • Bajalan, Djene Rhys. “Kurdish Responses to Imperial Decline: The Kurdish Movement and the End of Ottoman Rule in the Balkans (1878 to 1913)”, Kurdish Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2019, 51-71.
  • Biçer, Bekir. “Ortaçağda Kürtler ve Türkler”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2013, 231-261.
  • Dağ, Rahman. “Ottoman Reforms and Kurdish Reactions in the19th Century”, Nübihar Akademi, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2014, 47-74.
  • Doğan, Cabir. Cizre ve Botan Emiri Bedirhan Bey (1802-1869), Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2010.
  • Eppel, Michael. “The Demise of the Kurdish Emirates: The Impact of Ottoman Reforms and International Relations on Kurdistan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2008, 237-258.
  • Hakan, Sinan. Osmanlı Arşiv Belgelerinde Kürtler ve Kürt Direnişleri, 1817-1867. İstanbul: Doz, 2007.
  • Heper, Metin. The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • Hirschler, Konrad. “Defining the Nation: Kurdish Historiography in Turkey in the 1990s”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2001, 145-166.
  • Houston, Christopher. “"Set aside from the pen and cut off from the foot": Imagining the Ottoman Empire and Kurdistan”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2007, 397-411.
  • Kirmanj, Sherko. “Kurdish History Textbooks: Building a Nation-State within a Nation-State”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 68, No. 3, Summer 2014, 367-384.
  • Klein, Janet. “Kurdish nationalists and non-nationalist Kurdists: rethinking minority nationalism and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1909”, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2007, 135–153.
  • Koçal, Ahmet Vedat. “Osmanlı-Türkiye Modernleşmesinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Temelleri ve Aktörleri Bağlamında Türk-Kürt İkileminin Doğuşu ve Kaynakları”, Tarihte Türkler ve Kürtler Uluslararası Sempozyumu, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014.
  • Köksal, Yonca. “Coercion and Mediation: Centralization and Sedentarization of Tribes in the Ottoman Empire”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, May 2006, 469-491.
  • Lazarev M.S. and Ş. X. Mihoyan. Kürdistan Tarihi. İstanbul: Avesta, 2013.
  • Lortz, Michael G. Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - From the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq, The Florida State University, Unpublished MA Dissertation, 2005.
  • Mackenzie, David Neil. “The Origins of Kurdish”, Transactions of the Philological Society, 60, 1961, 68-86.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013.
  • Olson, Robert. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.
  • Önder, Ali Tayyar. Türkiye’nin Etnik Yapısı: Halkımızın Kökenleri ve Gerçekler. Ankara: Kripto Basın Yayın, 2015.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. “State‐Tribe Relations: Kurdish Tribalism in the 16th and 17th Century Ottoman Empire”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1996, 5-27.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. “Nationalism and Kurdish Notables in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Era”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2001, 343-409.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
  • Sheyholislami, Jaffer. Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Soleimani, Kamal. “Islamic Revivalism and Kurdish Nationalism in Sheikh Ubeydullah’s Poetic Oeuvre”, Kurdish Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 3-23.
  • Tan, Altan. Kürt Sorunu: Ya Tam Kardeşlik Ya Hep Birlikte Kölelik. İstanbul: Timaş, 2015.
  • Ünal, Fatih. “II. Meşrutiyet Ulusçuluk ve Kürt Ayrılıkçı Hareketi”, Doğu Batı, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2008, 69-106.
  • Van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Shaikh and State, New Jersey: Zed Books, 1992.
  • Yavuz, Hakan. “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, 1-24.
  • Yayman, Hüseyin. Türkiye’nin Kürt Sorunu Hafızası. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2011.

“Nomads” and “Mountaineers”: A Historical Survey of Turk/Turkmen – Kurd Interrelations

Yıl 2020, , 111 - 136, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.655734

Öz

Following Turkey’s recent military operation in Syria (Operation Peace Spring) against the YPG forces, the ‘Turks’ and the ‘Kurds’ have widely and discursively been dichotomized by the Western media outlets and political circles. The US President Donald Trump even claimed that the ‘Turks’ and the ‘Kurds’ have been fighting for hundreds of years, and that they are ‘natural enemies’. However, the complex historical relationship of the ‘Turks’ and the ‘Kurds’, as loosely connected social totalities before the age of nationalism, refutes such sloppy and feeble contentions. This work presents an identity-driven historical survey of Turkish/Turkmen societies’ and polities’ interrelations with Kurdish collectivities until the emergence of modern nationhood and nationalism. In doing so, this article provides an ideational and narrational context feeding the Turkish government’s contemporary relationship with the Kurds inside and outside of Turkey. The major complication in journalistic and academic literature is the lack or omission of historical background knowledge informing current policy choices influenced by how relevant actors historically perceive each other. Today’s incidents and facts such as ‘solution process’, ‘village guard system’ or different Kurdish collectivities’ positioning between Iran and Turkey are sometimes akin to precedent events in history. This work aims to be a holistic contribution to fill this gap and to provide a succinct historical overview of interrelations.

Kaynakça

  • Akbaş, Mehmet. “Evliya Çelebi’nin Gözüyle Kürtler ve Kürdistan”, Artuklu Akademi, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2015, 45-58.
  • Alican, Mustafa. “Selçuklu-Mervani İlişkileri”, Turkish Studies - International Periodical for The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 8 No.11, Fall 2013, 1-15.
  • Arfa, Hassan. The Kurds: An Historical and Political Study. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.
  • Ateş, Sabri. “In the name of Caliph and Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880-1881”, Iranian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2014, 735-798.
  • Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856), Leiden: Brill, 2010.
  • Bajalan, Djene Rhys. “Princes, Pashas, and Patriots: The Kurdish Intelligentsia, the Ottoman Empire and the National Question (1908-1914)”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2016, 140-157.
  • Bajalan, Djene Rhys. “Kurdish Responses to Imperial Decline: The Kurdish Movement and the End of Ottoman Rule in the Balkans (1878 to 1913)”, Kurdish Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2019, 51-71.
  • Biçer, Bekir. “Ortaçağda Kürtler ve Türkler”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2013, 231-261.
  • Dağ, Rahman. “Ottoman Reforms and Kurdish Reactions in the19th Century”, Nübihar Akademi, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2014, 47-74.
  • Doğan, Cabir. Cizre ve Botan Emiri Bedirhan Bey (1802-1869), Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2010.
  • Eppel, Michael. “The Demise of the Kurdish Emirates: The Impact of Ottoman Reforms and International Relations on Kurdistan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2008, 237-258.
  • Hakan, Sinan. Osmanlı Arşiv Belgelerinde Kürtler ve Kürt Direnişleri, 1817-1867. İstanbul: Doz, 2007.
  • Heper, Metin. The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  • Hirschler, Konrad. “Defining the Nation: Kurdish Historiography in Turkey in the 1990s”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2001, 145-166.
  • Houston, Christopher. “"Set aside from the pen and cut off from the foot": Imagining the Ottoman Empire and Kurdistan”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2007, 397-411.
  • Kirmanj, Sherko. “Kurdish History Textbooks: Building a Nation-State within a Nation-State”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 68, No. 3, Summer 2014, 367-384.
  • Klein, Janet. “Kurdish nationalists and non-nationalist Kurdists: rethinking minority nationalism and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1909”, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2007, 135–153.
  • Koçal, Ahmet Vedat. “Osmanlı-Türkiye Modernleşmesinin Sosyo-Ekonomik Temelleri ve Aktörleri Bağlamında Türk-Kürt İkileminin Doğuşu ve Kaynakları”, Tarihte Türkler ve Kürtler Uluslararası Sempozyumu, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014.
  • Köksal, Yonca. “Coercion and Mediation: Centralization and Sedentarization of Tribes in the Ottoman Empire”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1, May 2006, 469-491.
  • Lazarev M.S. and Ş. X. Mihoyan. Kürdistan Tarihi. İstanbul: Avesta, 2013.
  • Lortz, Michael G. Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - From the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq, The Florida State University, Unpublished MA Dissertation, 2005.
  • Mackenzie, David Neil. “The Origins of Kurdish”, Transactions of the Philological Society, 60, 1961, 68-86.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2013.
  • Olson, Robert. The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989.
  • Önder, Ali Tayyar. Türkiye’nin Etnik Yapısı: Halkımızın Kökenleri ve Gerçekler. Ankara: Kripto Basın Yayın, 2015.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. “State‐Tribe Relations: Kurdish Tribalism in the 16th and 17th Century Ottoman Empire”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1996, 5-27.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. “Nationalism and Kurdish Notables in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Era”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2001, 343-409.
  • Özoğlu, Hakan. Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004.
  • Sheyholislami, Jaffer. Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Soleimani, Kamal. “Islamic Revivalism and Kurdish Nationalism in Sheikh Ubeydullah’s Poetic Oeuvre”, Kurdish Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2016, 3-23.
  • Tan, Altan. Kürt Sorunu: Ya Tam Kardeşlik Ya Hep Birlikte Kölelik. İstanbul: Timaş, 2015.
  • Ünal, Fatih. “II. Meşrutiyet Ulusçuluk ve Kürt Ayrılıkçı Hareketi”, Doğu Batı, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2008, 69-106.
  • Van Bruinessen, Martin. Agha, Shaikh and State, New Jersey: Zed Books, 1992.
  • Yavuz, Hakan. “Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, 1-24.
  • Yayman, Hüseyin. Türkiye’nin Kürt Sorunu Hafızası. İstanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2011.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Onur Tetik 0000-0003-2318-8504

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 1 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Tetik, M. O. (2020). “Nomads” and “Mountaineers”: A Historical Survey of Turk/Turkmen – Kurd Interrelations. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 111-136. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.655734

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