Araştırma Makalesi
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Syrians in Lebanon from the Perspective of Lebanese Government and Lebanese Society

Yıl 2020, , 13 - 34, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.677921

Öz

The war in Syria does not show any concrete sign of reaching to a permanent and sustainable reconciliation in the short term. It effects neighboring countries deeply from different aspects. Among others, at both regional and international level, the refugee crisis is one of the most challenging consequences of the Syrian Civil War. In this respect, Lebanon has taken one of largest burden due to its geographic proximity and intensive socio-historical relations with Syria. It became the highest concentration of refugees per capita worldwide. This paper analyzes the current situation of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, Lebanon’s response to this issue, and the social and political consequences of the presence of Syrians in the country within the context of its peculiar confessional system. To sum up, it argues that the wider effects of the Syrian Civil War have accumulated several tensions in the current Lebanese politics and economy together with Lebanese internal impasses. Additionally, the refugee crisis with its sectarian dimension emerged as a unique challenge to be faced with by Lebanon compared to other neighboring.

Kaynakça

  • Anchal Vohra, “Lebanon is Sick and Tired of Syrian Refugees”, Foreign Policy, 31 Temmuz 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/31/lebanon-is-sick-and-tired-of-syrian-refugees/ (Erişim Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2019).
  • Amreesha Jagarnathsingh, “Syrian Refugees’ Livelihoods. The Impact of Progressively Constrained Legislations and Increased Informality on Syrians’ Daily Lives”, Lebanon Support Report Series, 2016, https://civilsociety-centre.org/sites/default/files/resources/syrianrefugees-livelihoods-ls2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2019).
  • CARE International, “Syrian Refugees in Lebanon eight years on: What works and why that matters for the future”, 12 Kasım 2018, https://www.care-international.org/files/files/CAREInternationalLebanon_RefugeesinLebanon_Whatworksandwhythatmattersforthefuture.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2019).
  • Carmen Geha ve Joumana Talhouk, “Politics and the Plight of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, Political Brief on the Return of Syrian Refugees, American University of Beirut, Ağustos 2018, https://www.aub.edu.lb/Documents/Politics-and-the-Plight-of-Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2019).
  • Dallal E. Stevens, “Shifting Conceptions of Refugee Identity and Protection: European and Middle Eastern Approaches”, içinde Refugee Protection and the Role of Law: Conflicting Identities, eds. Susan Kneebone, Dallal Stevens ve Loretta Baldassar, 73-97. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
  • Filippo Dionigi, “The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon: State Fragility and Social Resilience”, LSE Middle East Centre, Paper Series 15, Şubat 2016, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65565/1/Dionigi_Syrian_Refugees%20in%20Lebanon_Author_2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019).
  • Filippo Grandi, “UN chiefs call for increased support for vulnerable Syrians and the region, as Brussels conference set to open”, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 24 Nisan 2018, Brüksel, https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-chiefs-call-increased-support-vulnerable-syrians-and-region-brussels (Erişim Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019).
  • Finnish Immigration Service, “Syrian and Palestinian (in Lebanon and Exiting Syria) Refugees in Lebanon”, Fact-Finding Mission Report, MIGDno-2016-706, 29 Eylül 2016, Helsinki, https://migri.fi/documents/5202425/5914056/70079_Report_Refugees_final.pdf/add4da0f-b0c7-4473-9811-a6bbbe11f811 (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Francesca Grandi, Kholoud Mansour ve Kerrie Holloway, “Dignity and displaced Syrians in Lebanon”, Humanitarian Policy Group, Kasım 2018, https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12532.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2019).
  • Heavy Nala Estriani, “The Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Moving Towards Securitization”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 7, no. 2 (Ekim 2018): 178-188, https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.72133.
  • International Labour Organization, “Assessment of the Impact of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon and Their Employment Profile 2013”, International Labour Organization Regional Office for the Arab States, Beyrut, 1 Nisan 2014, ISBN 9789221266769, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_240134.pdf
  • Jasmine M. El-Gamal, “The Displacement Dilemma: Should Europe Help Syrian Refugees Return Home?”, European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, Mart 2019, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-the_displacement_dilemma_should_europe_help_syrian_refugees_return_home.pdf.
  • Leo Dobbs, “The number of Syrian refugees in Lebanon passes the 1 million mark”, 3 Nisan 2014, http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2014/4/533c1d5b9/number-syrian-refugees-lebanon-passes-1-million-mark.html (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Luz Saavedra, “We know our wounds: national and local organizations involved in humanitarian response in Lebanon”, ALNAP Country Study, 2016, ISBN 978-1-910454-46-6, https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-nngos-lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019).
  • Lübnan Hükümeti ve Birleşmiş Milletler, Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2015–2016, Beyrut, Lübnan Hükümeti, 15 Aralık 2014, https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/2015-2016_Lebanon_CRP_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2019).
  • Lübnan Hükümeti ve Birleşmiş Milletler, Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017–2020 (2018 Update), Beyrut, Lübnan Hükümeti, 2018, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/61740 (Erişim Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2019).
  • Maja Janmyr, “The Legal Status of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Relations, Working Paper 33, Beyrut, Mart 2016, https://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/Documents/publications/working_papers/2015-2016/20160331_Maja_Janmyr.pdf.
  • Maja Janmyr, “No Country of Asylum: ‘Legitimizing’ Lebanon’s Rejection of the 1951 Refugee Convention”, International Journal of Refugee Law 29, no. 3, (Ekim 2017): 438-465.
  • Minority Rights Group, “An uncertain future for Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The challenges of life in exile and the barriers to return”, 27 Şubat 2019, https://minorityrights.org/publications/an-uncertain-future-for-syrian-refugees-in-lebanon-the-challenges-of-life-in-exile-and-the-barriers-to-return/ (Erişim Tarihi 28 Eylül 2019).
  • Nasser Yassin, “101 Facts & Figures on the Syrian Refugee Crisis”, Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, American University of Beirut, Beyrut, Ocak 2018, https://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/Documents/publications/books/2017-2018/20180601_101_facts_and_figures_on_syrian_refugee_crisis.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019).
  • Norwegian Refugee Council, “Women Refugees in Lebanon and the Consequences of Limited Legal Status on their Housing, Land and Property Rights”, Mart 2016, https://www.flyktninghjelpen.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/women-refugees-in-lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2019).
  • Nur Arab, Maan Hilal ve Leland Montell, “Empowering for dignity: best practices of community WASH committees in North Lebanon”, Briefing paper, 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, the United Kingdom, 1 Eylül 2015, https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/arab-n.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2019).
  • Reuters, “Lebanese President Calls for Safe Zones in Syria for Refugees” Reuters, 3 Şubat 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aoun/lebanese-president-calls-for-safe-zones-in-syria-for-refugees-idUSKBN15I1WQ (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Robert G. Rabil, The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon: The Double Tragedy of Refugees and Impacted Host Communities. Londra: Lexington Books, 2016.
  • Romola Sanyal, “A no-camp policy: interrogating informal settlements in Lebanon”, Geoforum, 84, (Ağustos 2017): 117–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.06.011.
  • Stephen McCloskey, “Palestine’s Forgotten Refugees in Lebanon”, Report, Center for Global Education, Eylül 2018, https://www.centreforglobaleducation.com/sites/default/files/Beirut%20Report%20Sept%202018%20Final.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019).
  • Thomas Ginn, “Prison or Sanctuary? An Evaluation of Camps for Syrian Refugees”, 1 Ocak 2019, http://web.stanford.edu/~tginn/TGinn_JMP.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Tınas, Murat, “Lübnan’daki Suriyeli Mülteciler: Hükümet Stratejisi Yokluğunda Ekonomik, Siyasi ve Mezhepsel Zorluklar”, ORSAM Bölgesel Gelişmeler Değerlendirmesi, No. 62, Mayıs 2017, https://www.orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/62TR.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mart 2020).
  • UNHCRa, “Syria emergency”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 2019, http://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019).
  • UNHCRb, “Operational Portal, Refugee Situations”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 31 Ekim 2019, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/71 (Erişim Tarihi 28 Kasım 2019).
  • VASyR, “Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Aralık 2018, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/67380 (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019).
  • Wannes Carlier,“The Widening Educational Gap for Syrian Refugee Children”, Background Report, KidsRights Foundation, 2018, Amsterdam, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Background%20Report%202018%20-%20The%20Widening%20Educational%20Gap%20for%20Syrian%20Refugee%20Children_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2019).
  • Yazan Al-Saadi, “Restrictions, Perceptions, and Possibilities of Syrian Refugees’ Self-agency in Lebanon”, Civil Society Knowledge Center, Lebanon Support, 1 Şubat 2015, doi: 10.28943/CSKC.002.3001, https://civilsociety-centre.org/content/restrictions-perceptions-and-possibilities-syrian-refugees-self-agency-lebanon (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).

Lübnan Hükümeti ve Lübnan Toplumu Perspektifinden Lübnan’daki Suriyeliler

Yıl 2020, , 13 - 34, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.677921

Öz

Suriye’de sürdürülebilir kalıcı bir uzlaşıya kısa vadede ulaşılabileceğine dair somut işaretler görülmezken mevcut kriz, Suriye’nin komşularını farklı yönleriyle derinden etkilemeye devam etmektedir. Bu minvalde Suriye İç Savaşı’nın hem bölge hem uluslararası düzeyde en önemli sonuçlarından biri mülteci krizidir. Coğrafi yakınlığı ve Suriye ile derin sosyo-tarihsel ilişkileri nedeniyle Lübnan, bu konuda Türkiye’den sonra en büyük yüklerden birini üstlenmiş olup dünya genelinde kişi başına en yüksek mülteci yoğunluğuna sahip ülke haline gelmiştir. Bu makale, Lübnan’daki Suriyeli mültecilerin mevcut durumunu, Lübnan’ın buna yönelik geliştirdiği siyaseti ve Lübnan’ın kendine özgü siyasi sistemi bağlamında ülkedeki Suriyelilerin varlığının toplumsal ve siyasi sonuçlarını incelemektedir. Bu makale, Lübnan’ın kendisine ait iç açmazlarıyla birlikte Suriye İç Savaşı’nın hâlihazırdaki Lübnan iç siyaseti ve ekonomisinde birtakım yeni gerginliklerin oluşmasına sebep olduğunu ortaya koymakta ve Lübnan’daki mezhebi toplulukların belirli kotalar çerçevesinde siyasi ve idari yapıda temsiline dayalı konfesyonel sistem nedeniyle Suriyeli mülteciler konusunun, Lübnan için diğer komşu ülkelerden daha farklı, münferit ve derin bir mesele haline geldiğini savunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anchal Vohra, “Lebanon is Sick and Tired of Syrian Refugees”, Foreign Policy, 31 Temmuz 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/31/lebanon-is-sick-and-tired-of-syrian-refugees/ (Erişim Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2019).
  • Amreesha Jagarnathsingh, “Syrian Refugees’ Livelihoods. The Impact of Progressively Constrained Legislations and Increased Informality on Syrians’ Daily Lives”, Lebanon Support Report Series, 2016, https://civilsociety-centre.org/sites/default/files/resources/syrianrefugees-livelihoods-ls2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2019).
  • CARE International, “Syrian Refugees in Lebanon eight years on: What works and why that matters for the future”, 12 Kasım 2018, https://www.care-international.org/files/files/CAREInternationalLebanon_RefugeesinLebanon_Whatworksandwhythatmattersforthefuture.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2019).
  • Carmen Geha ve Joumana Talhouk, “Politics and the Plight of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, Political Brief on the Return of Syrian Refugees, American University of Beirut, Ağustos 2018, https://www.aub.edu.lb/Documents/Politics-and-the-Plight-of-Syrian-Refugees-in-Lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 11 Kasım 2019).
  • Dallal E. Stevens, “Shifting Conceptions of Refugee Identity and Protection: European and Middle Eastern Approaches”, içinde Refugee Protection and the Role of Law: Conflicting Identities, eds. Susan Kneebone, Dallal Stevens ve Loretta Baldassar, 73-97. Oxon: Routledge, 2014.
  • Filippo Dionigi, “The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon: State Fragility and Social Resilience”, LSE Middle East Centre, Paper Series 15, Şubat 2016, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/65565/1/Dionigi_Syrian_Refugees%20in%20Lebanon_Author_2016.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019).
  • Filippo Grandi, “UN chiefs call for increased support for vulnerable Syrians and the region, as Brussels conference set to open”, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 24 Nisan 2018, Brüksel, https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/un-chiefs-call-increased-support-vulnerable-syrians-and-region-brussels (Erişim Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019).
  • Finnish Immigration Service, “Syrian and Palestinian (in Lebanon and Exiting Syria) Refugees in Lebanon”, Fact-Finding Mission Report, MIGDno-2016-706, 29 Eylül 2016, Helsinki, https://migri.fi/documents/5202425/5914056/70079_Report_Refugees_final.pdf/add4da0f-b0c7-4473-9811-a6bbbe11f811 (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Francesca Grandi, Kholoud Mansour ve Kerrie Holloway, “Dignity and displaced Syrians in Lebanon”, Humanitarian Policy Group, Kasım 2018, https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12532.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2019).
  • Heavy Nala Estriani, “The Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Moving Towards Securitization”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 7, no. 2 (Ekim 2018): 178-188, https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.72133.
  • International Labour Organization, “Assessment of the Impact of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon and Their Employment Profile 2013”, International Labour Organization Regional Office for the Arab States, Beyrut, 1 Nisan 2014, ISBN 9789221266769, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/documents/publication/wcms_240134.pdf
  • Jasmine M. El-Gamal, “The Displacement Dilemma: Should Europe Help Syrian Refugees Return Home?”, European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, Mart 2019, https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-the_displacement_dilemma_should_europe_help_syrian_refugees_return_home.pdf.
  • Leo Dobbs, “The number of Syrian refugees in Lebanon passes the 1 million mark”, 3 Nisan 2014, http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2014/4/533c1d5b9/number-syrian-refugees-lebanon-passes-1-million-mark.html (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Luz Saavedra, “We know our wounds: national and local organizations involved in humanitarian response in Lebanon”, ALNAP Country Study, 2016, ISBN 978-1-910454-46-6, https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/alnap-nngos-lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Eylül 2019).
  • Lübnan Hükümeti ve Birleşmiş Milletler, Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2015–2016, Beyrut, Lübnan Hükümeti, 15 Aralık 2014, https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/CAP/2015-2016_Lebanon_CRP_EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2019).
  • Lübnan Hükümeti ve Birleşmiş Milletler, Lebanon Crisis Response Plan 2017–2020 (2018 Update), Beyrut, Lübnan Hükümeti, 2018, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/61740 (Erişim Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2019).
  • Maja Janmyr, “The Legal Status of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Relations, Working Paper 33, Beyrut, Mart 2016, https://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/Documents/publications/working_papers/2015-2016/20160331_Maja_Janmyr.pdf.
  • Maja Janmyr, “No Country of Asylum: ‘Legitimizing’ Lebanon’s Rejection of the 1951 Refugee Convention”, International Journal of Refugee Law 29, no. 3, (Ekim 2017): 438-465.
  • Minority Rights Group, “An uncertain future for Syrian refugees in Lebanon: The challenges of life in exile and the barriers to return”, 27 Şubat 2019, https://minorityrights.org/publications/an-uncertain-future-for-syrian-refugees-in-lebanon-the-challenges-of-life-in-exile-and-the-barriers-to-return/ (Erişim Tarihi 28 Eylül 2019).
  • Nasser Yassin, “101 Facts & Figures on the Syrian Refugee Crisis”, Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, American University of Beirut, Beyrut, Ocak 2018, https://www.aub.edu.lb/ifi/Documents/publications/books/2017-2018/20180601_101_facts_and_figures_on_syrian_refugee_crisis.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019).
  • Norwegian Refugee Council, “Women Refugees in Lebanon and the Consequences of Limited Legal Status on their Housing, Land and Property Rights”, Mart 2016, https://www.flyktninghjelpen.no/globalassets/pdf/reports/women-refugees-in-lebanon.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2019).
  • Nur Arab, Maan Hilal ve Leland Montell, “Empowering for dignity: best practices of community WASH committees in North Lebanon”, Briefing paper, 38th WEDC International Conference, Loughborough University, the United Kingdom, 1 Eylül 2015, https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/arab-n.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2019).
  • Reuters, “Lebanese President Calls for Safe Zones in Syria for Refugees” Reuters, 3 Şubat 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-aoun/lebanese-president-calls-for-safe-zones-in-syria-for-refugees-idUSKBN15I1WQ (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Robert G. Rabil, The Syrian Refugee Crisis in Lebanon: The Double Tragedy of Refugees and Impacted Host Communities. Londra: Lexington Books, 2016.
  • Romola Sanyal, “A no-camp policy: interrogating informal settlements in Lebanon”, Geoforum, 84, (Ağustos 2017): 117–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.06.011.
  • Stephen McCloskey, “Palestine’s Forgotten Refugees in Lebanon”, Report, Center for Global Education, Eylül 2018, https://www.centreforglobaleducation.com/sites/default/files/Beirut%20Report%20Sept%202018%20Final.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 16 Kasım 2019).
  • Thomas Ginn, “Prison or Sanctuary? An Evaluation of Camps for Syrian Refugees”, 1 Ocak 2019, http://web.stanford.edu/~tginn/TGinn_JMP.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
  • Tınas, Murat, “Lübnan’daki Suriyeli Mülteciler: Hükümet Stratejisi Yokluğunda Ekonomik, Siyasi ve Mezhepsel Zorluklar”, ORSAM Bölgesel Gelişmeler Değerlendirmesi, No. 62, Mayıs 2017, https://www.orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/62TR.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 25 Mart 2020).
  • UNHCRa, “Syria emergency”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 2019, http://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019).
  • UNHCRb, “Operational Portal, Refugee Situations”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), 31 Ekim 2019, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/71 (Erişim Tarihi 28 Kasım 2019).
  • VASyR, “Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon”, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, Aralık 2018, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/67380 (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2019).
  • Wannes Carlier,“The Widening Educational Gap for Syrian Refugee Children”, Background Report, KidsRights Foundation, 2018, Amsterdam, https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Background%20Report%202018%20-%20The%20Widening%20Educational%20Gap%20for%20Syrian%20Refugee%20Children_0.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2019).
  • Yazan Al-Saadi, “Restrictions, Perceptions, and Possibilities of Syrian Refugees’ Self-agency in Lebanon”, Civil Society Knowledge Center, Lebanon Support, 1 Şubat 2015, doi: 10.28943/CSKC.002.3001, https://civilsociety-centre.org/content/restrictions-perceptions-and-possibilities-syrian-refugees-self-agency-lebanon (Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2019).
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Tınas 0000-0001-5844-0808

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 7 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

APA Tınas, M. (2020). Lübnan Hükümeti ve Lübnan Toplumu Perspektifinden Lübnan’daki Suriyeliler. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.677921

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