Federatif Çözüm Modelleri: BAE’nin İç Dengeleri ve Emirlikler Arası Çatışma Alanları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 161 - 192, 08.12.2024

İsmail Sarı

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1519406

Öz

Bu çalışma, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri'nde (BAE) federalizmin teorik temellerini ve pratik uygulamalarını incelerken, özellikle Emirlikler arasındaki çatışma alanlarına odaklanmaktadır. Federalizmin tarihsel kökenleri ve günümüzdeki uygulamaları arasındaki evrimsel süreç, çeşitli örneklerle detaylandırılmaktadır. Federal ve yerel yönetimler arasındaki güç dengesi ve işbirliği mekanizmaları, bu çok katmanlı yönetim sisteminin temel yapı taşlarını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca, BAE'nin emirlikler arası ilişkileri ve içsel dengeleri üzerinden federal sistemin dinamiklerini ele almakta, özellikle Abu Dabi'nin liderlik rolü ve diğer emirliklerle olan ilişkilerinin bölgesel politikalara nasıl yön verdiğini ve BAE için hangi zorlukları beraberinde getirdiğini analiz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Federalizm, Güç Dengesi, Siyasi Sistemler

Federative Solution Models: The UAE's Internal Balances and Inter-Emirate Conflict Areas

Öz

This study examines the theoretical foundations and practical applications of federalism in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with a focus on the areas of conflict between the Emirates. The evolutionary process from the historical roots of federalism to its modern implementations is detailed through various examples. The balance of power and mechanisms of cooperation between federal and local governments form the foundational elements of this multi-layered governance system. The study also addresses the dynamics of the federal system through the inter-Emirate relationships and internal balances, specifically analyzing the role of Abu Dhabi's leadership and its relations with other Emirates in shaping regional policies and the challenges it presents for the UAE.

Anahtar Kelimeler

United Arab Emirates, Federalism, Balance of Power, Political Systems

Kaynakça

• Abbas, N. F. (2014). النظام السياسي لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. https://jcis.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/politics/article/view/322
• Ahmadi, K. (2008). Islands and International Politics in the Persian Gulf. Routledge.
• Ahmed, S. G. (2016). The Constitutional Structures of Federalism in the Middle East. Journal of Middle Eastern Law and Governance, 20(3), 370-394.
• Al Jazeera. (2014, Kasım 16). UAE lists scores of groups as ‘terrorists.’ Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/11/16/uae-lists-scores-of-groups-as-terrorists
• Al Jazeera. (2019, Ağustos 16). تقرير: مغامرات أبو ظبي في اليمن تهدد تماسك الإمارات. الجزيرة مباشر. https://www.aljazeeramubasher.net/news/reports/2019/8/16/تقرير-مغامرات-أبو-ظبي-في-اليمن-تهدد
• Al-Otabi, M. (1989). The Qawasim and British Control of the Arabian Gulf. [PhD thesis, University of Salford, International Studies Unit.]
• Al-Suwaidi, K. (2023). The UAE After the Arab Spring: Strategy for Survival. I.B. Tauris.
• Arabicpost. (2022, Mart 26). لماذا تتبنى الإمارات بشار الأسد علناً؟ 3 أسباب وراء محاولات أبوظبي لإعادة دمج سوريا عربياً. https://arabicpost.net/%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa/2022/03/26/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%af/
• Ayua, I. A. (2005). Nigeria: In Need of Good Governance. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 29-31, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Blindenbacher, R., & Ostien, A. (Eds.). (2005). Dialogues on constitutional origins, structure, and change in federal countries: Booklet series, Vol. 1, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Boghardt. L.P. (2013). The Muslim Brotherhood on Trial in the UAE. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/muslim-brotherhood-trial-uae
• BTI 2022 Country Report. (2022). https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2022_ARE.pdf
• BTI 2024 Country Report. (2024). https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/ARE
• Burgess, M. (2006). Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice. Routledge.
• Carlstrom, G. (2020, Kasım 17). Relations between Dubai and Abu Dhabi will be tense. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2020/11/17/relations-between-dubai-and-abu-dhabi-will-be-tense
• Carney, F. S. (Ed. & Trans.). (1995). Political: An abridged translation of Politics methodically set forth and illustrated with sacred and profane examples. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.
• CNN Arabic. (2020, Ağustos 21). تركي الفيصل: إقامة دولة فلسطينية عاصمتها القدس هو ثمن تطبيع السعودية مع إسرائيل [Turki al-Faisal: Establishing a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital is the price for Saudi normalization with Israel].
• CNN Arabic. https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2020/08/21/turki-al-faisals-establishing-a-palestinian-state-is-the-price-for-normalization
• David D. Kirkpatrick. (2018, Temmuz 14). Emirati Prince Flees to Qatar, Exposing Tensions in U.A.E. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/14/world/middleeast/emirati-prince-qatar-defects.html
• Davidson, C. M. (2005). The United Arab Emirates: A study in survival. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Davidson, C. M. (2006), After Shaikh Zayed: The Politics of Succession in Abu Dhabi and the UAE. Middle East Policy, 13, 42-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2006.00237.x
• Davidson, C. M. (2009). Dubai and the United Arab Emirates: Security Threats. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36(3).
• Deschouwer, K. (2005). Belgium: Ambiguity and Disagreement. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 10-12, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Elazar, D. J. (1987). Exploring Federalism. University of Alabama Press.
• Elazar, D. J. (1991). Exploring federalism. University of Alabama Press.
• Elazar, D. J. (1995). Federalism: An Overview. Pretoria: HSRC.
• Elazar, D. J. (1997). Contrasting Unitary and Federal Systems. International Political Science Review, 18(3), 237-251.
• Erboğa, A. (2023). Körfez Ülkelerinin Savunma Politikaları. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 15-47. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1349763
• Fattah, H. (2016). Social Structures and Transformation in the Gulf and Arabia Until 1971. In J.E. Peterson (Ed.), The Emergence of the Gulf States, 241-262, Altajir Trust.
• Fayed, S. (2011, Temmuz 7). تحقيق-الربيع العربي يسلط الضوء على مشاكل شمال الامارات [The Arab Spring sheds light on the problems of northern Emirates]. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFAH733195/.
• Freer, C. (2015). The Muslim Brotherhood in the Emirates: Anatomy of a crackdown. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/big-story/muslim-brotherhood-emirates-anatomy-crackdown
• Friedman, B. (2020). The End of Pax Britannica in the Persian Gulf, 1968–1971. Tel Aviv, Israel: The Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies (MDC), Tel Aviv University. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56182-6
• Gaurav Sharma. (2019, Ekim 6). ADNOC Gets Serious About Its Oil Exports Bypassing Strait of Hormuz Via Fujairah. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/gauravsharma/2019/10/06/adnoc-gets-serious-about-its-oil-exports-bypassing-strait-of-hormuz-via-fujairah/?sh=32bcec797562
• Hanau Santini, R., & Wulzer, P. (2024). The Evolution of the Gulf: History and Theories of a Complex Subregional System. Middle East Policy, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12733
• Heard-Bey, F. (2017). Abu Dhabi, the United Arab Emirates and the Gulf Region: Fifty Years of Transformation. Gerlach Press.
• Hicks, U. K. (1978). Federalism: Failure and Success: A Comparative Study. London: Macmillan Press.
• Hueglin, T. O., & Fenna, A. (2015). Comparative federalism: A systematic inquiry. University of Toronto Press.
• Jawad, S. (2013). The Iraqi constitution: Structural flaws and political implications. LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series, 1. London School of Economics and Political Science, Middle East Centre.
• Kramer, J. (2005). Germany: Overlapping Powers and Political Entanglements. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 19-21, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Kymlicka, W. (2005). Federalism, Nationalism, and Multiculturalism. In D. Karmis & W. Norman (Eds.), Theories of Federalism: A Reader, 269-292, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Kymlicka, W., Raviot, J. R., & Lee, S. (1997). Living together: International aspects of federal systems. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 5(2), 1-18.
• Le Roy, K., & Saunders, C. (2005). Australia: The Evolution of a Constitution. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 7-9, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Lijphart, A. (1985). Non-Majoritarian Democracy: A Comparison of Federal and Consociational Theories. Publius, 15(2), 3-15.
• Maitra, J., & Al-Haji, A. (2001). Qasr Al-Hosn, History of the Rulers of Abu Dhabi: 1793–1966, (1st ed.). Abu Dhabi: Center for Documentation and Research.
• Majeed, A. (2005). India: The Emergence of Cooperative Federalism. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 33-35, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (2005). Federation as a Method of Ethnic Conflict Regulation. In S. Noel (Ed.), From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies, 263-296, McGill University Press.
• Melleuish, G., (2020). Was Federation motivated by federalism? Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, 150.
• Ministry of Federal National Council Affairs (2019). Elections 2019. https://www.mfnca.gov.ae/en/areas-of-focus/elections/2019/
• Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (1999). Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
• Montesquieu, C. de. (1989). Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws.
• Motahar, T. A. A. (2022). UAE's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East After the Arab Spring. Turan-SAM, 14(53), 294-303.
• Nasrallah, F. (2022). The United Arab Emirates: Forging Federalism. Al-Abhath, 70(1-2), 177-214. https://doi.org/10.1163/18115586-70010107
• Nitszke, A., & Górnisiewicz, A. (2008). The theory of federalism: The features of the federal order of the state. Politeja, 10(1), 415-434.
• Okuducu İdris (2020, Haziran 5). UAE jails activists over trumped-up charges. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/uae-jails-activists-over-trumped-up-charges/1866407
• Omar, S. (2020, Ağustos 31). ما هو موقف حكّام الإمارات وأقاربهم من تطبيع أبو ظبي؟ Arabi21. https://arabi21.com/story/1297099/ما-هو-موقف-حكّام-الإمارات-وأقاربهم-من-تطبيع-أبو-ظبي
• Pagano, M. A., & Leonardi, R. (Eds.). (2007). The Dynamics of Federalism in National and Supranational Political Systems. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Peck, M. (1986). The United Arab Emirates: A Venture in Unity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Peterson, J. E. (1988). The future of federalism in the UAE. In H. R. Sindelar III & J. E. Peterson (Eds.), Crosscurrents in the Gulf: Arab Regional, and Global Interests, 198-230. Routledge.
• Peterson, J. E. (2001). The Nature of Succession in the Gulf. Middle East Journal, 55(4), 580-601.
• Rantisi, M. (2020, Eylül). BAE İç Siyasetinde Emirliklerin Rekabeti. Kriter, 5(49). https://kriterdergi.com/file/314/bae-ic-siyasetinde-emirliklerin-rekabeti
• Rugh, A. B. (2007). The political culture of leadership in the United Arab Emirates. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Salikov, M. (2005). Russia: Federalism in Flux. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 32, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Schmitt, N. (2005). Switzerland: Crisis of Confidence. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 39-41, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Sharifi-Yazdi, F. (2015). Arab- Iranian Rivalry in the Persian Gulf: Territorial Disputes and the Balance of Power in the Middle East, I.B. Tauris.
• Sharma, G. (2019, Temmuz 3). Fujairah data: Oil product stockpiles fall to 2019-low as middle distillates plunge 24%. S&P Global. https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/070319-fujairah-data-oil-product-stockpiles-fall-to-2019-low-as-middle-distillates-plunge-24
• Smith, S. C. (2019). Britain and the Arab Gulf After Empire: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, 1971-1981. Routledge.
• Souza, C. (2005). Brazil: The Challenges of Constitutional Implementation. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 13-15, McGill-Queen's University Press.
• Staley, E. (1966). International Economic Rivalries in the Persian Gulf, 1896–1914. In C. Issawi (Ed.), The Economic History of the Middle East 1800–1914, 350-357, University of Chicago Press.
• Steytler, N. (2005). South Africa's Negotiated Compromise. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 36-38, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Tareq Abdulatif Abdullah Motahar. (2022). UAE's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East After the Arab Spring. Turan-SAM, 53/2022, 294-303.
• Tarr, G. A. (2005). United States of America: Enduring Constitution, New Challenges. In R. Blindenbacher & A. Ostien (Eds.), Dialogues on Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Countries, vol. 1, 42-45, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• The Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC), (2024). https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/qualitygate.aspx#?tid=1&sid=59
• The Federal National Council (FNC), (2024). https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-uae-government/the-federal-national-council-
• Ulrichsen, K. C. (2017). The United Arab Emirates: Power, Politics, and Policymaking. Routledge.
• WAM. (2023, Ekim 4). Notable turnout on first day of early voting in FNC elections in Abu Dhabi. https://wam.ae/en/details/1395303205462
• Watts, R. L. (1999). Comparing Federal Systems, Second Edition. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Watts, R. L. (2008). Comparing Federal Systems, Third Edition. McGill-Queen’s University Press.
• Watts, R. L. (2016). Comparing federal political systems. In Understanding federalism and federation (1st ed.). Routledge.
• Zahlan, R. S. (2016). The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman. Routledge.