Examining the Impacts of Tourism on Gumushane Residents According to the Doxey Index

Öz

Tourism is a versatile activity that can have both positive and negative impacts on touristic destinations and local people. Reducing the negative impacts of tourism on touristic destinations depends on the development of a planned tourism. Accordingly, it is primarily required to determine the level of present tourism activities in destinations in order to achieve the planned tourism development. In this context, the ‘Doxey Irritation Index’, presented by Doxey (1975) based on the stages of euphoria, apathy, irritation and antagonism, is an important guide in determining the level of tourism development in destinations. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to determine the stage of Gumushane in terms of tourism development level according to the “Doxey Irritation Index” by revealing the opinions of Gumushane residents about Gumushane tourism. Accordingly, the opinions of Gumushane residents about tourism were consulted via face-to-face interviews. As a consequence, it was determined that tourism in Gumushane was at the stage of euphoria (beginning) according to the “Doxey Irritation Index”. Besides, the vast majority of Gumushane residents stated that tourism would not have negative social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts on Gumushane. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gumushane Residents,Doxey Irritation Index,The Impacts of Tourism

Kaynakça

1. Akdu, U. (2014). Medikal Turizmde Hizmet Kalitesi, Müşteri Memnuniyeti ve Müşteri Sadakatinin Değerlendirilmesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Anabilim Dalı, Antalya.
2. Andereck, K. L. & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The Relationship Between Residents’ Attitudes Toward Tourism and Tourism Development Options, Journal of Travel Research, 39 (2000), 27-36.
3. Archer, B., Cooper, C. & Ruhanen, L. (2005). The Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism, W. F. Theobald. (Ed.), Global Tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington.
4. Brunt, P. & Courtney, P. (1999). Host Perceptions of Sociocultural Impacts, Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (3), 493-515.
5. Cohen, E. (1984). The Sociology of Tourism: Approaches, Issues, and Findings, Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 373-392.
6. Çepni, Z. (2010). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi, (Sunum, Mersin 2010) http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~cepni/mersinsemsunu.ppt, [Erişim Tarihi: 14/12/2016].
7. Doxey, G. V. (1975). A Causation Theory of Visitor Resident Irritants: Methodology and Research Inferences, Paper Presented at the Travel and Tourism Research Association Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings, San Diego.
8. Duran, E. (2013). Yerel Halkın Sürdürülebilir Turizm Gelişimine Yönelik Tutumları: Bozcaada Örneği, Uluslararası Hakemli Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 2 (3), 76-94.

9. Eroğlu, A. (2008). Faktör analizi. Ş. Kalaycı (Ed.), SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Asil Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
10. Faulkner, B. & Tideswell, C. (1997). A Framework for Monitoring Community Impacts of Tourism, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5 (1), 3-28.
11. Fredline, E. & Faulkner, B. (2000). Host Community Reactions: A Cluster Analysis, Annals of Tourism Research, 27 (3), 763-784.
12. Gursoy, D. & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host Attitudes Towards Tourism: An İmproved Structural Model, Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3), 495-516.
13. Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C. & Uysal, M. (2002). Residents Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach, Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (1), 79-105.
14. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
15. Haralambopoulos, N. & Pizam, A. (1996). Perceived Impacts of Tourism: The Case of Samos, Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (3), 503-526.
16. Jurowski, C., Uysal, M. & Williams, D. R. (1997). A Theoretical Analysis of Host Community Resident Reactions to Tourism, Journal of Tourism Research, 36 (2), 3-11.
17. King, B., Pizam, A. & Milman, A. (1993). Social Impacts of Tourism: Host Perceptions, Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 650-665.
18. Krejcie, R. V. & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.
19. Liu, J. C., Sheldon, P. J. & Var, T. (1987). Residents Perception of the Environmental Impacts of Tourism, Annals of Tourism Reseach, 14, 17-37.
20. Long, P. T., Perdue, R. R. & Allen, L. (1990). Rural Residents Tourism Perceptions and Attitudes by Community Level Tourism, Journal of Tourism Research, 28 (3), 3-9.
21. Madrigal, R. (1995). Residents’ Perceptions and the Role of Government, Annals of Tourism Research, 22 (1), 86-102.
22. McCool, S. F. & Martin, S. R. (1994). Community Attachment and Attitudes Toward Tourism Development, Journal of Tourism Research, 32 (3), 29-34.
23. Özdemir, M. A. & Kervankıran, İ. (2011). Turizm ve Turizmin Etkileri Konusunda Yerel Halkın Yaklaşımlarının Belirlenmesi: Afyonkarahisar Örneği, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 24, 1-25.
24. Öztürk, Y., Akdu, U. & Akdu, S. Akasya. (2007). Yabancı Turistlerin Konut/Devre Mülk Satın Almalarının Yöre Halkı Üzerindeki Sosyal ve Kültürel Etkileri: Fethiye Örneği, Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 11-29.
25. Perez, E. A. & Nadal, J. R. (2005). Host Community Perceptions: A Cluster Analysis, Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4), 925-941.
26. Pizam, A. (1978). Tourism’s Impacts: the Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by its Residents, Journal of Travel Research, 16 (4), 8-12.
27. Renda, A. I., Mendes, J. D. C. & DoValle, P. O. (2014). The Destination is Where I Live! Residents’ Perception of Tourism Impacts, Journal of Spatial and Organizational Dynamics, 2 (1), 72-88.
28. Sharma, S. (1996). Applied Multivariate Techniques, John Wiley and Sons Inc, Newyork.
29. Sharpley, R. (2014). Host Perceptions of Tourism: a Review of the Research, Tourism Management, 42, 37-49.
30. Streiner, D. L. (1994). Figuring Out Factors: the Use and Misuse of Factor Analysis, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39 (3), 135-140.
31. Türker, G. Özaltın & Türker, A. (2014). Yerel Halkın Turizm Etkilerini Algılama Düzeyi Turizm Desteğini Nasıl Etkiler: Dalyan Destinasyonu Örneği, Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 4 (1), 81-98.
32. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2015). İl ve İlçelere Göre İl/İlçe Merkezi, Belde/Köy Nüfusu ve Yıllık Nüfus Artış Hızı, 2014, [URL: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059], Erişim tarihi: 09.07.2015.
33. Ural, A. & Kılıç, İ. (2006). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Analizi; SPSS 10.00-12.0 for Windows, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
34. Yoon, Y., Chen, J. S. & Gürsoy, D. (1999). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Tourism Impacts and Host Communities’ Characteristics, Anatolia: an International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10 (1), 29-44.