SONBAHAR MEVSİMİNDE İKİ ÖRNEKLEME METODU KULLANARAK EDİRNE İLİNİN DOĞUSUNDA HAVAYLA TAŞINAN FUNGAL KONSANTRASYONLARIN BELİRLENMESİ

Öz

Gece ve gündüz saatlerinde fungal konsantrasyonlar değişiklik gösterebilir. Kuru sporlar havaya gündüz salınırken nem oranı daha yüksek olan sporlar gece salınmaktadırlar. Türkiye’de havayla taşınan funguslar ile ilgili çalışmalar çok azdır ve yalnızca bazı şehirlerde günlük ve haftalık incelemeler yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Edirne şehri günlük fungal konsantrasyonlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örnekler yerden 11 m yükseklikten alınmıştır. Örneklemeler 11 Ekim 2002 – 15 Kasım 2002 tarihleri arasında, hergün aynı saatlerde olmak üzere birer haftalık zaman dilimlerinde sabah 08.00 ve akşam 20.00’de yapılmıştır. Fungus izolasyonu için yerçekimine dayalı petri plak metodu ve volumetrik örnekleme metodu kullanılmıştır. Sıcaklık ve nısbi nem iklimsel faktörlerin fungal sporları etkileyip etkilemedikleri istatistiki olarak incelenmiş ve fungus sayıları, nısbi nem ve sıcaklık arasında korelasyon bulunmuştur. 42 petri plağına izole edilen toplam 800 fungus kolonisi bulunma sıklıkları belirlenerek cins düzeyinde tanımlamaları yapılmıştır. Volumetrik metot ile m3 de 9337 cfu mikrofungus belirlenmiştir. En baskınları Alternaria, Penicillium ve Trichoderma olan 7 fungus cinsi teşhis edilebilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Havayla taşınan funguslar, fungal konsantrasyon değişiklikleri, volumetrik metod

AIRBORNE FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS IN EAST PATCH OF EDIRNE CITY (TURKEY) IN AUTUMN USING TWO SAMPLING METHODS

Öz

Fungal spore concentrations vary during day and night. Dry spore types are released during the day, whereas wet spores that have more humidity ratio are released into the air at night. Studies on airborne fungi in Turkey are very rare, and they are daily and weekly monitored only in some cities. The aim of our study was to determine the daily fungal concentrations in Edirne, Turkey. All samples were taken from a level of 11 m. above ground. The sampling time was carried out bihourly in the day, from 8 am to 20 pm, once a week from October 11 to November 15, 2002. Two sampling methods were used for the isolation of fungi: A gravitational and a volumetric method. Statistical analysis was performed in order to determine the relationship between some environmental factors and airborne counts and some correlation were found between the fungal numbers, relative humidity, sampling hours and temperature. A total of 800 fungal colonies in 42 petri dishes were isolated, quantified to determine the frequency of occurrence and then identified as genus level. 9337 cfu/m3 microfungi were determined by volumetric sampling. Seven fungal genera could be determined, among them Cladosporium and Alternaria were found as the most predominant fungi, followed by Penicillium and Trichoderma.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Airborne fungi, airspora, biomass, diurnal differences, gravitational sampling volumetric sampling

Kaynakça

1. 1 ANDERSEN AA. New sampler for the collection sizing and enumeration of viable airborne particles.J Bacteriol. 76: 471-484, 1958.
2. 2 ASAN A, SEN B, SARICA S. Airborne Fungi in Urban Air of Edirne city (Turkey). Biologia 57:59-68, 2002.
3. 3 ASAN A, KIRGIZ T, SEN B, CAMUR-ELIPEK B, GUNER U, GUHER H. Isolation, identification and seasonal distribution of airborne and waterborne fungi in Terkos Lake (Istanbul-Turkey). J Basic Microbiol. 43: 83-95a, 2003a.
4. 4 ASAN A, ILHAN S, SEN, POTOGLU-ERKARA I, FILIK C, CABUK A, DEMIREL R, TURE M, SARICA-OKTEN S, TOKUR S. Airborne fungal and Actinomycetes concentrations in urban air of Eskisehir City (Turkey). Indoor Built Environ. 13: 63-75, 2004.
5. 5 ATIK S, TAMER AS. Eskişehir (merkez ilçe)’de mikrofungal hava kirliliği. Ege Univ Fen Fak Derg Seri B 16: 227- 238,1994
6. 6 AYATA C, COSKUN S, OKYAY T. 1989 yılında aylara göre Izmir ilinin çeşitli semtlerinde havanın fungal florası ve bunun allerjik hastalıklar yönünden önemi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 21:219-226, 1991. (Fungal flora of the air in several parts of Izmir according to months in 1989 and its importance regarding in the allergic diseases) (Turkish, with English abstract).
7. 7 BARNETT HL, HUNTER BB. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi. Fourth (ed.) 218 pp. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 1999.
8. 8 CHEN CC, YU TS, CHANG JY, CHANG CW, SHIH TS, HWANG JS. A computer simulation study on bioaerosol colony counting error due to masking effect. Ann Occup Hyg 42:501-510, 1998.

9. 9 COLAKOGLU G. Fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the Anatolia Quarter of Istanbul, Turkey. J Basic Microbiol 36: 155-162, 1996a.
10. 10 COLAKOGLU G. Mould counts in the atmosphere at the Europe Quarter of Istanbul, Turkey. J Basic Microbiol 36: 389-392.,1996b.
11. 11 COLAKOGLU G. The variability of fungal flora in the air during morning and evening in 1994. J Basic Microbiol 36 393-398, 1996c.
12. 12 COLAKOGLU G. Airborne fungal spores at the Belgrad forest near the city of Istanbul (Turkey) in the year 2001 and their relation to allergic diseases. J Basic Microbiol. 43: 376-384, 2003.
13. 13 DOWNS SH, MITAKAKIS TZ, MARKS GB, CAR NG, BELOUSOVA EG, LEUPPI JD, XUAN W, DOWNIE SR, TOBIAS A, PEAT JK. Clinical importance of Alternaria exposure in children. Amer J Resp Critical Care Med 164:455-459, 2001.
14. 14 ELLIS MB. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. 608 pp. London and Reading. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. The Eastern Press Ltd. Kew, Surrey, UK, 1971
15. 15 ELLIS MB, ELLIS JP. Microfungi on land plants. An identification handbook. Enlarged Ed. 868 pp. The Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. UK, 1997.
16. 16 GAMBALE, W, PAULA, RC, BUCK, N, GAMBALE V. Airborne fungi of presidente prudente SP, Brasil. Rev. Microbiol.16:9-14, 1985.
17. 17 HARGREAVES M, PARAPPUKKARAN S, MORAWSKA L, HITCHINS J, HE C AND GILBERT D. A pilot investigation into associations between indoor airborne fungal and non-biological particle concentrations in residential houses in Brisbane, Australia, The Science of The Total Environment. 312 (1-3): 89-101, 2003.
18. 18 HOEKSTRA ES, SAMSON RA, SUMMERBELL RC. Methods for the detection and isolation of fungi in the indoor environments. [In: RA Samson, ES Hoekstra, JC Frisvad, O Filtenborg (Eds). Introduction to food- and airborne fungi. Sixth Ed. 389 pp. Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht-The Netherlands], 2002.
19. 19 http://www.healthieryou.com/air.html
20. 20 ISMAIL MA, CHEBON SK. Nakamya R: Preliminary surveys of outdoor and indoor aeromycobiota in Uganda. Mycopathol; 148:41-51, 1999
21. 21 KLICH MA. Identification of common Aspergillus species. First Ed. 122 pp. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2002.
22. 22 LARSEN L, GRAVESEN S. Seasonal variation of outdoor airborne viable microfungi in Copenhagen, Denmark. Grana 30:467-471, 1991.
23. 23 MADAN P, LAMBA LC, ANEJA KR. The most-suitable medium for trapping fungi from air. Sci Cult 48:77-78, 1982.
24. 24 MARTINEZ ORDAZ VA, RINCON-CASTANEDA CB, ESQUIVEL LOPEZ G, LAZO-SAENZ JG, LLORENZ MERAZ MT, VELASCO RODRIGUEZ VM. Fungal spores in the environment of the asthmatic patient in a semidesert area of Mexico. Rev Alerg Mex 49: 2-7, 2002.
25. 25 MORRING, KL, SORENSON WG, ATTFIELD MD. Sampling for airborne fungi: A statistical comparison of media. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 44:662-664, 1983.
26. 26 MYSZKOWSKA D, STĘPALSKA D, KRYSTYNA K, PORĘBSKI G. The relationship between airborne pollen and fungal spore concentrations and seasonal pollen allergy symptoms in Cracow in 1997–1999. Aerobiologia 18:153-161, 2002.
27. 27 NELSON PE, TOUSSOUN TA, MARASAS WFO. Fusarium species- An illustrated manual for identification. 193 pp. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London, USA, 1983.
28. 28 NUSSBAUM, F. Variation in the airborne fungal spore population of the Tuscarawas Valley II. Mycopathologia 116:181-198,1991.
29. 29 OKUYAN M, AKSOZ N, VARAN A. 1972 ve 1974 Ocak aylarında Ankara'nın çeşitli semtlerinde havanın küf ve maya florasındaki değişiklik ve bunun allerjik hastalıklar yönünden önemi. Mikrobiol Bült. 10: 351-358, 1976.
30. 30 PASANEN, AL. Airborne mesophilic fungal spores in various residental environments. Atmos Environ 26A: 2861- 2868, 1992.
31. 31 PELCZAR MJ, CHAN ECS, KRIEG NR. Microbiology: Concepts and applications. 966 pp. International Ed. P. 796. McGraw- Hill, Inc. New York, : 1993.
32. 32 PEPELJNJAK S, ŠEGVIĆ M. Occurrence of fungi in air and on plants in vegetation of different climatic regions in Croatia. Aerobiologia 19: 11-19, 2003.
33. 33 PITT JI. The genus Penicillium and its teleomorphic states Eupenicillium and Talaromyces. 634 pp. Academic Press. Inc. London,1979.
34. 34 RAPER KB, FENNELL DI. The genus Aspergillus. 686 pp. The Williams & Wilkins Comp. Baltimore, USA, 1965.
35. 35 ROSAS I, CALDERON C, ESCAMILLA B, ULLOA M. Seasonal distribution of Aspergillus in the air of an urban area: Mexico City. Grana 31:315-319, 1992.
36. 36 SAKIYAN N, INCEOGLU O. Atmospheric concentration of Cladosporium and Alternaria spores in Ankara and the effect of meteorological factors. Turk J Bot 27:77-81, 2003.
37. 37 SAMSON RA, HOEKSTRA ES, FRISVAD JC, FILTENBORG O. Introduction to food- and airborne fungi. Sixth Ed. 389 pp. Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures – Utrecht–The Netherlands, 2002.
38. 38 SARICA S, ASAN A, TATMAN-OTKUN M, TURE M. Monitoring indoor airborne fungi and bacteria in the different areas of Trakya University Hospital (Edirne-Turkey). Indoor Built Environ 11:285-292, 2002.
39. 39 SCHOLTE RPM, SAMSON RA, DIJKSTERHUIS J. Spoilage fungi in the industrial processing of food. [In: RA Samson, ES Hoekstra, JC Frisvad, O Filtenborg (Eds). Introduction to food- and airborne fungi. Sixth Ed. 389 pp., Centraalbureau Voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht-The Netherlands], 2002.
40. 40 SEN B, ASAN A.: 2001. Airborne fungi in vegetable growing areas of Edirne, Turkey. Aerobiologia 17:69-75.
41. 41 SIME AD, ABBOTT LL, ABBOTT SP. Mounting medium for use in Indoor Air Quality spore-trap analyses. Mycologia 94: 1087-1088, 2002.
42. 42 SIMSEKLI Y. Bursa ev dışı havasında bulunan fungal sporlar. Turk J Biol. 21: 359-365, 1997.
43. 43 SIMSEKLI Y, GUCIN F, ASAN A. Isolation and identification of indoor airborne fungal contaminants of food production facilities and warehouses in Bursa, Turkey. Aerobiologia 15:225-231, 1999.
44. 44 SRIVASTAVA AK, WADHWANI K. Dispersion and allergenic manifestations of Alternaria airspora. Grana 31: 61- 66, 1992.
45. 45 TROUTT C, LEVETIN E. Correlation of spring spore concentrations and meteorological conditions in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Int J Biometeorol 45: 64-74, 2001.
46. 46 WANG Z, REPONEN T, GRINSHPUN SA, GÓRNY RL AND WILLEKE K. Effect of sampling time and air humidity on the bioefficiency of filter samplers for bioaerosol collection. J Aerosol Sci, 32: 661-674, 2001.