BEKÂRLIĞA İLİŞKİN TUTUM ÖLÇEĞİ: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Bu araştırma, bekâr bireylerin bekârlığa ilişkin tutumlarını belirlemeyi amaçlayan bir ölçek geliştirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma uygun örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 18 yaş üstü 675 bekâr bireyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bekârlığa İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği’nin (BİTÖ) geliştirilmesi sürecinde iki araştırma grubu oluşturulmuştur: Birinci araştırma grubunda bulunan 351 bekâr bireyden toplanan veriler üzerinde Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. İkinci araştırma grubu ise Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi için ulaşılan 324 bekâr bireyden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini belirlemek amacıyla yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda, iki faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. “Bekârlığı tercih nedenleri” ve “bekârlığa ilişkin duygular” olarak adlandırılan bu iki faktör, toplam varyansın %53,41’ini açıklamaktadır. Madde faktör yük değerleri .52 ile .88 arasında değişmektedir. DFA sonuçları ise bu iki faktörlü modelin doğrulandığını göstermektedir. Ölçeğin Cronbanch alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı ise .93 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Madde toplam test korelasyon katsayıları .41 ile .75 arasındadır. 25 maddeden oluşan beşli Likert tipi olan Bekârlığa İlişkin Tutum Ölçeği’nin, bekâr bireylerin bekârlığa yönelik tutumlarını belirlemede güvenilir ve geçerli bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bekar birey
• bekarlık
• tutum
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik

ATTITUDE TOWARDS SINGLEHOOD SCALE: THE STUDY OF VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Öz

The aim of this research is to develop a scale that aims to determine the attitudes of single individuals towards singlehood. This study was conducted with 675 single individuals over the age of 18. Data is collected from two groups in this scale development process. Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed on the data collected from 351 single individuals in the first study group. The second research group consists of 324 singles who were reached for Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of the factor analysis conducted to determine the construct validity of the scale, a two-factor structure was obtained. These two factors, which are called "reasons for preferring singlehood" and "feelings about singlehood" explain 53.41% of the total variance. Values for item factor load change between .52 and. 88. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that this two-factor model was validated. The Cronbanch’ alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was calculated as 93. Item-total test correlations range between .41 and .75. The Attitude Towards Singlehood Scale is a five-point Likert-type scale consisting of 25 items. It can be stated that the Attitude towards Singlehood Scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool in determining the attitudes of single individuals towards singlehood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Single individual
• singlehood
• attitude
• validity
• reliability

Kaynakça

1. Adamczyk, K. (2017). Voluntary and involuntary singlehood and young adults' mental health: An investigation of mediating role of romantic loneliness. Current Psychology, 36(4), 888 - 904.
2. Apostolou, M. (2017). Why people stay single: An evolutionary perspective. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.034
3. Apostolou M. (2019). Why men stay single: evidence from reddit. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 5, 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-018-0163-7
4. Apostolou, M., Jiaqing, O., & Esposito, G. (2020). Singles' reasons for being single: Empirical evidence from an evolutionary perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 746. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00746
5. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480.
6. Asolar, D. (2018). Singlehood: An exploratory study and its relationship to relationship centrality Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
7. Aydın, K . (2018). Bekâr popülasyonlar için önerilen yasal düzenlemeler. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 76 (3) , 251-286. DOI: 10.30915/abd.471188
8. Balcı, A. (2004). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntem, teknik ve ilkeleri. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.

9. Bergström, M. & Vivier, G. (2020). Singlehood: preconceptions versus experiences. Population & Societies, 12(12), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3917/popsoc.584.0001 Bergström, M., Courtel, F. & Vivier, G. (2019). "Uncoupled: Experiences of Singlehood in Contemporary France," Population (english edition), Institute National d'Études Démographiques (INED), 0(1), 101-125.
10. Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (2011). Quantitative data analysis with IBM SPSS 17, 18 and 19. Hove: Routledge.
11. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2020). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (27. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
12. Byrne, A. & Carr, D. (2005). Caught in the cultural lag: the stigma of singlehood, Psychological Inquiry, 16(2–3): 84–90.
13. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LİSREL uygulamaları. (5. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
14. Darrington, J., Piercy, K. W., & Niehuis, S. (2005). The social and cultural construction of singlehood among young single Mormons. The Qualitative Report, 10(4), 639-661. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol10/iss4/1
15. DePaulo, B. M. (2006). Singled out: How singles are stereotyped, stigmatized, and ignored, and still live happily ever after. NewYork: St. Martin’s Press.
16. DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L. (2005). Singles in society and in science. Psychological Inquiry, 16, 57-83.
17. DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L. (2006). The unrecognized stereotyping and discrimination against singles. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 251–254, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00446.x
18. Field, A. P. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (4th. Edition). London: Sage.
19. Forsyth, C. & Johnson, E. (1995). A sociological view of the never married. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 25(2), 91-104.
20. Frazier, P., Arikian, N., Benson, S., Losoff, A., & Maurer, S. (1996). Desire for marriage and life satisfaction among unmarried heterosexual adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(2), 225–239, doi:10.1177/0265407596132004
21. Gigy, L. L. (1980). Self-concept of single women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(2), 321–340. doi:10.1111/j.1471- 6402.1980.tb00965.x
22. Greitemeyer, T. (2009). Stereotypes of singles: Are singles what we think? European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 368-383.
23. Hancock, L. L. (2017). How women Experience and Respond to Singlism: Stereotyping and Discrimination of Singles (Doctoral dissertation). Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
24. Hertel, J., Schütz, A., DePaulo, B. M, Morris, W. L., & Stucke, T. S. (2007). She's single, so what? How are the singles perceived compared with people who are married? Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 19, 139-158.
25. Himawan, K. K., Bambling, M., & Edirippulige, S. (2018). Singleness, religiosity, and the implications for counselors: The Indonesian case. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 485–497, https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1530
26. Himawan, K. K., Bambling, M., & Edirippulige, S. (2017). Modernization and singlehood in Indonesia: Psychological and social impacts. The Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences. 40(2), 499-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.09.008
27. Himawan, K. K. (2018). Either I do or I must: An exploration of Indonesian singles' attitudes toward marriage. The Social Science Journal, 56:2, 220-227, : https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.07.007
28. Holt-Lunstad, J., Robles, T. F., & Sbarra, D. A. (2017). Advancing social connection as a public health priority in the United States. American Psychologist, 72(6), 517–530, https://doi.org/10.1037/amp00 00103.
29. Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6 (1), 53-60.
30. Kislev, E. (2020). The sexual activity and sexual satisfaction of singles in the second demographic transition. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00496-0.
31. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd Ed.). New York: Guilford.
32. Lehnart, J., Neyer, F. J., & Eccles, J. (2010). Long-term effects of social investment: the case of partnering in young adulthood.Journal of Personality, 78(2), 639–670, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00629.x
33. Lewis, K.G. & Moon, S. (1997). Always single and single again women: A qualitative study. Journal of Martial and Family Therapy, 23(2), 115-134.
34. Mağara, G. (2019). Yetişkin bekâr kadınların bekârlığa ilişkin algıları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
35. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Singlehood. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/singlehood (Erişim tarihi: 03/03/2021)
36. Muraco J.A & Curran, M.A. (2012). Associations between marital meaning and reasons to delay marriage for young adults in romantic relationships, Marriage & Family Review, 48:3, 227-247. Ochnik, D. & Mandal, E. (2016). Do Polish never-married singles feel stigmatized? In K. Adamczyk (Ed.) Singlehood from Individual and Social Perspective. (pp. 212-247). Cracow: LIBRON.
37. Pan, R. (2004). Why being single? A research fort he delayed marriage among people aged (25-35) in Shanghai, China. Masters Programme in Asian Studies, Lund University, Sweden.
38. Peterson, A.L. (2011). Attitudes toward singlehood and life role preferences among heterosexual and gay and lesbian adults. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.
39. Pignotti, M. & Abell, N. (2009). The negative stereotyping of single persons scale: Initial psychometric development. Research on Social Work Practice. 19: 639-652. DOI: 10.1177/1049731508329402.
40. Poole,S. & Snarey,J. (2011). Erikson’s stages of the life cycle. In: Goldstein S.,Naglieri J.A.(eds). Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 2, 599-603 Springer, Boston, MA.
41. Poortman, A.-R., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2010). Singles’ relational attitudes in a time of individualization. Social Science Research, 39(6), 938–949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.03.012
42. Prabhakar, B. (2011). Causes for remaining single. A comparative study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6(2), 203–210.
43. Reynolds, J. & Taylor, S. (2005). Narrating singleness: Life stories and deficit identities. Narrative Inquiry, 15(2), 197-215.
44. Schachner, D.A., Shaver, P.R., & Gillath, O. (2008) Attachment style and long-term singlehood. Personal Relationships, 15, 479-491, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00211.x
45. Simpson, R. (2016). Singleness and self-identity: The significance of partnership status in the narratives of never-married women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(3), 385-40.
46. Spreitzer, E. & Riley, L. E. (1974). Factors associated with singlehood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 533-542.
47. Spielmann, S. S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J. A., Joel, S., Peragine, D., Muise, A., & Impett, E. A. (2013). Settling for less out of fear of being single. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1049–1073, https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034628
48. Stein, P. J. (1975). Singlehood: An alternative to marriage. Family Coordinator, 24(4), 489–503.
49. Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
50. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2020). Using multivariate statistics (Çok değişkenli istatistiklerin kullanımı). Çev. Ed. Mustafa Baloğlu (6.baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
51. TÜİK (2017). Evlenme ve boşanma İstatistikleri-2016. (Erişim tarihi: 10/03/2021) https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=24642
52. TÜİK (2019). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri-2018. (Erişim tarihi: 10/03/2021) https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30698
53. TÜİK (2020). Evlenme ve boşanma istatistikleri- 2019. (Erişim tarihi: 10/03/2021) https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Evlenme-ve-Bosanma-Istatistikleri-2019-33708
54. Vahav, H., Hagoel, H., & Fridle, S. (2015) Singlehood among adults with intellectual disability: Psychological and sociological perspectives. Acta Psychopathologica, 1(2), 1-10.
55. Whatley, M. (2014). Attitudes towards singlehood scale. In D. Knox & C. Schacht (Eds.), Choices in relationshps: An introduction to marriage and the family (10th Ed.). Belmoth: Wadsworth.