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Eski Mezopotamya Kaynaklarında Kent Ağıtları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 201 - 235, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1462546

Öz

Eski Mezopotamya kent ağıtları, Eski Yakındoğu dışında benzeri olmayan, kendine özgü bir türdür. Tarihsel retorik metinler olarak nitelendirilebilecek bu ağıtlarda bahsedilen yıkımlar, edebi bir kurgu değil, gerçektir. Metinler kentin işgalden kurtulmasından sonra yazdırılmıştır. Kent ağıtları, tanrılar tarafından verilen yıkım kararı, meydana gelen yıkımın tasviri ve ardından şehri yeniden kurarak eski düzenine geri döndüren kahraman kralı konu alır. İki ana bölümden oluşan bu metinlerin ilk kısmında, kentlerin yıkım kararı ve karar sonunda ortaya çıkan fiziksel ve metafiziksel yıkıma odaklanmıştır. Kentlerin kutsal alanları da dâhil olmak birçok yapısı tahrip edilmiş, kentin ekonomik dinamiğini sağlayan tarım ve hayvancılıkla ilgili işlikler de yerle bir edilerek, kent nüfusu da yok edilmiştir. Bu bölümde ayrıca ilahi terk motifi işlenmiştir. Teolojik açıdan kentleri kuran ve yöneten tanrılar, yıkımla beraber şehri terk etmiş ve enkaza bakarak ağıt yakmıştır. İkinci kısım, restorasyon sürecini ele alır. Tanrılar tarafından seçilen kurtarıcı kral, şehri yeniden eski günlerine kavuşturmakla övünmektedir. Bu bölümde, kralın kahramanlıkları, kentlerin yenilenme süreci, şehri terk eden tanrıların geri döndürülmesi anlatılır. Aynı zamanda kralın kendi propagandasını da içeren bu bölüm, ekonomik, sosyal, siyasi ve teolojik bir yıkımın ardından kentin yeniden kuruluşunu konu alan sosyo-politik propaganda metinleri olarak değerlendirilebilir. Çalışma Eski Mezopotamya’daki Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Eridu ve Kiş kentlerini konu alan kent ağıtlarının, sosyo-politik değerlendirilmesini konu almaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2014), “Eski Mezopotamya’da Beddua ve Felaketlerden Korunma Ritüeli”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi 9, 280-93.
  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2018), Eski Mezopotamya’da Törenler, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2021), “Eski Mezopotamya ve Anadolu’da Davul Çalma Geleneği: Sumer ve Hitit Örneği”, Akademik MATBUAT, 5.1, 25-42.
  • ARBØLL, Troels Pank (2020), Medicine in Ancient Assur: A Microhistorical Study of the Neo-Assyrian Healer Kiṣir-Aššur, Brill, London.
  • ARTUN, Erman (2009), “Çukurova Ağıt Söyleme Geleneğinde Ölüm Dışı Söylenen Ağıtlar”, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 01, 52-72.
  • AYTAN, Arslan Ozan (2023), “Üçüncü Ur Hanedanlığı’nın Yıkılış Sürecinde Nüfus Baskısı, İklim Değişikliği ve Tahıl Kıtlığı”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23.1, 179-94.
  • BACHVAROVA, Mary (2008), “Sumerian Gala Priests and Eastern Mediterranean Returning Gods: Tragic Lamentation in Cross-cultural Perspective”, Ed. A. Suter, Lament Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 18-52.
  • BELL, Catherine (1992), Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • BLACK, Jeremy (2004), The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • BRISCH, Nicole (2011), “Changing Images of Kingship in Sumerian Literature”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 706-724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557301.013.0033
  • BULUT, Esra, KURT Mehmet (2020), “MÖ 3. ve 2. binyıllarda Mezopotamya’da Sulama Kanalları ve Toplumsal Yaşama Etkileri”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30.2, 415-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.701578.
  • COHEN, Mark (1979), Balag-compositions: Sumerian Lamentation Liturgies of the Second and First Millennium BC, Undena Publ, USA.
  • ÇAYIR, Murat (2020), “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde İnsanın Yaratılışı”, Antropoloji, 39, 98-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.684530.
  • DELNERO, Paul (2020), How to do Things with Tears: Ritual Lamenting in Ancient Mesopotamia, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, Berlin.
  • DEMİRCİ, Kürşat (2013), Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları.
  • ESPAK, Peter (2015), The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • FELD, Steven (1990), Wept Thoughts: The Voicing of Kaluli Memories, Slavica Publishers, Bloomington.
  • FILARSKI, Wered (2017), “Lamentations: A Comparison between Mesopotamia and Judea”, The Jewish bible quarterly, 45, 87-98.
  • FRAHM, Eckart (2010), “The Latest Sumerian Proverbs”, Ed. Sarah Melville, Alice Slotsky, Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster. Brill, London, s. 155-184. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004186569_011
  • FREUD, Sigmund. (1917), “Mourning and melancholia”, The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, 14, 237-258.
  • GABBAY, Uri (2014), “The Balaĝ Instrument and its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia”, Ed. J. Westenholz Goodnick, Y. Maurey, E. Seroussi, Music in Antiquity The Near East and the Mediterranean, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 129-147.
  • GABBAY, Uri (2021), “Defeat Literature in the Cult of the Victorious: Ancient Mesopotamian Sumerian City Laments”, Ed. Katherina Streit, Marianne Grohmann, Culture of Defeat Submission in Written Sources and the Archaeological Record, Proceedings of a Joint Seminar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Vienna, October 2017, Gorgias Press. USA, 121-138. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463241889-008
  • GREEN, M. W. (1978), “The Eridu Lament”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 3, 30, 127-167. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359696
  • GREEN, M. W. (1984), “The Uruk Lament”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 104, 2, 253-279. https://doi.org/10.2307/602171
  • HALLORAN, John (2006), Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0. Logogram publishing.
  • HESKETT, Randall (2011), Reading the Book of Isaiah: Destruction and Lament in the Holy Cities, Springer.
  • JACOBS, John (2016), “The City Lament Genre in the Ancient Near East”, Ed. Mary Bachvarova, Dorata Dutsch, Ann Suter, The Fall of Cities in the Mediterranean, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 13-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139424387.004
  • JACOBSEN, Thorkild (1939), The Sumerian King List, Michigan: Cushing-Malloy Inc.
  • JAQUES, Margeret (2011), “Metaphern als Kommunikationsstrategie in den mesopotamischen Bußgebeten an den persönlichen Gott. (2011)”, Ed. Jaques Margaret, Klagetraditionen: Form und Funktion der Klage in den Kulturen der Antike. Fribourg: Orbus Biblicus et Orientalis, Fribourg: Orbus Biblicus et Orientalis, 3-20.
  • KILIÇ, Yusuf, ESER, Elvan (2022), Nuh Tufanı Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Mukayeseli Tufan Olayı. İstanbul: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1940), Lamentation Over the Destruction of Ur, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1967), “Reflections on the Mesopotamian Flood: the Cuneiform Data New and Old”, Expedition 9, 4, 12-19.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1999), Sumer Mitolojisi, Çev. Hamide Koyukan, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • KRUGER, Paul (2012), “Disaster and the topos of the World Upside Down. Selected Cases from the Ancient Near Eastern World” Ed. Angelika Berlejung, Disaster and Relief Management/Katastrophen und ihre Bewältigung, Mor Siebeck, Münster, 391-424.
  • KUTSCHER, Raphael (1975), Oh angry sea: The history of a Sumerian congregational lament= A-ab-ba hu-luh-ha. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • LAMBERT, Wilfred (2013), Babylonian Creation Myths. Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
  • LENZI, Alan (2010), “Invoking the God: Interpreting Invocations in Mesopotamian Prayers and Biblical Laments of the Individual”, Journal of Biblical Literature, 129, 2, 303-315. https://doi.org/10.2307/27821021
  • LENZI, Alan (2015), “The language of Akkadian prayers in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi and its significance within and beyond Mesopotamia” Ed. Robert Rollinger, Erik van Dongen, Mesopotamia in the Ancient World: Impact, Continuities, Parallels, Ugarit Verlag, Münster, 67-105.
  • LISMAN, Jan (2016), “The Barton Cylinder: A Lament for Keš?” Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap Ex Oriente Lux, 46, 145-178.
  • LOISEL, Anne-Caroline Rendu (2020), “From Landscape to Ritual Performances: Emotions in Sumerian Literature”, Ed. Shih-Wei Hsu, Jaume Llop Rauda, The Expression of Emotions in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden, 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004430761_014
  • LÖHNERT, Anne (2011), “Manipulating the Gods: Lamenting in Context”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 402-417.
  • MASALCI ŞAHİN, Gülgüney (2018), Hititlerde Müzik, Müzik Aletleri ve Müzisyenler, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • MICHALOWSKI, Piotr (1989), The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
  • MIRELMAN, Sam (2021), “Lament and Ritual Weeping in the “Negative Confession” of the Babylonian Akītu Festival”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 21, 1, 42-74. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341318
  • NAİBOĞLU, Nihan (2019), “Kentleşmenin Kökeni Mezopotamya’da İlk Kentler” MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3.20, 211-224.
  • NOMER, Naciye Zeynep, SEVGİ, Ece (2023), “Ağı ve Ağu Sözcüklerinin Yöresel Bitki Adlarında Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi”, Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 11.3, 109-123.
  • ÖZDOĞAN, Mehmet (2006), “Büyük Sırrın Arkeolojik Keşfi: Nuh Tufanı” Atlas Dergisi, 157, 58-73.
  • PELED, Ilian (2015), “A New Manuscript of the Lament for Eridu”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.67.2015.0039
  • PETTER, Donna Lee (2011), The Book of Ezekiel and Mesopotamian City Laments, Academic Press, Göttingen.
  • PRINSLOO, Gert T.M. (2013), “Suffering Bodies – Divine Absence: Towards a Spatial Reading of Ancient Near Eastern Laments with Reference to Psalm 13 and An Assyrian Elegy”, Old Testament Essasys, 26, 777-806. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2015/v28n3a13
  • PROPP, Vladimir (1984), Theory and History of Folklore, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota.
  • REID, Nicholas (2022), Prisons in Ancient Mesopotamia: Confinement and Control Until the First Fall of Babylon, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • SAMET, Nili (2014), The Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur. Eisenbrauns. Press, Winona Lake.
  • SOOHOO, Anthony (2019), Violence against the Enemy in Mesopotamian Myth, Ritual, and Historiography, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, New York University Study of the Ancient World, New York University.
  • STEINERT, Ulrike (2020), “Pounding Hearts and Burning Livers: The “Sentimental Body” in Mesopotamian Medicine and Literature”, Ed. Shih-Wei Hsu, Jaume Llop Rauda, The Expression of Emotions in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden, 410-469. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004430761_018
  • SÜNBÜL, Nazan (2024), “Eski Mezopotamya’da İki Kült Sanatçısı: Assinnu ve Kurgarru”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43.76, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1420145
  • TOLBERT, Elizabeth (2008), “Voice, Metaphysics, and Community: Pain and Transformation in the Finnish-Karelian Ritual Lament”, Ed. Sarah Coakley, Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Pain and Its Transformations: The Interface of Biology and Culture, Harvard University Press, Harvard, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674271531-018
  • VELDHUIS, Niek (2021), Religion, Literature, and Scholarship: The Sumerian Composition Nanše and the Birds: With a Catalogue of Sumerian Bird Names, Brill, Leiden.
  • WILCE, James (2005), “Traditional Laments and Postmodern Regrets”, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15, 60-71.
  • ZIEGLER, Nele (2011), “Music, the Work of Professional”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 288-313.
  • Çevrim İçi Kaynaklar
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, (1920-): https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/chicago-assyrian-dictionary
  • The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (1974- ) https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.2#
  • The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (2007-) https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/
  • The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (1974- ) https://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html.
  • The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (1998-) https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/

City Laments in Ancient Mesopotamian Sources

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28, 201 - 235, 29.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1462546

Öz

Ancient Mesopotamian city laments are a unique genre, unique outside the Ancient Near East. The destruction described in these laments, which can be characterised as historical rhetorical texts, is not a literary fiction but a fact. The texts were dictated after the liberation of the city from occupation. The city laments are about the decision of the gods to destroy the city, the description of the destruction, and then the heroic king who rebuilt the city and returned it to its former order. The first part of these texts, consisting of two main sections, focuses on the decision to destroy the cities and the physical and metaphysical destruction that resulted from this decision. Many structures of the cities, including their sanctuaries, were destroyed, agriculture and animal labour establishments, which provided the economic dynamics of the city, were razed to the ground, and the population of the city was also destroyed. This chapter also deals with the motif of divine abandonment. From a theological point of view, the gods who founded and ruled the cities abandoned the city with the destruction and lamented over the wreckage. The second part deals with the restoration process. The saviour king, chosen by the gods, boasts of restoring the city to its former glory. In this part, the heroic deeds of the king, the process of renewal of the cities, and the return of the gods who left the city are described. This chapter, which also contains the king’s own propaganda, can be considered as socio-political propaganda texts about the reestablishment of the city after an economic, social, political and theological destruction. The study focuses on the socio-political evaluation of the city laments about the cities of Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Eridu and Kish in Ancient Mesopotamia.

Kaynakça

  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2014), “Eski Mezopotamya’da Beddua ve Felaketlerden Korunma Ritüeli”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi 9, 280-93.
  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2018), Eski Mezopotamya’da Törenler, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • AKKUŞ MUTLU, Suzan (2021), “Eski Mezopotamya ve Anadolu’da Davul Çalma Geleneği: Sumer ve Hitit Örneği”, Akademik MATBUAT, 5.1, 25-42.
  • ARBØLL, Troels Pank (2020), Medicine in Ancient Assur: A Microhistorical Study of the Neo-Assyrian Healer Kiṣir-Aššur, Brill, London.
  • ARTUN, Erman (2009), “Çukurova Ağıt Söyleme Geleneğinde Ölüm Dışı Söylenen Ağıtlar”, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi, 01, 52-72.
  • AYTAN, Arslan Ozan (2023), “Üçüncü Ur Hanedanlığı’nın Yıkılış Sürecinde Nüfus Baskısı, İklim Değişikliği ve Tahıl Kıtlığı”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23.1, 179-94.
  • BACHVAROVA, Mary (2008), “Sumerian Gala Priests and Eastern Mediterranean Returning Gods: Tragic Lamentation in Cross-cultural Perspective”, Ed. A. Suter, Lament Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 18-52.
  • BELL, Catherine (1992), Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • BLACK, Jeremy (2004), The Literature of Ancient Sumer, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • BRISCH, Nicole (2011), “Changing Images of Kingship in Sumerian Literature”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 706-724. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557301.013.0033
  • BULUT, Esra, KURT Mehmet (2020), “MÖ 3. ve 2. binyıllarda Mezopotamya’da Sulama Kanalları ve Toplumsal Yaşama Etkileri”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30.2, 415-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.701578.
  • COHEN, Mark (1979), Balag-compositions: Sumerian Lamentation Liturgies of the Second and First Millennium BC, Undena Publ, USA.
  • ÇAYIR, Murat (2020), “Eski Mezopotamya Mitolojisinde İnsanın Yaratılışı”, Antropoloji, 39, 98-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.684530.
  • DELNERO, Paul (2020), How to do Things with Tears: Ritual Lamenting in Ancient Mesopotamia, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, Berlin.
  • DEMİRCİ, Kürşat (2013), Eski Mezopotamya Dinlerine Giriş Tanrılar, Ritüel, Tapınak, İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları.
  • ESPAK, Peter (2015), The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden.
  • FELD, Steven (1990), Wept Thoughts: The Voicing of Kaluli Memories, Slavica Publishers, Bloomington.
  • FILARSKI, Wered (2017), “Lamentations: A Comparison between Mesopotamia and Judea”, The Jewish bible quarterly, 45, 87-98.
  • FRAHM, Eckart (2010), “The Latest Sumerian Proverbs”, Ed. Sarah Melville, Alice Slotsky, Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foster. Brill, London, s. 155-184. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004186569_011
  • FREUD, Sigmund. (1917), “Mourning and melancholia”, The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, 14, 237-258.
  • GABBAY, Uri (2014), “The Balaĝ Instrument and its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia”, Ed. J. Westenholz Goodnick, Y. Maurey, E. Seroussi, Music in Antiquity The Near East and the Mediterranean, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 129-147.
  • GABBAY, Uri (2021), “Defeat Literature in the Cult of the Victorious: Ancient Mesopotamian Sumerian City Laments”, Ed. Katherina Streit, Marianne Grohmann, Culture of Defeat Submission in Written Sources and the Archaeological Record, Proceedings of a Joint Seminar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Vienna, October 2017, Gorgias Press. USA, 121-138. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463241889-008
  • GREEN, M. W. (1978), “The Eridu Lament”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 3, 30, 127-167. https://doi.org/10.2307/1359696
  • GREEN, M. W. (1984), “The Uruk Lament”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 104, 2, 253-279. https://doi.org/10.2307/602171
  • HALLORAN, John (2006), Sumerian Lexicon Version 3.0. Logogram publishing.
  • HESKETT, Randall (2011), Reading the Book of Isaiah: Destruction and Lament in the Holy Cities, Springer.
  • JACOBS, John (2016), “The City Lament Genre in the Ancient Near East”, Ed. Mary Bachvarova, Dorata Dutsch, Ann Suter, The Fall of Cities in the Mediterranean, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 13-35. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139424387.004
  • JACOBSEN, Thorkild (1939), The Sumerian King List, Michigan: Cushing-Malloy Inc.
  • JAQUES, Margeret (2011), “Metaphern als Kommunikationsstrategie in den mesopotamischen Bußgebeten an den persönlichen Gott. (2011)”, Ed. Jaques Margaret, Klagetraditionen: Form und Funktion der Klage in den Kulturen der Antike. Fribourg: Orbus Biblicus et Orientalis, Fribourg: Orbus Biblicus et Orientalis, 3-20.
  • KILIÇ, Yusuf, ESER, Elvan (2022), Nuh Tufanı Yazılı Kaynaklar Işığında Mukayeseli Tufan Olayı. İstanbul: Çizgi Kitapevi.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1940), Lamentation Over the Destruction of Ur, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1967), “Reflections on the Mesopotamian Flood: the Cuneiform Data New and Old”, Expedition 9, 4, 12-19.
  • KRAMER, Samuel Noah (1999), Sumer Mitolojisi, Çev. Hamide Koyukan, İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • KRUGER, Paul (2012), “Disaster and the topos of the World Upside Down. Selected Cases from the Ancient Near Eastern World” Ed. Angelika Berlejung, Disaster and Relief Management/Katastrophen und ihre Bewältigung, Mor Siebeck, Münster, 391-424.
  • KUTSCHER, Raphael (1975), Oh angry sea: The history of a Sumerian congregational lament= A-ab-ba hu-luh-ha. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • LAMBERT, Wilfred (2013), Babylonian Creation Myths. Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
  • LENZI, Alan (2010), “Invoking the God: Interpreting Invocations in Mesopotamian Prayers and Biblical Laments of the Individual”, Journal of Biblical Literature, 129, 2, 303-315. https://doi.org/10.2307/27821021
  • LENZI, Alan (2015), “The language of Akkadian prayers in Ludlul bēl nēmeqi and its significance within and beyond Mesopotamia” Ed. Robert Rollinger, Erik van Dongen, Mesopotamia in the Ancient World: Impact, Continuities, Parallels, Ugarit Verlag, Münster, 67-105.
  • LISMAN, Jan (2016), “The Barton Cylinder: A Lament for Keš?” Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Gezelschap Ex Oriente Lux, 46, 145-178.
  • LOISEL, Anne-Caroline Rendu (2020), “From Landscape to Ritual Performances: Emotions in Sumerian Literature”, Ed. Shih-Wei Hsu, Jaume Llop Rauda, The Expression of Emotions in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden, 283-305. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004430761_014
  • LÖHNERT, Anne (2011), “Manipulating the Gods: Lamenting in Context”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 402-417.
  • MASALCI ŞAHİN, Gülgüney (2018), Hititlerde Müzik, Müzik Aletleri ve Müzisyenler, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • MICHALOWSKI, Piotr (1989), The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake.
  • MIRELMAN, Sam (2021), “Lament and Ritual Weeping in the “Negative Confession” of the Babylonian Akītu Festival”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 21, 1, 42-74. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692124-12341318
  • NAİBOĞLU, Nihan (2019), “Kentleşmenin Kökeni Mezopotamya’da İlk Kentler” MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3.20, 211-224.
  • NOMER, Naciye Zeynep, SEVGİ, Ece (2023), “Ağı ve Ağu Sözcüklerinin Yöresel Bitki Adlarında Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi”, Avrasya Terim Dergisi, 11.3, 109-123.
  • ÖZDOĞAN, Mehmet (2006), “Büyük Sırrın Arkeolojik Keşfi: Nuh Tufanı” Atlas Dergisi, 157, 58-73.
  • PELED, Ilian (2015), “A New Manuscript of the Lament for Eridu”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 67, 39-43. https://doi.org/10.5615/jcunestud.67.2015.0039
  • PETTER, Donna Lee (2011), The Book of Ezekiel and Mesopotamian City Laments, Academic Press, Göttingen.
  • PRINSLOO, Gert T.M. (2013), “Suffering Bodies – Divine Absence: Towards a Spatial Reading of Ancient Near Eastern Laments with Reference to Psalm 13 and An Assyrian Elegy”, Old Testament Essasys, 26, 777-806. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2015/v28n3a13
  • PROPP, Vladimir (1984), Theory and History of Folklore, University of Minnesota Press, Minnesota.
  • REID, Nicholas (2022), Prisons in Ancient Mesopotamia: Confinement and Control Until the First Fall of Babylon, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • SAMET, Nili (2014), The Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur. Eisenbrauns. Press, Winona Lake.
  • SOOHOO, Anthony (2019), Violence against the Enemy in Mesopotamian Myth, Ritual, and Historiography, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, New York University Study of the Ancient World, New York University.
  • STEINERT, Ulrike (2020), “Pounding Hearts and Burning Livers: The “Sentimental Body” in Mesopotamian Medicine and Literature”, Ed. Shih-Wei Hsu, Jaume Llop Rauda, The Expression of Emotions in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden, 410-469. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004430761_018
  • SÜNBÜL, Nazan (2024), “Eski Mezopotamya’da İki Kült Sanatçısı: Assinnu ve Kurgarru”. Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 43.76, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.35239/tariharastirmalari.1420145
  • TOLBERT, Elizabeth (2008), “Voice, Metaphysics, and Community: Pain and Transformation in the Finnish-Karelian Ritual Lament”, Ed. Sarah Coakley, Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Pain and Its Transformations: The Interface of Biology and Culture, Harvard University Press, Harvard, 147-165. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674271531-018
  • VELDHUIS, Niek (2021), Religion, Literature, and Scholarship: The Sumerian Composition Nanše and the Birds: With a Catalogue of Sumerian Bird Names, Brill, Leiden.
  • WILCE, James (2005), “Traditional Laments and Postmodern Regrets”, Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 15, 60-71.
  • ZIEGLER, Nele (2011), “Music, the Work of Professional”, Ed. Karen Radner, Eleanor Rabson, The Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 288-313.
  • Çevrim İçi Kaynaklar
  • The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, (1920-): https://isac.uchicago.edu/research/publications/chicago-assyrian-dictionary
  • The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (1974- ) https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.6.2#
  • The Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus (2007-) https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/
  • The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (1974- ) https://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html.
  • The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (1998-) https://cdli.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eski Önasya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kübra Karaköz 0000-0003-3624-0332

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 25 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaköz, K. (2024). Eski Mezopotamya Kaynaklarında Kent Ağıtları. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(28), 201-235. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1462546