Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

Aleksandreia Troas’dan Bir Metal Alet Topluluğu

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

Bu makale, Troas bölgesindeki önemli bir kıyı kenti olan Alexandria Troas’ın kırsal alanında 2018 yılında tesadüfen keşfedilen bir metal alet topluluğunu incelemektedir. Buluntu topluluğu 32 metal eserden oluşmaktadır: 29 alet ve üç demir külçe. Aletler arasında oraklar, tırpanlar, çekiçler, çift ağızlı baltalar, dirgenler, çapalar ve saban demirleri gibi tarımsal ve gündelik kullanım gereçleri yer almaktadır. Demir aletler, Anadolu’da daha önce ortaya çıkarılmış topluluklar ile karşılaştırılabilir özellikler sergilemektedir. Bu çalışma, eserleri tanımlamış ve karşılaştırmış; işlevlerini ise hem kazılardan elde edilen benzer buluntular hem de Bizans sanatının çeşitli türlerinde korunmuş tasvirler aracılığıyla değerlendirmiştir. Eserlerin biçimleri özellikle önemlidir; zira Roma döneminden Geç Bizans dönemine kadar tarımsal yaşamda kullanılan el aletlerinin sürekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu süreklilik, söz konusu dönemde ne tarımsal uygulamalarda ne de ilgili zanaat geleneklerinde önemli bir değişim yaşanmadığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, özellikle Troas bölgesinde Bizans döneminde kullanılan üretim araçlarını belgelemesiyle bölgenin kültürel tarihine katkı sağlamaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı analizlere dayanarak, söz konusu aletlerin Orta Bizans döneminin sonları ile Geç Bizans döneminin başlarına tarihlendirilebileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alexandria Troas Metal Aletler İstif Zanaatkârlık

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.

A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 37, 85 - 106, 31.12.2025

Ömer Can Yıldırım , Erhan Öztepe

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Öz

This study investigates a collection of metal tools that were fortuitously discovered in 2018 within the rural area of Alexandria Troas, a prominent coastal city in the region of Troad. The assemblage comprises 32 metal artifacts, including 29 tools and three iron ingots. Among the tools are agricultural and everyday implements such as sickles, scythes, hammers, double-bladed axes, pitchforks, hoes, and plowshares. The iron tools exhibit characteristics similar to those found in hoards previously unearthed in Asia Minor. This study describes and compares the artifacts, evaluating their functions through both excavated parallels and depictions preserved in various genres of Byzantine art. The forms of the artifacts are particularly noteworthy, as they illustrate the continuity of hand tools used in agricultural life from the Roman to the Late Byzantine periods. This continuity implies that neither agricultural practices nor related craft traditions underwent significant changes during this era. In this context, the study contributes to the cultural history of the region by documenting the production tools utilized during the Byzantine period, specifically within Troas. Based on analogical analysis, these tools are suggested to date to the late Middle Byzantine and early Late Byzantine periods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alexandria Troas Metal Tools Hoard Craftsmanship.

Kaynakça

  • Aberg, F. A. (1957). The early plough in Europe. Gwerin: A Half-Yearly Journal of Folk Life, 1(3), 171–181.
  • Aitken, R. (1956). Virgil’s plough. The Journal of Roman Studies, 46(1–2), 97–106.
  • Amouretti, M. C. (1986). Le pain et l’huile dans la Grèce antique (Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 328). Belles Lettres.
  • Beckh, H. (1895). Geoponica sive Cassiani Bassi scholastici de re rustica eclogue. Leipzig.
  • Bryer, A. (1986). Byzantine agricultural implements: The evidence of medieval illustrations of Hesiod’s Works and Days. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 81, 45–80.
  • Bryer, A. (2002). The means of agricultural production: Muscle and tools. In E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium: From the seventh through the fifteenth century (pp. 101–113). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Cassas, L. F. (1799). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce (Vol. 1). Paris.
  • Cholakov, I. D. (2010). Roman and early Byzantine metal tools on the territory of Bulgaria: The 1st–the beginning of the 7th century. Sofia.
  • Cohen, G. M. (1995). The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor. University of California Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1973). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study. Clarendon Press.
  • Cook, J. M. (1999). The Troad: An archaeological and topographical study (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press.
  • Derenzini, G. (1978). Una fonte per l’iconografia e la nomenclatura greca degli attrezzi agricoli: I codici esiodei. SN, 4, 1–11.
  • Derenzini, G. (1995). I disegni nei manoscritti delle Opere e i Giorni di Esiodo: Problemi della tradizione iconografica e testuale. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 447–461). Àrgos.
  • Derenzini, G., & Maccagni, C. (1970). Per la storia degli attrezzi agricoli: Una tradizione iconografica nei codici esiodei? Le machine, 6–7, 65–93.
  • Diodorus Siculus. (1933–1967). Library of history (C. H. Oldfather, Trans.; Loeb Classical Library). Harvard University Press.
  • Gaitzsch, W. (2005). Eisenfunde aus Pergamon: Geräte, Werkzeuge und Waffen. Berlin.
  • Gow, A. S. F. (1914). The ancient plough. Journal of Hellenic Studies, 34, 249–275.
  • Halfmann, H. (1986). Itinera principum: Geschichte und Typologie der Kaiserreisen im Römischen Reich. Steiner.
  • Harvey, A. (1989). Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire, 900–1200. Cambridge University Press.
  • Henning, J. (1987). Südosteuropa zwischen Antike und Mittelalter: Archäologische Beiträge zur Landwirtschaft des 1. Jahrtausends u. Z. Berlin.
  • Henning, J. (2007). Catalogue of archaeological finds from Pliska. In J. Henning (Ed.), Post-Roman towns, trade and settlement in Europe and Byzantium (pp. 661–704). Berlin.
  • Hjohlman, J. (2005). Pyrgouthi in Late Antiquity. In J. Hjohlman, A. Penttinen, & B. Wells (Eds.), Pyrgouthi: A rural site in the Berbati Valley (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, 52). Stockholm.
  • Kaplan, M. (1992). Les hommes et la terre à Byzance du VIe au XIe siècle: Propriété et exploitation du sol (Byzantina Sorbonensia 10). Publications de la Sorbonne.
  • Lefort, J. (2002). The rural economy, seventh–twelfth centuries. In A. E. Laiou (Ed.), The economic history of Byzantium (pp. 231–310). Dumbarton Oaks.
  • Levick, B. (1967). Roman colonies in southern Asia Minor. Clarendon Press.
  • Magness, J., et al. (2018). The Huqoq Excavation Project: 2014–2017 interim report. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 380, 61–131.
  • Murdzhev, P. (2021). The introduction of the moldboard plow to Byzantine Thrace in the eleventh century. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 75, 171–204.
  • Nouschi, A. (2006). Il Mediterraneo contemporaneo: Il XX secolo. Besa.
  • Ostuni, G. (1986). Les outils dans les Balkans du Moyen Âge à nos jours (A. Guillou, Ed.; 2 vols.). Maisonneuve et Larose.
  • Özdizbay, A. (2004). Eski Yunan’da tarım. İstanbul.
  • Öztepe, E. (2012). Alexandria Troas kazıları. Anadolu/Anatolia, 38, 301–320.
  • Papanikola-Bakirtzi, D. (Ed.). (2002). Everyday life in Byzantium. Athens.
  • Paribeni, A. (1995). Raffigurazioni di strumenti agricoli in un manoscritto di Esiodo nella Biblioteca Ariostea di Ferrara. In A. Iacobini & E. Zanini (Eds.), Arte profana e arte sacra a Bisanzio (pp. 411–434). Àrgos.
  • Pfuhl, E., & Möbius, H. (1979). Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs II. Mainz.
  • Pococke, R. (1745). A description of the East, and some other countries (Vol. 2). London.
  • Ponti, G. (1995). Marmora Troadensia. In A. Fraschetti (Ed.), Roma e l’ellenismo (pp. 289–296). Edipuglia.
  • Popović, I. (1986). Les outils de labourage romains dans la région du Moyen Danube. Starinar, 37, 73–86.
  • Popović, I. (1988). Les outils antiques en fer en Serbie. National Museum.
  • Ramsay, W. M. (1960). The historical geography of Asia Minor. AMS Press. (Original work published 1890).
  • Schwertheim, E. (2006). Alexandria Troas: Eine römische Colonia im Norden Kleinasiens (Asia Minor Studien 61). Habelt.
  • Schwertheim, E. (2008). Alexandria Troas – Colonia Augusta Troadensis. In R. A. Stucky, A. M. Wandl, & H. P. Mathys (Eds.), Eretria XXVII. Fouilles et recherches (pp. 171–181). Infolio.
  • Takaoğlu, T. (2021). Adapting to a diverse landscape: Agriculture in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia. In D. Hollander & T. Howe (Eds.), A companion to ancient agriculture (pp. 363–382). Wiley-Blackwell. Ulrich, R. B. (2007). Roman woodworking. Yale University Press.
  • Völling, T. (2002). Early Byzantine agricultural implements from Olympia (5th/6th centuries AD). In Θέμελης & Β. Κοντή (Eds.), Πρωτοβυζαντινή Μεσσήνη και Ολυμπία (pp. 195–207). Αθήνα.
  • Vyazov, L. A., & Salova, J. A. (2023). On the origins of tilling tools of the migration period in the Middle Volga Region. Archaeologia Bulgarica, 26(1), 93–108.
  • Waldbaum, J. C. (1983). Metalwork from Sardis: The finds through 1974. University of Chicago Press.
  • White, K. D. (1967). Agricultural implements of the Roman world. Cambridge University Press.
  • Λιβέρη, A. (2000). Βυζαντινά γεωργικά εργαλεία και μηχανές. Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 21, 275–286.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yunan ve Roma Dönemi Arkeolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ömer Can Yıldırım 0000-0002-9671-4782

Erhan Öztepe 0000-0003-0558-8870

Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
IZ https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 37

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, Ö. C., & Öztepe, E. (2025). A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, 37, 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076
AMA 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR. 2025;(37):85-106. doi:10.22520/tubaar.1796076
Chicago Yıldırım, Ömer Can, ve Erhan Öztepe. 2025. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, sy 37: 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
EndNote Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E (01 Aralık 2025) A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi 37 85–106.
IEEE [1]Ö. C. Yıldırım ve E. Öztepe, “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”, TÜBA-AR, sy 37, ss. 85–106, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
ISNAD Yıldırım, Ömer Can - Öztepe, Erhan. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi. 37 (01 Aralık 2025): 85-106. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
JAMA 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR. 2025;:85–106.
MLA Yıldırım, Ömer Can, ve Erhan Öztepe. “A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas”. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, sy 37, Aralık 2025, ss. 85-106, doi:10.22520/tubaar.1796076.
Vancouver 1.Yıldırım ÖC, Öztepe E. A Metal Tool Hoard From Alexandreia Troas. TÜBA-AR [Internet]. 01 Aralık 2025;(37):85-106. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA76LB64HM

Yayıncı

34406

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(+90) (212) 219 16 60

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TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi / Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology (TÜBA-AR), dergide yayımlanan makalelerde ifade edilen görüşleri resmî olarak benimsememekte ve derginin basılı ya da çevrim içi sürümlerinde yer alan herhangi bir ürün veya hizmet reklamı konusunda garanti vermemektedir. Yayımlanan makalelerin bilimsel ve hukuki sorumluluğu yazar(lar)a aittir.

Makalelerle birlikte gönderilen resim, şekil, tablo vb. materyaller özgün olmalı ya da daha önce yayımlanmışlarsa, hem basılı hem de çevrim içi sürümlerde yayımlanmak üzere eser sahibinden alınmış yazılı izinle birlikte sunulmalıdır. Yazar(lar), dergide yayımlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkını saklı tutar. Makale dergide yayımlandığında, mali haklar ve umuma iletim hakları, işleme, çoğaltma, temsil, basım, yayın ve dağıtım hakları TÜBA’ya devredilecektir. Yayımlanan tüm içeriklerin (metin ve görsel materyaller) telif hakları dergiye aittir. Dergide yayımlanmak üzere kabul edilen makaleler için telif hakkı ya da başka bir ad altında ödeme yapılmaz ve yazar(lar)dan makale işlem ücreti alınmaz; ancak yeniden baskı (reprint) talepleri yazarın sorumluluğundadır.

Bilimsel bilgi ve araştırmalara küresel açık erişimi teşvik etmek amacıyla TÜBA, çevrim içi olarak yayımlanan tüm içeriklerin (aksi belirtilmedikçe) okuyucular, araştırmacılar ve kurumlar tarafından serbestçe kullanılmasına izin vermektedir. Bu kullanım, eserin kaynağının belirtilmesi koşuluyla ve ticari amaç dışında, herhangi bir değişiklik yapılmaksızın Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Uluslararası Lisansı kapsamında mümkündür. Ticari kullanım veya lisans istisnaları ile ilgili izinler için lütfen dergi ile iletişime geçiniz.