360 Derece Video Gazeteciliği: Yeni Bir Haber Deneyimine Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2024, Sayı: Cumhuriyetin 100. Yılında Geleceğin İletişimi Özel Sayısı, 108 - 127, 18.03.2024

İlker Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.1359801

Öz

360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin araştırmalar görece yenidir ancak, mevcut araştırmalar, bu
yeni gazetecilik biçiminin ve bu yeni haber deneyiminin izleyiciyi daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar haber
hikâyesinin içine çekme ve etkileme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Uluslararası alanyazında
360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin ampirik araştırmalar görece yetersizdir. Türkçe alanyazında ise
Türkiye’de haber endüstrisinde 360 derece video kullanımına ilişkin herhangi bir örnek olay araştırması
ya da ampirik araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de akademik bir
boşluk söz konusudur. Bu makalenin amacı, uluslararası alanyazın taraması yaparak 360 derece video
gazeteciliğinin potansiyelini ve gazetecilik araştırmalarına katkısını gözler önüne sermektir. Bu amaçla
makale, öncelikle görsel gazetecilikte 360 derece videonun önemine, 360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin
kavramsal yaklaşımlara, 360 derece video gazeteciliği ve 360 derece video haber ile üç boyutlu gazetecilik,
üç boyutlu teknoloji ve sanal gerçeklik arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Daha sonra 360 derece video
gazeteciliğine ilişkin varsayımlara, olasılıklara, çelişkilere, eleştirilere ve 360 derece video gazeteciliğine
ilişkin araştırmalara odaklanmakta ve bu araştırmaların geleceğine dair önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

360 Derece Video Gazeteciliği, 360 Derece Video Haber, Üç Boyutlu Gazetecilik, Üç Boyutlu Teknoloji, Sanal Gerçeklik

360 Degree Video Journalism: An Overview of a New News Experience

Öz

Research on 360-degree video journalism is relatively new, but current research shows that this new form of
journalism and news experience has the potential to influence and involve the audience in the news story as
never before. Empirical research on 360-degree video journalism in the international literature is relatively insufficient. In the Turkish literature, there is no case study or empirical research on the use of 360-degree
video in the news industry in Turkey. Within this context, an academic opportunity for more research in
this area is evident. The purpose of this article is to reveal the potential of 360-degree video journalism
and its contribution to journalism research by reviewing the international literature. For this purpose, this
article focuses primarily on the importance of 360-degree video in visual journalism, conceptual approaches
to 360-degree video journalism, the relationship between 360-degree video journalism and 360-degree
video news, and immersive journalism, immersive technology and virtual reality. Afterwards, the article
focuses on the assumptions, expectations, paradoxes, criticisms related to 360-degree video journalism,
and researches on 360-degree video journalism and provides suggestions for the future of these researches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

360-Degree Video Journalism, 360-Degree Video News, Immersive Journalism, Immersive Technology, Virtual Reality

Kaynakça

• Aitamurto, T. (2019). Normative paradoxes in 360° journalism: Contested accuracy and objectivity. New Media&Society, 21(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4818785153
• Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators&Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355- 385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355
• Baía Reis, A., & Coelho, A. F. V. C. C. (2018). Virtual reality and journalism: A gateway to conceptualizing immersive journalism. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 1090-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.2018.15 02046
• Barreda-Ángeles, M., Aleix-Guillaume, S., & Pereda-Baños, A. (2021). Virtual reality storytelling as a double- edged sword: Immersive presentation of nonfiction 360°-video is associated with impaired cognitive information processing. Communication Monographs, 88(2), 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637.7 51.2020.1803496
• Burgess, J., & Hurcombe, E. (2019). Digital journalism as symptom, response, and agent of change in the platformed media environment. Digital Journalism, 7(3), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811. 2018.1556313
• Choi, H., & Nam, S. (2022). A study on attention attracting elements of 360-degree videos based on VR eye-tracking system. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 6(7), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mti6070054
• Costera Meijer, I. (2013). Valuable journalism: A search for quality from the vantage point of the user. Journalism: Theory, Practice&Criticism, 14(6), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.488.4912455899
• Decock, J., Van Looy, J., Bleumers, L., & Bekaert, S. (2014). The pleasure of being (there?): An explorative study into the effects of presence and identification on the enjoyment of an interactive theatrical performance using omnidirectional video. AI&Society, 29(4), 449-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146.013.0487-6
• De La Peña, N., Weil, S., Llobera, J., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D., Sánchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2010). Immersive journalism: Immersive virtual reality for the first-person experience of news. Presence: Teleoperators&Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1162/ PRES_a_00005
• Feng, Y. (2018). Facilitator or inhibitor? The use of 360-degree videos for immersive brand storytelling. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 18(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252.019.2018.1446199
• Gynnild, A., Uskali, T., Jones, S., & Sirkkunen, E. (2020). Introduction: What is immersive journalism? In T. Uskali, A. Gynnild, S. Jones & E. Sirkkunen (Eds.), Immersive journalism as storytelling: Ethics,production, and design (ss. 1-9). Routledge.
• Jones, S. (2017). Disrupting the narrative: Immersive journalism in virtual reality. Journal of Media Practice, 18(2-3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682.753.2017.1374677
• Kim, Y., & Lee, H. (2022). User acceptance of 360-degree video news: An integrated model of extended TAM and U&G perspectives. Communication Research and Practice, 8(4), 327-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/2 2041.451.2022.2141861
• Kool, H. (2016). The ethics of immersive journalism: A rhetorical analysis of news storytelling with virtual reality technology. Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 9(3), 1-11. http:// ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/871
• Lopezosa, C., Codina, L., Fernández-Planells, A., & Freixa, S. (2023). Journalistic innovation: How new formats of digital journalism are perceived in the academic literature. Journalism, 24(4), 821-838. https://doi. org/10.1177/146.488.49211033434
• Mabrook, R., & Singer, J. B. (2019). Virtual reality, 360° video, and journalism studies: Conceptual approaches to immersive technologies. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2096-2112. https://doi. org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.156.8203
• Nash, K. (2018). Virtual reality witness: Exploring the ethics of mediated presence. Studies in Documentary Film, 12, 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17503.280.2017.1340796
• Neys, J., & Jansz, J. (2010). Political internet games: Engaging an audience. European Journal of Communication, 25(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/026.732.3110373456
• Oh, J., Sudarshan, S., Jin, E., Nah, S., & Yu, N. (2020). How 360-degree video influences content perceptions and environmental behavior: The moderating effect of environmental self-efficacy. Science Communication, 42(4), 423-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/107.554.7020932174
• Paíno Ambrosio, A., & Rodríguez Fidalgo, M. I. (2021). Proposal for a new communicative model in immersive journalism. Journalism, 22(10), 2600-2617. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.488.4919869710
• Palmer, L. (2020). ‘Breaking free’ from the frame: International human rights and The New York Times’ 360-degree video journalism. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.20 19.1709982
• Pavlik, J. (1999). New media and news: Implications for the future of journalism. New Media&Society, 1(1), 54- 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4899001001009
• Pérez-Seijo, S., Vicente, S. N., & López-García, X. (2023). Immersive journalism: The effect of system immersion on place illusion and co-presence in 360-degree video reporting. Systems, 11(1), 1-17. https://doi. org/10.3390/systems11010001
• Pimentel, D., Kalyanaraman, S., Lee, Y., & Halan, S. (2021). Voices of the unsung: The role of social presence and interactivity in building empathy in 360 video. New Media&Society, 23(8), 2230-2254. https://doi. org/10.1177/146.144.4821993124
• Pjesivac, I., Ahn, S. J. G., Briscoe, A., & Kim, S. (2022). 360° Journalism as a gateway to information seeking: The role of enjoyment and spatial presence. Journalism Practice (Online First), 1-22. https://doi.org/10. 1080/17512.786.2022.2059545
• Sánchez-Laws, A. L. (2020), Can immersive journalism enhance empathy? Digital Journalism, 8(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.2017.1389286
• Schmalstieg, D., & Höllerer, T. (2016). Augmented reality: Principles and practice. Addison-Wesley. Shin, D., & Biocca, F. (2018). Exploring immersive experience in journalism. New Media&Society, 20(8), 2800- 2823. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4817733133
• Sirkkunen, E., & Uskali, T. (2019). Virtual reality journalism. In T. S. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies (ss. 1-5). Wiley Blackwell.
• Slater, M., & Sánchez-Vives, M. V. (2016). Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 3(73), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00074
• Soler-Adillon, J., & Sora, C. (2018). Immersive journalism and virtual reality. In M. Pérez-Montoro (Ed.), Interaction in digital news media (ss. 55-83). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Sundar, S. S., Bellur, S., Oh, J., Xu, Q., & Jia, H. (2014). User experience of on-screen interaction techniques: An experimental investigation of clicking, sliding, zooming, hovering, dragging, and flipping. Human- Computer Interaction, 29(2), 109-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370.024.2013.789347
• Sundar, S. S., Kang, J., & Oprean, D. (2017). Being there in the midst of the story: How immersive journalism affects our perceptions and cognitions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(11), 672- 682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0271
• Usher, N. (2014). Making news at The New York Times. University of Michigan Press.
• Van Damme, K., All, A., De Marez, L., & Van Leuven, S. (2019). 360° video journalism: Experimental study on the effect of immersion on news experience and distant suffering. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2053-2076. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.156.1208
• Vettehen, S. H., Wiltink, D., Huiskamp, M., Schaap, G., & Ketelaar, S. (2019). Taking the full view: How viewers respond to 360-degree video news. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2018.09.018
• Watson, Z. (2017). VR for news? The new reality. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.