Güzel kavramı estetiğin alt dalı olarak kabul görmektedir. Gülümseme, bireylerin algılanan çekiciliğine etki ettiğinden dolayı ve sosyal iletişimde etkili rol oynadığından kişiler açısından önemli bir fiziksel davranıştır. İnsanların gülümseyen bir kişinin yüzünde ilk olarak ve daha uzun süreyle alt yüz üçlüsünde dişlere odaklandığı bilinmektedir. Gülümseme estetiğinde, dentolabial bileşenlerin arasındaki uyumun ve dengenin sağlanması için gereken unsurların bilinmesi gerekmektedir. Ayrıca estetiğin algılanmasında, gözlemcilerin davranışları ve estetik görünümü oluşturan bileşenlerin bilinmesi önem arz eder. Bu sayede hastalar için
estetik görünen restorasyonların yaratılması ve beğeniyle kullanılması imkanı sağlanabilir.
12. Pithon MM, Nascimento CC, Barbosa G, Coqueiro R. Do
dental esthetics have any influence on finding a job? Am J
Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;146(4):423-429.
13. LaFrance M, Hecht M, Paluck E. The contingent smile: a
meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychol Bull.
2003;129(2):305-334.
15. Ekman P, Davidson R, Friesen W. The duchenne smile:
emotional expression and brain physiology. II. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;58(2):342-353.
16. Ekman P. The argument and evidence about universals
in facial expressions of emotion. Handbook of Social
Psychophysiology. London: H. Wagner & A. Manstead,
1989.
17. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in
the esthetic smile: The smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofac
Orthop. 2001;120:98-111.
18. Hulsey CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships
present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970;57(2):132-144.
19. Rigsbee OH, Sperry T, BeGole E. The influence of facial
animation in smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthodon
Orthognath Surg. 1988;3:233-239.
20. Hess U, Kappas A, Mchugo G, Robert Kleck R. An analysis
of the encoding and decoding of spontaneous and posed
smiles: The use of facial electromyography. J Nonverbal
Behav. 1989;13(2):121-137.
21. Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in
the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1974;53(4):384-387.
22. Philips E. The classification of smile patterns. J Can Dent
Assoc. 1999;65:252-254.
23. Ackerman MB, Ackerman J. Smile analysis and design in
the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:221-236.
25. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis J. An evaluation of
dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile
in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):43-50.
26. Cosendey VL, Drummond S, Júnior J. Capture, analysis
and measurement of images of speech and smile dynamics.
Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17(5):151-156.
27. Zhang,YL, Le D, Hu WJ, Zhang H, Liang LZ, Chung KH,
Cao ZQ. Assessment of dynamic smile and gingival contour
in young Chinese people. Int Dent J. 2015;65(4):182-187.
28. Kokich VO, Kıyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the
perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental
esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999;11:311-324.
29. Moore T, Southard K, Casko J, Qian F, Southard T. Buccal
corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2005;127(2):208-213.
30. Kokich VO, Kokich V, Kiyak H. Perceptions of dental
professionals and laypersons to altered dental esthetics:
asymmetric and symmetric situations. Am J Orthod
Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(2):141-151.
31. Parekh SM, Fields H, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness
of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space
as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod.
2006;76(4):557-563.
32. Janson G, Branco N, Fernandes T, Sathler R, Garib D, Lauris
J. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position,
buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. Angle
Orthod. 2011;81:153-161.
33. Türkkahraman H, Gökalp, H. Facial profile preferences
among various layers of Turkish population. Angle Orthod.
2004;74(5):640-647.
34. Sharma N, Rosenstiel S, Fields H, Beck F. Layperson’s
esthetics and smile characterization between caucasian and
Indian populations. J Dent Res. 2010;89:3626.
35. Dindaroğlu F, Karabıyıkoğlu Özmutlu M, Işıksal E. The
effect of educational status on the perception of social and
spontaneous smiles. Turk J Orthod. 2016;29(1):10-15.
36. Flores-Mir C, Silva E, Barriga M, Lagravere M, Major P.
Lay person’s perception of smile aesthetics in dental and
facial views. Journal of Orthodontics. 2004;31:204-209.
37. Pinho S, Ciriaco C, Faber J, Lenza M. Impact of dental
asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics. Am J
Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;132(6):748-753.
38. McNamara L, McNamara J, Ackerman M, Baccetti T. Hard
and soft tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed
smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment.
Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):491-499.
39. Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields H, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Esthetics
and smile characteristics from the layperson’s perspective:
a computer-based survey study. J Am Dent Assoc.
2008;139(10):1318-1327.
40. Yang S, Guo Y, Yang X, Zhang F, Wang J, Qiu J, Li J. Effect
of mesiodistal angulation of the maxillary central incisors
on esthetic perceptions of the smile in the frontal view. Am
J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;148(3):396-404.
41. Springer NC, Chang C, Fields H, Beck F, Firestone A,
Rosenstiel S, Christensen J. Smile esthetics from the
layperson’s perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
2011;139(1):91-101.
42. Garber DA, Salama M. The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and
treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;11:18-28.
44. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile
design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1):39-45.
45. McLaren EA, Garber D, Figueira J. The photoshop smile
design technique (part 1): digital dental photography.
Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34(10):772-776.
46. Fradeani M. Esthetic rehabilitation in fixed prosthodontics.
Quintessence Publishing Company, 2008.
47. Rufenacht C. Fundamentals of esthetics. Chicago:
Quintessence, 1990.
48. Powell N, Humphreys B. Proportions of the aesthetic face.
New York: Thime-Stratton, 1984.
49. Moskowitz M, Nayyar A. Determinants of dental esthetics:
A rationale for smile analysis and treatment. Compent
Contin Educ Dent. 1995;16:1164-1186.
50. Golup J. Entire smile pivotal to teeth design. Clin Dent.
1988;33(1):15-18.
51. Jacobson A. Radiographic Cephalometry from basic to
videoimaging. Chicago: Quintessence, 1995.
52. Proffit W. Diagnosis and treatment planning. In: W. Proffit,
contemporary orthodontics. St. Louis: Mosby, 1986.
53. Burstone C. The integumental profile. Am J Orthod.
1958;44:1-25.
54. Brunton P, McCord J. An analysis of nasolabial angles and
their relevance to tooth position in the edentulous patient.
Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 1993;2:53-56.
55. Viazis AA. Cephalometric analysis based on natural head
position. J Clin Orthod. 1991;25:172-181.
56. Paul S. Smile analysis and face-bow transfer: Enhancing
aesthetic restorative treatment. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent.
2001;13:217-222.
57. Levine J, Finkel S. Esthetic Diagnosis: A three-step
analysis. In: J. Levine, smile design integrating esthetics
and function: Essentials in esthetic dentistry. New York:
Brian J. Miller, 2016.
58. Vig R, Brundo G. The kinetics of anterior tooth display. J
Prosthet Dent. 1978;39:502-504.
59. Arnett G, Bergman R. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis
and treatment planning. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
1993;103:299-312.
60. Choi T, Jin T, Dong J. A study on the exposure of maxillary
and mandibular central incisor in smiling and physiologic
rest position. J Wonkwang Dent Res Instit. 1995;5:371-379.
61. Basting RT, Trindade R, Flório F. Comparative study of
smile analysis by subjective and computerized methods.
Oper Dent. 2006;31(6):652-659.
62. Sharma PK, Sharma P. Dental Smile Esthetics: The
assessment and creation of the ideal smile. Semin Orthod.
2012;18(3):193–201.
63. Tjan AH, Miller G, The J. Some esthetic factors in a smile.
J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51(1):24-28.
64. Roy S. The eight components of a balanced smile. J Clin
Orthod. 2005;39(3):155-167.
65. Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis:
changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
2009;136(3):310-320.
66. Stallard H. Survival of the periodontium during and after
orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1964;50:584-592.
68. Chiche G, Pinault A. Artistic and scientific principles
applied to esthetic dentistry. Chiche G, In: Pinault A,
esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics. Chicago:
Quintessence, 1994.
69. Dong JK, Jin T, Cho H, Oh S. The esthetics of the smile:
a review of some recent studies. Int J Prosthodont.
1999;12(1):9-19.
70. Mackley RJ. An evaluation of smiles before and after
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73. Rigsbee OH, Sperry T, BeGole E. The influence of facial
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position. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1992;101(6):519-
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76. Schabel BJ, Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara J. Clinical
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79. Frush J, Fisher R. The dynesthetic interpretation of the
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81. Lee R. Esthetics and relationship to function. In:
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82. Zange SE, Ramos A, Cuogh O, Mendonça M, Suguino R.
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buccal corridor in long- and short-face individuals. Angle
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83. Roden-Johnson D, Gallerano R, English J. The effects of
buccal corridor spaces and arch form on smile esthetics.
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84. Martin AJ, Buschang P, Boley J, Taylor R, McKinney T.
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85. Schabel BJ, McNamara J, Franchi L, Baccetti T. Q-sort
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86. Dunn WJ, Murchison D, Broome J. Esthetics: Patients’
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A, Rosenstiel S, et al. Smile esthetics from patients’
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113. Smit A, Dermaut L. Soft-tissue profile preference.
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114. Howels D, Shaw W. The validity and reliability
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epidemiologic use. Am J Orthod. 1885;88(5):402-
408.
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The concept of beauty is an essential physical behavior for individuals because it affects the perceived attractiveness of individuals and plays an influential role in social communication. It is known that people focus on the teeth in the lower facial triad first and for a more extended period on a smiling person’s face. Knowing the elements required to ensure harmony and balance between the dentolabial components is
necessary for smile esthetics. In addition, in the perception of esthetics, it is essential to understand the behaviors of observers and the elements that create the esthetic appearance. In this way, it is possible to create esthetically pleasing restorations for patients and to use them with pleasure.
12. Pithon MM, Nascimento CC, Barbosa G, Coqueiro R. Do
dental esthetics have any influence on finding a job? Am J
Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2014;146(4):423-429.
13. LaFrance M, Hecht M, Paluck E. The contingent smile: a
meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling. Psychol Bull.
2003;129(2):305-334.
15. Ekman P, Davidson R, Friesen W. The duchenne smile:
emotional expression and brain physiology. II. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;58(2):342-353.
16. Ekman P. The argument and evidence about universals
in facial expressions of emotion. Handbook of Social
Psychophysiology. London: H. Wagner & A. Manstead,
1989.
17. Sarver DM. The importance of incisor positioning in
the esthetic smile: The smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofac
Orthop. 2001;120:98-111.
18. Hulsey CM. An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships
present in the smile. Am J Orthod. 1970;57(2):132-144.
19. Rigsbee OH, Sperry T, BeGole E. The influence of facial
animation in smile characteristics. Int J Adult Orthodon
Orthognath Surg. 1988;3:233-239.
20. Hess U, Kappas A, Mchugo G, Robert Kleck R. An analysis
of the encoding and decoding of spontaneous and posed
smiles: The use of facial electromyography. J Nonverbal
Behav. 1989;13(2):121-137.
21. Rubin LR. The anatomy of a smile: its importance in
the treatment of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg.
1974;53(4):384-387.
22. Philips E. The classification of smile patterns. J Can Dent
Assoc. 1999;65:252-254.
23. Ackerman MB, Ackerman J. Smile analysis and design in
the digital era. J Clin Orthod. 2002;36:221-236.
25. Ackerman MB, Brensinger C, Landis J. An evaluation of
dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile
in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(1):43-50.
26. Cosendey VL, Drummond S, Júnior J. Capture, analysis
and measurement of images of speech and smile dynamics.
Dental Press J Orthod. 2012;17(5):151-156.
27. Zhang,YL, Le D, Hu WJ, Zhang H, Liang LZ, Chung KH,
Cao ZQ. Assessment of dynamic smile and gingival contour
in young Chinese people. Int Dent J. 2015;65(4):182-187.
28. Kokich VO, Kıyak HA, Shapiro PA. Comparing the
perception of dentists and lay people to altered dental
esthetics. J Esthet Dent. 1999;11:311-324.
29. Moore T, Southard K, Casko J, Qian F, Southard T. Buccal
corridors and smile esthetics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 2005;127(2):208-213.
30. Kokich VO, Kokich V, Kiyak H. Perceptions of dental
professionals and laypersons to altered dental esthetics:
asymmetric and symmetric situations. Am J Orthod
Dentofac Orthop. 2006;130(2):141-151.
31. Parekh SM, Fields H, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Attractiveness
of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space
as judged by orthodontists and laymen. Angle Orthod.
2006;76(4):557-563.
32. Janson G, Branco N, Fernandes T, Sathler R, Garib D, Lauris
J. Influence of orthodontic treatment, midline position,
buccal corridor and smile arc on smile attractiveness. Angle
Orthod. 2011;81:153-161.
33. Türkkahraman H, Gökalp, H. Facial profile preferences
among various layers of Turkish population. Angle Orthod.
2004;74(5):640-647.
34. Sharma N, Rosenstiel S, Fields H, Beck F. Layperson’s
esthetics and smile characterization between caucasian and
Indian populations. J Dent Res. 2010;89:3626.
35. Dindaroğlu F, Karabıyıkoğlu Özmutlu M, Işıksal E. The
effect of educational status on the perception of social and
spontaneous smiles. Turk J Orthod. 2016;29(1):10-15.
36. Flores-Mir C, Silva E, Barriga M, Lagravere M, Major P.
Lay person’s perception of smile aesthetics in dental and
facial views. Journal of Orthodontics. 2004;31:204-209.
37. Pinho S, Ciriaco C, Faber J, Lenza M. Impact of dental
asymmetries on the perception of smile esthetics. Am J
Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;132(6):748-753.
38. McNamara L, McNamara J, Ackerman M, Baccetti T. Hard
and soft tissue contributions to the esthetics of the posed
smile in growing patients seeking orthodontic treatment.
Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2008;133(4):491-499.
39. Ker AJ, Chan R, Fields H, Beck M, Rosenstiel S. Esthetics
and smile characteristics from the layperson’s perspective:
a computer-based survey study. J Am Dent Assoc.
2008;139(10):1318-1327.
40. Yang S, Guo Y, Yang X, Zhang F, Wang J, Qiu J, Li J. Effect
of mesiodistal angulation of the maxillary central incisors
on esthetic perceptions of the smile in the frontal view. Am
J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2015;148(3):396-404.
41. Springer NC, Chang C, Fields H, Beck F, Firestone A,
Rosenstiel S, Christensen J. Smile esthetics from the
layperson’s perspective. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
2011;139(1):91-101.
42. Garber DA, Salama M. The aesthetic smile: diagnosis and
treatment. Periodontol 2000. 1996;11:18-28.
44. Morley J, Eubank J. Macroesthetic elements of smile
design. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(1):39-45.
45. McLaren EA, Garber D, Figueira J. The photoshop smile
design technique (part 1): digital dental photography.
Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34(10):772-776.
46. Fradeani M. Esthetic rehabilitation in fixed prosthodontics.
Quintessence Publishing Company, 2008.
47. Rufenacht C. Fundamentals of esthetics. Chicago:
Quintessence, 1990.
48. Powell N, Humphreys B. Proportions of the aesthetic face.
New York: Thime-Stratton, 1984.
49. Moskowitz M, Nayyar A. Determinants of dental esthetics:
A rationale for smile analysis and treatment. Compent
Contin Educ Dent. 1995;16:1164-1186.
50. Golup J. Entire smile pivotal to teeth design. Clin Dent.
1988;33(1):15-18.
51. Jacobson A. Radiographic Cephalometry from basic to
videoimaging. Chicago: Quintessence, 1995.
52. Proffit W. Diagnosis and treatment planning. In: W. Proffit,
contemporary orthodontics. St. Louis: Mosby, 1986.
53. Burstone C. The integumental profile. Am J Orthod.
1958;44:1-25.
54. Brunton P, McCord J. An analysis of nasolabial angles and
their relevance to tooth position in the edentulous patient.
Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 1993;2:53-56.
55. Viazis AA. Cephalometric analysis based on natural head
position. J Clin Orthod. 1991;25:172-181.
56. Paul S. Smile analysis and face-bow transfer: Enhancing
aesthetic restorative treatment. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent.
2001;13:217-222.
57. Levine J, Finkel S. Esthetic Diagnosis: A three-step
analysis. In: J. Levine, smile design integrating esthetics
and function: Essentials in esthetic dentistry. New York:
Brian J. Miller, 2016.
58. Vig R, Brundo G. The kinetics of anterior tooth display. J
Prosthet Dent. 1978;39:502-504.
59. Arnett G, Bergman R. Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis
and treatment planning. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
1993;103:299-312.
60. Choi T, Jin T, Dong J. A study on the exposure of maxillary
and mandibular central incisor in smiling and physiologic
rest position. J Wonkwang Dent Res Instit. 1995;5:371-379.
61. Basting RT, Trindade R, Flório F. Comparative study of
smile analysis by subjective and computerized methods.
Oper Dent. 2006;31(6):652-659.
62. Sharma PK, Sharma P. Dental Smile Esthetics: The
assessment and creation of the ideal smile. Semin Orthod.
2012;18(3):193–201.
63. Tjan AH, Miller G, The J. Some esthetic factors in a smile.
J Prosthet Dent. 1984;51(1):24-28.
64. Roy S. The eight components of a balanced smile. J Clin
Orthod. 2005;39(3):155-167.
65. Desai S, Upadhyay M, Nanda R. Dynamic smile analysis:
changes with age. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.
2009;136(3):310-320.
66. Stallard H. Survival of the periodontium during and after
orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1964;50:584-592.
68. Chiche G, Pinault A. Artistic and scientific principles
applied to esthetic dentistry. Chiche G, In: Pinault A,
esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics. Chicago:
Quintessence, 1994.
69. Dong JK, Jin T, Cho H, Oh S. The esthetics of the smile:
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