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GÖKTÜRK PRENSESİ VE ÇİN İMPARATORİÇESİ ASENA’NIN (AŞİNA/ASHİNA) KAYIP ALTINLARI

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 33, 57 - 89, 18.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.772290

Öz

Öz: Göktürk Prensesi ve Çin İmparatoriçesi Asena (Aşina, A-shih-na阿史那皇后) (551-582), Orta Asya Türk siyasi tarihindeki ikinci büyük Türk devleti ve Türk adıyla ortaya çıkan ilk devlet olan Göktürk Devleti’ni kuran Bumin Kağan’ın torunudur. Aynı zamanda Göktürk Devleti’nin üçüncü hakanı olmakla birlikte Orta Asya’daki Türk boylarının büyük çoğunluğunu egemenliği altında toplayan ve o tarihe kadar bu bölgeye hükmeden Avar Kağanlığını (Rouran柔然) yıkarak ortadan kaldıran, Kitanlar ve Kırgızları egemenliği altına alarak Çin’e Göktürk üstünlüğünü kabul ettirirken Göktürk Devleti’ni de devrinin en güçlü devletlerinden biri hâline getiren Mukan Kağan’ın üçüncü kızıdır. Prenses Asena, aynı zamanda Göktürk Devleti’nin kuruluşundan kısa bir süre sonra Çin’in kuzeyinde ortaya çıkan Kuzey Cou (Bei Zhou北周) Tabgaç Hanedanlığı (Tuo-ba/ Tou-pa/Toba/Tuba/Tuva/Tıva/ 托跋 /拓跋, MS 557-581) İmparatoru Yüven Yong’un (Yuwen Yong宇文邕, 543-578) da İmparatoriçe eşidir (北周武帝宇文邕). Prenses Asena, Çin kaynaklarında Kuzey Cou Hükümdarı Yüven Yong’un İmparatoriçe eşi (宇文邕的皇后), Cou İmparatoriçesi (周武德皇后), Vudı (Wude) İmparatoriçesi (武德皇后), Tianyuan Ana İmparatoriçe (天元皇太后) gibi unvan ve sıfatlarla anılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Çin kaynakları ışığında Göktürk Prensesi Asena’nın 1993/4 yılında Şiao aile mezarlığında (Xiaoling 孝陵) bulunan ve daha sonra mezar hırsızları ve antika kaçakçıları tarafından çalınan kayıp altın objeleri ele alınmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Göktürk Prensesi Asena, Çin İmparatoriçesi Asena, Tabgaçlar, Kuzey Cou Hanedanlığı, Göktürk dönemi metal teknolojisi, Göktürk dönemi antik yaldız teknolojisi.

Kaynakça

  • Cheng Qian成倩, Zhang Jianlin张建林 (2016). 北周武帝孝陵出土玻璃珠的科学分析与研究,《考古与文物) , 2016年08月19, 年08月19日 10: 18 来源: http://www.cssn.cn/kgx/kjkg/201608/t20160819_3168701.shtml. Erişim tarihi 12. 11. 20017.
  • Dupras, T. L., Schultz, J. J., Wheeler, S. M., & Williams, L. J. (2006). Forensic, Recovery of Humans Remains. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Emma C. Bunker, (1993). "Gold in the Ancient Chinese World: A Cultural Puzzle," Artibus Asiae 53, no. 1/2 (1993). http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DBCFUK310517SHE4.html,
  • Li Wei李凭, (2018). 北朝论稿 , 北京师范大学出版社, 中华学人丛书, 北京. Mays, S. (1998). The nature of an archeological human bone assemblage. In The Archaeology of Human Bones (pp. 11-32). London: Routledge.
  • Linhu Defen 令狐德棻, (1971/1988) Zhou Shu 周書 (Zhou Hanedanı Kayıtları), Zhonghua Shuju中華書局, Pekin.
  • Li Baiyao李百藥, (1972), 北齊書, 艺术中国网. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=sV9ceZuqq50C&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Erişim Tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2020.
  • Shen Weilong申威隆, (2017), 被发掘的帝陵:北周武帝宇文邕孝陵, 文化, 2017-06-26, https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/lpy35rz.html
  • Sunwu jun孙武军, (2012), 北朝隋唐入华粟特人墓葬图像的文化与审美研究, 西北大学博士学位论文, 指导老师:葛承雍教授张弘(普慧)教授, 西北大学学位评定委员会, http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10697-1012442257.htm.
  • Ünlütürk, Özge, (2015). “Olay Yerine Adli Arkeolojik Yaklaşım ve Gömü Tipinin Önemi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Antropoloji (Paleoantropoloji - Fizik Antropoloji - Sosyal Antropoloji) Sayı 30, Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığı, Kemik ve Diş İncelemeleri Şubesi, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/71/2037/21172.pdf. ss:61-74, Ankara.
  • Wang he 王贺, (2012). 北周武帝孝陵出土金属器的科学分析与制作技术研究, 北京科技大学, 指导教师姓名:梅建军、潘路、杨军昌, 北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院, 北京,中国. Master Degree Candidate:He Wang Supervisor:Jianjun Mei, Lu Pan, Junchang Yang School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing 30 Xueyuan Road,Haidian District Beijing 100083,P. R. CHINA.
  • Wang He王 贺, Mei Jianjun 梅建军, Pan Lu 潘 路, Yang Junchang 杨军昌 ve Zhang Jianlin张建林, (2013) 北周武帝孝陵出土部分金器和鎏金铜器的初步科学分析 A Preliminary Scientific Study of Gold Ornaments and Gilded Copper Objects Excavated from Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, Journal Of Natıonal Museum Of Chına中国国家博物馆馆刊, 二○一三年第二期︵总第 115 期. Pp.129-137.
  • Wang he 王贺, (2015). 北周武帝孝陵铜锡焊料的科学发现与研究, 文物杂志, 2015年04期.
  • Wang He王贺, Mei Jianjun梅建军, Pan Lu 潘路, Yang Junchang 杨军昌, Zhang Jianlin 张建林, (2013). 北周武帝孝陵出土部分金器和鎏金铜器的初步科学分析 (A Preliminary Scientific Study of Gold Ornaments and Gilded Copper Objects Excavated from Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu), 中国国家博物馆馆刊 Journal of National Museum of China, 2013年02期. Pp.129-137. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2020.
  • Wang he王贺, Mei jian jun梅建军, Pan lu潘路; Yangjünchang 杨军昌, Zhangjianlin张建林, (2015). 北周武帝孝陵铜锡焊料的科学发现与研究,《文物》2015年第4期 | 王贺(北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所), 梅建军(北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所)潘路(中国国家博物馆), 杨军昌(陕西省考古研究院), 张建林(陕西省考古研究院), 北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所中国国家博物馆陕西省考古研究院. http://www.cqvip.com/qk/97337x/2015004/664393442.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2018.
  • Zhang Jianlin张建林, Sun Tieshan孙铁山, Liu Dunyun刘呆运, Şenşi Eyaleti Arkeoloji Enstitüsü 陕西省考古研究所等, (1997). 北周武帝孝陵发掘简报, 考古与文物1997 年第2 期.
  • Zhang Wenling 張文玲. (2000). “Gudai caoyuan shijie de guizu fushi 古代草原世界的貴族服飾 (Clothing of the Elite in the Steppic World during Ancient Time)." Gugong wenwu yuekan 故宮文物月刊 213 (December, 2000), pp. 4-11. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2020. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf
  • Zhu Zhenhong朱振宏, (2015). 北周武德皇后墓志考释研究, 《唐史论丛第二十辑》 - 杜文玉主编2015:294-303.中国国家博物馆馆刊 , Journal of National Museum of China, 编辑部邮箱, 2013年02期
  • 1. “千年帝陵谜团被盗墓贼揭开:古印160万不卖,经鉴定为一级文物”, 2018-02-24 https://www.sohu.com/a/220063072_268167
  • 2. “北周武帝宇文邕的皇后”, http://www.lishiquwen.com/renwu/wudehuanghou/: Erişim tarihi: 25. 2. 2017.
  • 3. 武德皇后, 百度百科https://baike.baidu.com/item/武德皇后, Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2017.
  • 4. 帝王陵文化研究会, 皇家瑰宝|北周天元皇太后玺, 2016-07-15 06:57:13, https://www.toutiao.com/i6307318529846673922/?tt_from=android_share&iid=4840140855&app=news_article&utm_medium=toutiao_android&utm_campaign=client_share. Erişim tarihi: 11.10.2017. http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0716/01/32335138_575843370.shtml 11.10.2017.
  • 5. 每日頭條- https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/lpy35rz.html
  • 6. Chinese History Digest http://www.chinesehistorydigest.com/suidynasty.html

The Lost Golden Artifacts of Princess Asena Empress of China and the Gokturks

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 33, 57 - 89, 18.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.772290

Öz

Abstract: Asena, (according to chinese sources also known as Asina, Ašina, A-shih-na (阿史那皇后), 551-582) the Gokturk’s Princess and Empress of China was the granddaughter of Bumin Qaghan who established the second great Gokturk state in the Turkic political history of Central Asia. He was the founder of the first Gokturk Khaganate that used the name Türk. She is also the third daughter of Muqan Qaghan, the third Khan of the Gokturk Khaganate who eradicated the Avar Khaganate ( Rouran柔然) that had the majority of the Turkic tribes in Central Asia under its domain and until then ruled the region; subjugated the Kitans and Kyrgyz people and as a result made China recognise the superiority of the Gokturks. The Gokturk Princess Asena was the Empress of the Emperor Yuwen Yong (also known as Emperor Wu (Yu Wenyong) of Northern Zhou (Dynasty) (北周武帝宇文邕) from the Tuoba Clan of the Northern Zhou (北周) (557-581) who established himself at the northern side of China soon after the Gokturk Khaganate was founded. In the Chinese sources, she was referred to with titles and names such as the Empress of Yuwen Yong (宇文邕的皇后), Empress Wude (武德皇后) and Empress Dowager Tianyuan (天元皇太后). This study examines the lost golden objects of the Gokturk Princess Asena discovered in 1993/4 at the Xiao Ancestral Cemetery and later stolen by tomb raiders and antique smugglers in the light of the Chinese sources.
Keywords: Göktürk Princess Asena, Chinese Empress Asena, Tabgach, Northern Zhou Dynasty, Turkish ancient metal technology, Turkish ancient gilding technology.

Kaynakça

  • Cheng Qian成倩, Zhang Jianlin张建林 (2016). 北周武帝孝陵出土玻璃珠的科学分析与研究,《考古与文物) , 2016年08月19, 年08月19日 10: 18 来源: http://www.cssn.cn/kgx/kjkg/201608/t20160819_3168701.shtml. Erişim tarihi 12. 11. 20017.
  • Dupras, T. L., Schultz, J. J., Wheeler, S. M., & Williams, L. J. (2006). Forensic, Recovery of Humans Remains. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Emma C. Bunker, (1993). "Gold in the Ancient Chinese World: A Cultural Puzzle," Artibus Asiae 53, no. 1/2 (1993). http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf https://3g.163.com/dy/article/DBCFUK310517SHE4.html,
  • Li Wei李凭, (2018). 北朝论稿 , 北京师范大学出版社, 中华学人丛书, 北京. Mays, S. (1998). The nature of an archeological human bone assemblage. In The Archaeology of Human Bones (pp. 11-32). London: Routledge.
  • Linhu Defen 令狐德棻, (1971/1988) Zhou Shu 周書 (Zhou Hanedanı Kayıtları), Zhonghua Shuju中華書局, Pekin.
  • Li Baiyao李百藥, (1972), 北齊書, 艺术中国网. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=sV9ceZuqq50C&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Erişim Tarihi: 4 Temmuz 2020.
  • Shen Weilong申威隆, (2017), 被发掘的帝陵:北周武帝宇文邕孝陵, 文化, 2017-06-26, https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/lpy35rz.html
  • Sunwu jun孙武军, (2012), 北朝隋唐入华粟特人墓葬图像的文化与审美研究, 西北大学博士学位论文, 指导老师:葛承雍教授张弘(普慧)教授, 西北大学学位评定委员会, http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10697-1012442257.htm.
  • Ünlütürk, Özge, (2015). “Olay Yerine Adli Arkeolojik Yaklaşım ve Gömü Tipinin Önemi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Antropoloji (Paleoantropoloji - Fizik Antropoloji - Sosyal Antropoloji) Sayı 30, Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığı, Kemik ve Diş İncelemeleri Şubesi, http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/71/2037/21172.pdf. ss:61-74, Ankara.
  • Wang he 王贺, (2012). 北周武帝孝陵出土金属器的科学分析与制作技术研究, 北京科技大学, 指导教师姓名:梅建军、潘路、杨军昌, 北京科技大学冶金与生态工程学院, 北京,中国. Master Degree Candidate:He Wang Supervisor:Jianjun Mei, Lu Pan, Junchang Yang School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing 30 Xueyuan Road,Haidian District Beijing 100083,P. R. CHINA.
  • Wang He王 贺, Mei Jianjun 梅建军, Pan Lu 潘 路, Yang Junchang 杨军昌 ve Zhang Jianlin张建林, (2013) 北周武帝孝陵出土部分金器和鎏金铜器的初步科学分析 A Preliminary Scientific Study of Gold Ornaments and Gilded Copper Objects Excavated from Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu, Journal Of Natıonal Museum Of Chına中国国家博物馆馆刊, 二○一三年第二期︵总第 115 期. Pp.129-137.
  • Wang he 王贺, (2015). 北周武帝孝陵铜锡焊料的科学发现与研究, 文物杂志, 2015年04期.
  • Wang He王贺, Mei Jianjun梅建军, Pan Lu 潘路, Yang Junchang 杨军昌, Zhang Jianlin 张建林, (2013). 北周武帝孝陵出土部分金器和鎏金铜器的初步科学分析 (A Preliminary Scientific Study of Gold Ornaments and Gilded Copper Objects Excavated from Xiao Mausoleum of Emperor Wu), 中国国家博物馆馆刊 Journal of National Museum of China, 2013年02期. Pp.129-137. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2020.
  • Wang he王贺, Mei jian jun梅建军, Pan lu潘路; Yangjünchang 杨军昌, Zhangjianlin张建林, (2015). 北周武帝孝陵铜锡焊料的科学发现与研究,《文物》2015年第4期 | 王贺(北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所), 梅建军(北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所)潘路(中国国家博物馆), 杨军昌(陕西省考古研究院), 张建林(陕西省考古研究院), 北京科技大学冶金与材料史研究所中国国家博物馆陕西省考古研究院. http://www.cqvip.com/qk/97337x/2015004/664393442.html. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2018.
  • Zhang Jianlin张建林, Sun Tieshan孙铁山, Liu Dunyun刘呆运, Şenşi Eyaleti Arkeoloji Enstitüsü 陕西省考古研究所等, (1997). 北周武帝孝陵发掘简报, 考古与文物1997 年第2 期.
  • Zhang Wenling 張文玲. (2000). “Gudai caoyuan shijie de guizu fushi 古代草原世界的貴族服飾 (Clothing of the Elite in the Steppic World during Ancient Time)." Gugong wenwu yuekan 故宮文物月刊 213 (December, 2000), pp. 4-11. Erişim tarihi: 12.1.2020. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7381/1/WUJuiman_etdPitt2010.pdf
  • Zhu Zhenhong朱振宏, (2015). 北周武德皇后墓志考释研究, 《唐史论丛第二十辑》 - 杜文玉主编2015:294-303.中国国家博物馆馆刊 , Journal of National Museum of China, 编辑部邮箱, 2013年02期
  • 1. “千年帝陵谜团被盗墓贼揭开:古印160万不卖,经鉴定为一级文物”, 2018-02-24 https://www.sohu.com/a/220063072_268167
  • 2. “北周武帝宇文邕的皇后”, http://www.lishiquwen.com/renwu/wudehuanghou/: Erişim tarihi: 25. 2. 2017.
  • 3. 武德皇后, 百度百科https://baike.baidu.com/item/武德皇后, Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2017.
  • 4. 帝王陵文化研究会, 皇家瑰宝|北周天元皇太后玺, 2016-07-15 06:57:13, https://www.toutiao.com/i6307318529846673922/?tt_from=android_share&iid=4840140855&app=news_article&utm_medium=toutiao_android&utm_campaign=client_share. Erişim tarihi: 11.10.2017. http://www.360doc.com/content/16/0716/01/32335138_575843370.shtml 11.10.2017.
  • 5. 每日頭條- https://kknews.cc/zh-my/culture/lpy35rz.html
  • 6. Chinese History Digest http://www.chinesehistorydigest.com/suidynasty.html
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nuraniye Hidayet Ekrem 0000-0002-7838-2438

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Kasım 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Ekrem, N. H. (2020). GÖKTÜRK PRENSESİ VE ÇİN İMPARATORİÇESİ ASENA’NIN (AŞİNA/ASHİNA) KAYIP ALTINLARI. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD)(33), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.772290

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