Araçsallaştırmadan İttifaka: Suriye-Hizbullah İlişkilerinde Stratejik Bağımlılığın İnşası (1985-2023)

Öz

Bu çalışma, Suriye ile Hizbullah arasındaki evrilen ilişkileri Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık nazarından ele almaktadır. Hizbullah, kuruluşundan itibaren İsrail ile mücadelesinde İran ve Suriye ile kuvvetli irtibatlarını muhafaza etmiştir. Hafız Esad döneminde Suriye, Hizbullah’ın hamisi olup örgütü kendi stratejik menfaatlerini ilerletmek için bir vasıta olarak kullanmıştır. Ancak Beşar Esad’ın iktidara gelişi, İsrail’in Lübnan’dan çekilmesi ve Refik Hariri suikastı, bu ilişkiyi daha dengeli bir karşılıklı bağımlılık hâline eviren mühim kırılma noktaları olmuştur. 2006 Lübnan Savaşı ve Suriye İç Savaşı, bu dinamiği daha da dönüştürmüş; Hizbullah, Suriye’nin en önemli askerî müttefiklerinden biri hâline gelirken, aynı zamanda daha fazla özerklik kazanmıştır. Her iki aktör arasındaki güç dengesizliğine rağmen, taraflar bu süreçte artık birbirlerine stratejik olarak bağımlı hale gelmişlerdir. Bu çalışma, Ortadoğu’daki devlet ve devlet-dışı aktör ilişkilerini anlamaya yönelik bir çerçeve sunarak, bölgesel buhranlar karşısında Suriye-Hizbullah ittifakının nasıl esneklik gösterdiğini ve ortak hedefler sayesinde bu iş birliğinin nasıl sürdürüldüğünü ele almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hizbullah
• Suriye
• İran
• Asimetrik Karşılıklı Bağımlılık
• Suriye İç Savaşı

From Instrumentalization to Alliance: The Construction of Strategic Dependence in Syria-Hezbollah Relations (1985-2023)

Öz

This study examines the evolving relationship between Syria and Hezbollah through the lens of Asymmetrical Interdependence. Since its inception, Hezbollah has maintained strong ties with both Iran and Syria, particularly in its conflict with Israel. Under Hafez Assad, Syria was Hezbollah’s dominant patron, using it to advance its strategic interests. However, with Bashar Assad’s rise, Israel’s withdrawal from Lebanon, and Rafiq Hariri’s assassination, the relationship shifted toward a more balanced interdependence. The 2006 Lebanon War and the Syrian Civil War further altered this dynamic, with Hezbollah becoming a vital military ally to Syria while gaining greater autonomy. Despite inherent power asymmetries, both actors now rely on each other strategically. This study highlights the adaptability of their alliance amid regional turmoil, offering a framework for understanding state-non-state actor relationships in the Middle East and how shared political goals sustain such partnerships.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hezbollah
• Syria
• Iran
• Asymmetrical Interdependence
• Syrian Civil War

Kaynakça

1. Ahram, A. (2011). Proxy Warriors: The Rise and Fall of State-Sponsored Militias. Stanford University Press
2. Alagha, J. (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah’s Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology, and Political Program. Amsterdam University Press.
3. Al-Aloosy, M. (2020). The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan.
4. Azani, E. (2009). Hezbollah, The Story of the Party of God: From Revolution to Institutionalization. Palgrave Macmillan.
5. Azizi, H. (2023). Syria’s Militias: Continuity and Change After Regime Survival. Institute for International Political Studies. Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/mtdhhsk3.
6. Blanford, N. (2017). Hezbollah’s Evolution: From Lebanese Militia to Regional Player. Middle East Institute.
7. Byman, D. (2005). Deadly Connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism. Cambridge University Press.
8. Daher, J. (2016). Hezbollah: The Political Economy of Lebanon’s Party of God, Pluto Press.

9. Daher, J. (2023). “The Growth of Hezbollah: The Nexus of Iran’s Influence”, Institute for International Political Studies. Erişim tarihi: 9 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/25kwtzxs.
10. Dionigi, F. (2014). Hezbollah, Islamist Politics and International Society. Palgrave Macmillan.
11. Ehteshami, A. & Hinnebusch, R. A. (1997). Syria and Iran Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System. Routledge.
12. El-Hokayem, E. (2007). Hizballah and Syria: Outgrowing the proxy relationship. The Washington Quarterly, 30(2), 35-52.
13. Esposito, J. (1999). The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford University Press.
14. Ezzi, M. (2020). Lebanese Hezbollah’s Experience in Syria, Wartime and Post Conflict in Syria (WPCS), Research Project Report.
15. Goodarzi, J. M. (2013). Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a changing regional environment, Orta Doğu Etütleri, 4(2), 31-54.
16. Hage Ali, M. (2019). Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
17. Hinnebusch, R. (2002). Syria: Revolution From Above. Routledge.
18. Kanaaneh, A. T. (2021). Understanding Hezbollah: The Hegemony of Resistance. Syracuse University Press.
19. Kasım, N. (2007). Hizbullah: Bir Hareketin Anlatılmamış Öyküsü. Karma Kitaplar.
20. Keohane, R. O. & Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and Interdependence. Longman.
21. Khatib, L. (2014a). Hezbollah’s political strategy. In L. Khatib, D. Matar & A. Alshaer (Eds.), The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication (ss. 13-38). Hurst & Company.
22. Khatib, L. (2014b). Hizbullah in the Twenty-First Century: The Struggle for Political Survival, 2000-12. In L. Khatib, D. Matar & A. Alshaer (Eds.), The Hizbullah Phenomenon: Politics and Communication (ss. 71-118). Hurst & Company.
23. Levitt, M. (2011). Hezbollah’s Regional Activities in Support of Iran’s Proxy Networks. Erişim tarihi: 20 Mart 2025, https://tinyurl.com/4u7nt225
24. Nasrallah, H. (2011a). On the Egyptian Revolution and the American Strategy. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2025, https://mronline.org/2011/02/11/on-the-egyptian-revolution-and-the-american-strategy/
25. Nasrallah, H. (2011b). Full Speech by Sayyed Hasan Nasrallah on Revolution in Egypt - 07 Feb 2011. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/yjp9wnkx
26. Nasrallah, H. (2011c). Hizbullah SG Full Speech. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/mpptp5k8
27. Nasrallah, H. (2014). Sayyed Nasrallah’s Full Speech at Launch of Jabal Amel Forum on March 29, 2014. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/rm4du9
28. Nassief, I. (2013). Hezbollah and the Fight for Control in Qalamoun. Institute for the Study of War. Erişim tarihi: 1 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/5bv7t5t9
29. Norton, A. R. (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton University Press.
30. Perthes, V. (2004). Syria under Bashar al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change. Routledge.
31. Pollak, N. (2016). The transformation of Hezbollah by its involvement in Syria. Research Notes, 35, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
32. Rabinovich, I. (1985). The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985. Cornell University Press.
33. Reilly, J. (2018). Fragile Nation Shattered Land: The Modern History of Syria. I.B. Tauris.
34. Samii, A. W. (2008). A stable structure on shifting sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria relationship. Middle East Journal, 62(1), 32-53.
35. Seale, P. (1988). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press.
36. Staniland, P. (2015). Militias, Ideology, and the State. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59(5), 770-793
37. Sullivan, M. (2014). Hezbollah in Syria. Institute for the Study of War.
38. Tınas, M. (2016). Sectarian Groups as Sub-State Foreign Policy Actors? The Case Study of Lebanon. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
39. Traboulsi, F. (2007). A History of Modern Lebanon. Pluto Press.
40. Valensi, C. (2021). Alliances with Violent Non-State Actors in Middle East Conflicts: Between Theory and Practice. IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook, Erişim tarihi: 4 Şubat 2025, https://tinyurl.com/xyts73vf
41. Wahab, H. (2022). Hezbollah: A Regional Armed Non-State Actor. Routledge.
42. Walt, S. (1987). The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press.
43. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
44. Zisser, E. (2007). Commanding Syria: Bashar al-Asad and the First Years in Power. I. B. Tauris.