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KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2, 144 - 164, 29.06.2025

Öz

Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED), karayolu projelerinde kullanılacak teknoloji ve projenin uygulanacağı mekânsal alan açısından alternatifleri değerlendiren ve proje döngüsü sürecinde ortaya çıkabilecek negatif çevresel etkileri analiz eden bir planlama aracı olması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Karayolu projelerinin çevresel etki değerlendirmesi çok sayıda verinin incelenmesini gerektirdiğinden oldukça karmaşık ve güç bir çalışmadır. Bu nedenle gerek karayolu güzergahı ile ilgili alternatiflerin geliştirilmesi gerekse bu alternatiflerin çevresel etki değerlendirmesi çalışmaları sırasında çok sayıda parametrenin bir arada değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlayan uygun mekânsal analiz yöntemleri ile Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS)’den yararlanmak kaçınılmazdır. Bu çalışmada, karayolu projelerinin CBS tabanlı ÇED gerçekleştirilmesi sürecinde kullanılması önerilen ‘Mekânsal analiz yöntemleri’, ‘Çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri’ (ÇKKV), CBS ile ‘Akıllı ulaşım sistemleri’ ilişkisi literatür taramaları ile desteklenerek açıklanmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, CBS, karayollarının planlanmasında, tasarımında, yapım yönetiminde, yol güvenlik analizlerinde, trafik yoğunluğunu azaltmak ve trafik akışını düzenlemek amacıyla akıllı ulaşım sistemlerinin kurgulanmasında ve etkili bir şekilde yönetilmesinde, optimum güzergâh planlamasında etkin biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Altyapı projelerine yönelik ÇED süreci gerçekleştirilirken özellikle hava, gürültü, su ve sosyoekonomik etkilerinin mekânsal analizine yönelik çalışmaların yapılmasında CBS bileşenlerinin kullanımı ve ÇKKV metodlarının kullanımını da içeren kapsamlı bir çalışmanın incelenmesi ve sürecin aktarılması bakımından konunun önemine dikkat çekilmesi ve analizlerin genel hatlarıyla özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Çalışmanın tüm süreçlerinin araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygun olduğunu, etik kurallara ve bilimsel atıf gösterme ilkelerine uyduğumu beyan ederim.

Destekleyen Kurum

T.C. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı

Teşekkür

Katkılarından dolayı Prof.dr. Ilgın Gökaşar'a teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Abewickrema AWn, Amanthika rWM, Abeysinghe ALTM, Tennakoon AH, Caldera HMM, Safnas M, Miguntanna nP. (2013). Assessment of water quality impacts of highway and road construction projects. SAITM research Symposium on Engineering Advancements – ; 2013 ; Available from: www.saitm.edu.lk/fac-ofeng/RSEA/SAITM_RSEA.
  • Akkerman, S. (2016). Alt Yüklenicilerin İnşaat Projelerinde En Uygun Şekilde Atanmasına Yönelik Bir Karar Destek Sistemi, ODTÜ , Y. Lisans Tezi.
  • Albalawneh, D.A., Mohamed, M.A. (2022) Evaluation of Using Genetic Algorithm and ArcGIS for Determining the Optimal-Time Path in the Optimization of Vehicle Routing Applications, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7769951
  • Al-Qershi, A. (2019). Aliağa Bölgesinde Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Gürültü Kirliliğinin Haritalandırılması, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Y. Lisans Tezi.
  • Ayati, E., Neghab, M.P., Sadeghi, A., Moghaddam, A.M. (2019). Introducing roadside hazard severity indicator based on evidential reasoning approach, Safety Science, Volume 50, Issue 7, August 2012, Pages 1618-1626 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.03.023
  • Aydınoğlu, A.Ç., Altürk, G. (2021). Heyelan Duyarlılık Haritalarının İstatistik ve Makine Öğrenmesi Teknikleri Kullanılarak Üretilmesi: Taşlıdere Havzası Örneği (Rize). Coğrafya Dergisi, DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-814561.
  • Bachiller Ar, Wood G. (2001). Geographic information systems (GIS) and EIA. In: Morris P, Therivel r, editors. Methods of environmental impact assessment. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis; p. 381–401.
  • Banyal, S., Aggarwal, RK., Bhardwaj, SK. (2019). A review on methodologies adopted during environmental impact assessment of development projects, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2019.v8.i4aj.9273
  • Banerjee, P., Ghose M.K. (2016). Spatial analysis of environmental impacts of highway projects with special emphasis on mountainous area: an overview ; Impact assessment and project appraisal, Vol. 34, no. 4, 279–293 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1176403
  • Bayram, M. (2022). Türkiye’deki Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED) Süreçlerinin Karar Alma Süreçlerine Etkisinin Atık Yönetim Projeleri Özelinde Araştırılması, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Y.Lisans Tezi.
  • Brown S. (2003). Spatial analysis of socioeconomic issues: gender and GIS in Nepal. Mountain research and Development. 23:338–344.
  • Chang KT. (2008). Introduction to geographic information systems. 4th ed. new Delhi: McGraw Hill Education. ISBn: 987-0-07-065898-1.
  • Chen Y, Viadero rC jr, Wei X, Fortney r, Hedrick LB, Welsh SA, Anderson jT, Lin LS. (2009). Effects of highway construction on stream water quality and macroinvertebrate condition in a mid-Atlantic highlands watershed, USA. j Environ Qual. 38:1672–1682.
  • Çavdaroğlu, G.Ç. (2016). CBS’de Yeni Bir Katman: Yerel Dinamik Harita, 6.Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Delcea, C., Chirita, N. (2023). Exploring the Applications of Agent-Based Modeling in Transportation; Applied Sciences; 13, 9815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179815
  • Dhakal AS, Amada T, Aniya M. (2000). Landslide hazard mapping and its evaluation using GIS: an investigation of sampling schemes for grid-cell based quantitative method. Photogrammetric Eng remote Sens. 66:981–989.
  • Eedy W. (1995). The use of GIS in environmental assessment. Impact Assess. 13:199–206.
  • Effat, H.A., Hassan, O.A. (2013) Designing and evaluation of three alternatives highway routes using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the least-cost path analysis, application in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, Volume 16, Issue 2, December 2013, Pages 141-151; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2013.08.001
  • Eğri A., Kurşun, H., Harman M.M., Gündoğan F. (2014). CBS Tabanlı Ulaşım Bilgi Sisteminin Güncellenmesinde 360 Derece Panoramik Görüntülerin Öznitelik Verisi Toplanması Amacıyla Kullanımı: İstanbul Örneği. 5.Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Forman RTT, Alexander LE. (1998). Roads and their major ecological effects. Annurev Ecol Syst. 29:207–231. Gardziejczyk, W., Zabicki, P. (2014). The influence of the scenario and assessment method on the choice of road alignment variants, Transport Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.10.001
  • Geneletti D. (2003). Biodiversity impact assessment of roads: an approach based on ecosystem rarity. Environment Impact Assess rev. 23:343–365.
  • Geneletti D. (2004a). A GIS-based decision support system to identify nature conservation priorities in an alpine valley. Land Use Policy. 21:149–160.
  • Geurs KT, Boon W, Wee BV. (2009). Social impacts of transport: literature review and the state of the practice of transport appraisal in the netherlands and the United Kingdom. Transportation rev. 29:69–90.
  • Gökçe, O. (2019) Malatya Şiro Çayı Alt Havzası Erozyon Riskinin Yenilenmiş Evrensel Toprak Kaybı Eşitliği (YETKE) ile Tespit Edilmesi, T.C. İnönü Üniversitesi, Y. Lisans tezi.
  • Faisal, K., Shaker, A. (2017). An Investigation of GIS Overlay and PCA Techniques for Urban Environmental Quality Assessment: A Case Study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sustainability https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030380
  • Jakimavicius, M. (2008) Multi-Criteria Assessment of Urban Areas Transport Systems Development According to Sustainability, Technological Sciences, Doktora Tezi.
  • Janosikova, L., Kohani, M., Blaton, M., Teichmann, D. (2012). Optimization of the Urban Line Network using a Mathematical Programming Approach, Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 7, No. 3, DOI: 10.2495/SDP-V7-N3-288-301
  • Jecan, S., Arba, R., Rusu, L., Sitar-Taut, D. (2019). Monte Carlo Simulation Method For Risk Management in Road Pavement Maintenance Projects, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania.
  • Kara, M. A., Ciğerlioğlu, O. (2018). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Ulaşım Altyapısının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17 (2), 577-591, Submission Date: 24-01-2018, Acceptance Date: 28-03-2018.
  • Kiker, G.A., Bridges, T.S., Varghese, A., Seager T.P., Linkov, I. (2005). Application of Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Environmental Decision Making, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management — Volume 1, Number 2 — pp. 95–108.
  • Litchfield I, Dockery DW, Ayres jG. (2010). Health effects of air pollution: acute and chronic. In: Harrison rM, nichols GL, Maynard rL, editors. Environmental medicine. London: Hodder Arnold, CrC Press. ISBn: 13 978-0-340-94656-5.
  • Malczewski j. (2006). A GIS based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. Int j Geog Inf Syst. 20:703–726.
  • Monavari SM, Momen Bellah Fard S. (2010). A GIS based assessment tool for biodiversity conservation. Int j Environ res. 4:701–712.
  • Moskvitina M. (1999). GIS as a tool for environmental impact assessment: a case study of EIA implementation for the road building project in Stromstad, Sweden (PhD thesis). Sweden: Dept. of Physical Geography, Lund University.
  • Özsoy, G. (2007). Uzaktan Algılama (UA) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) Teknikleri Kullanılarak Erozyon Riskinin Belirlenmesi, T.C. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Toprak Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
  • Öztürk, B. (2011). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekniklerinden Bulanık TOPSIS ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci, T.C. Uludağ Üniversitesi, İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
  • Padash, A. (2014). Modeling of Environmental Impact Assessment Based on RIAM and TOPSIS for Desalination and Operating Units, Environmental Energy and Economics International Research, ISNN: 2345-5772.
  • Pinto, N., Antunes, A.P., Roca, J. (2021). A Cellular Automata Model for Integrated Simulation of Land Use and Transport Interactions; ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(3), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030149
  • Samani KM, Hosseiny SA, Lotfalian M, Najafi L. (2010). Planning road network in mountain forests using GIS and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Caspian j Environ Sci. 8:151–162.
  • Sameer, Y. M., Abed, A.N., Sayl, K. N. (2021). Highway route selection using GIS and analytical hierarchy process case study Ramadi Heet rural highway, IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq, Journal of Physics: Conference Series doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012060
  • Sharma LP, Patel n, Ghosh MK, Debnath P. (2009). Geographic information system based landslide probabilistic model with trivariate approach – a case study in Sikkim Himalayas. 8th United nations regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific; 2009 oct 26–29; Bangkok.
  • Skidmore A. (2002). Environmental modelling with GIS and remote sensing 1/e. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Stevenson M. (1995). Social impact assessment of major roads. 20th World road Congress; 1995 Sep; Montreal, Quebec.
  • Şahin, Ş. ve Çabuk, A. (1998). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesinde Kullanımı. Ulaşılabilir GIS Semineri.
  • Yadav SK, Mishra GC. (2014). GIS in EIA for environmental management. Int j Appl Eng res. 9:335–340.
  • Vij, G. S., & Agrawal, M. L. (2013). A review paper on R&D efforts in assessing the traffic noise on highways. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 5(5), 54–58. https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rrst/article/view/1064/1048
  • Wang YM, Yang jB, Xu DL. (2006). Environmental impact assessment using the evidential reasoning approach. Eur j oper res. 174:1885–1913.
  • Wu JS, Allan Cj, Saunders WL, Evett jB. (1998). Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff. j Environment Eng. 124:584–592.
  • Yıldız, B. Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED) Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi ders notları.
  • Zaoui, M., Himouri, S., Kadri, T., Benaouina, C. (2020). Selection of the best alternative for a road project to replace a section in a flood-prone area using GIS and AMC tools, Journal of Materials and Engineering Structures 7 (2020) 307–324. [21] Zeydan, Ö., Yıldırım, Y., Karademir, A., Durmuşoğlu, E. ; 2014 ; 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Zhu, X. (2011). GIS and spatial decision support. In: Dawsen Cj, editor. Environmental science, engineering and technology: geographic information system. new York, nY: nova Scientific; p. 1–33. ISBn: 978-1-61209-925-5.
  • Zolfani SH, Rezaeiniya n, Zavadskas EK, Turskin Z. (2011). Forest roads locating based on AHP and CoPrAS-G method: an empirical study based on Iran. Ekonomie. 4:6–21.

RESEARCH ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS USING SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 2, 144 - 164, 29.06.2025

Öz

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important planning tool that evaluates alternatives in terms of the technology to be used in highway projects and the spatial area where the project will be implemented and analyzes the negative environmental impacts that may arise during the project cycle. Environmental impact assessment of highway projects is a very complex and difficult subject as it requires the examination of a large amount of data. For this reason, it is inevitable to benefit from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with appropriate spatial analysis methods that allow the evaluation of many parameters together, both during the development of highway route alternatives and the environmental impact assessment studies of these alternatives. In this study, the ‘Spatial analysis methods’, ‘Multi-criteria decision making methods’ (MCDM) and the relationship between GIS and ‘Smart transportation systems’ recommended for use in the GIS-based EIA process of highway projects are explained with the support of literature review. In addition, geographical information systems are used effectively in highway planning, design, construction management, road safety analysis, in the construction and effective management of smart transportation systems in order to reduce traffic density and regulate traffic flow, and in optimum route planning. It is aimed to examine a comprehensive study including the use of GIS components and MCDM methods in the spatial analysis of air, noise, water and socio-economic impacts, especially during the EIA process for infrastructure projects, and to draw attention to the importance of the subject in terms of conveying the process and to summarize the analyses in general terms.

Kaynakça

  • Abewickrema AWn, Amanthika rWM, Abeysinghe ALTM, Tennakoon AH, Caldera HMM, Safnas M, Miguntanna nP. (2013). Assessment of water quality impacts of highway and road construction projects. SAITM research Symposium on Engineering Advancements – ; 2013 ; Available from: www.saitm.edu.lk/fac-ofeng/RSEA/SAITM_RSEA.
  • Akkerman, S. (2016). Alt Yüklenicilerin İnşaat Projelerinde En Uygun Şekilde Atanmasına Yönelik Bir Karar Destek Sistemi, ODTÜ , Y. Lisans Tezi.
  • Albalawneh, D.A., Mohamed, M.A. (2022) Evaluation of Using Genetic Algorithm and ArcGIS for Determining the Optimal-Time Path in the Optimization of Vehicle Routing Applications, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Volume 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7769951
  • Al-Qershi, A. (2019). Aliağa Bölgesinde Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Gürültü Kirliliğinin Haritalandırılması, T.C. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Y. Lisans Tezi.
  • Ayati, E., Neghab, M.P., Sadeghi, A., Moghaddam, A.M. (2019). Introducing roadside hazard severity indicator based on evidential reasoning approach, Safety Science, Volume 50, Issue 7, August 2012, Pages 1618-1626 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.03.023
  • Aydınoğlu, A.Ç., Altürk, G. (2021). Heyelan Duyarlılık Haritalarının İstatistik ve Makine Öğrenmesi Teknikleri Kullanılarak Üretilmesi: Taşlıdere Havzası Örneği (Rize). Coğrafya Dergisi, DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-814561.
  • Bachiller Ar, Wood G. (2001). Geographic information systems (GIS) and EIA. In: Morris P, Therivel r, editors. Methods of environmental impact assessment. 2nd ed. London: Taylor and Francis; p. 381–401.
  • Banyal, S., Aggarwal, RK., Bhardwaj, SK. (2019). A review on methodologies adopted during environmental impact assessment of development projects, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2019.v8.i4aj.9273
  • Banerjee, P., Ghose M.K. (2016). Spatial analysis of environmental impacts of highway projects with special emphasis on mountainous area: an overview ; Impact assessment and project appraisal, Vol. 34, no. 4, 279–293 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2016.1176403
  • Bayram, M. (2022). Türkiye’deki Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED) Süreçlerinin Karar Alma Süreçlerine Etkisinin Atık Yönetim Projeleri Özelinde Araştırılması, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Y.Lisans Tezi.
  • Brown S. (2003). Spatial analysis of socioeconomic issues: gender and GIS in Nepal. Mountain research and Development. 23:338–344.
  • Chang KT. (2008). Introduction to geographic information systems. 4th ed. new Delhi: McGraw Hill Education. ISBn: 987-0-07-065898-1.
  • Chen Y, Viadero rC jr, Wei X, Fortney r, Hedrick LB, Welsh SA, Anderson jT, Lin LS. (2009). Effects of highway construction on stream water quality and macroinvertebrate condition in a mid-Atlantic highlands watershed, USA. j Environ Qual. 38:1672–1682.
  • Çavdaroğlu, G.Ç. (2016). CBS’de Yeni Bir Katman: Yerel Dinamik Harita, 6.Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Delcea, C., Chirita, N. (2023). Exploring the Applications of Agent-Based Modeling in Transportation; Applied Sciences; 13, 9815. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13179815
  • Dhakal AS, Amada T, Aniya M. (2000). Landslide hazard mapping and its evaluation using GIS: an investigation of sampling schemes for grid-cell based quantitative method. Photogrammetric Eng remote Sens. 66:981–989.
  • Eedy W. (1995). The use of GIS in environmental assessment. Impact Assess. 13:199–206.
  • Effat, H.A., Hassan, O.A. (2013) Designing and evaluation of three alternatives highway routes using the Analytical Hierarchy Process and the least-cost path analysis, application in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, Volume 16, Issue 2, December 2013, Pages 141-151; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2013.08.001
  • Eğri A., Kurşun, H., Harman M.M., Gündoğan F. (2014). CBS Tabanlı Ulaşım Bilgi Sisteminin Güncellenmesinde 360 Derece Panoramik Görüntülerin Öznitelik Verisi Toplanması Amacıyla Kullanımı: İstanbul Örneği. 5.Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Forman RTT, Alexander LE. (1998). Roads and their major ecological effects. Annurev Ecol Syst. 29:207–231. Gardziejczyk, W., Zabicki, P. (2014). The influence of the scenario and assessment method on the choice of road alignment variants, Transport Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.10.001
  • Geneletti D. (2003). Biodiversity impact assessment of roads: an approach based on ecosystem rarity. Environment Impact Assess rev. 23:343–365.
  • Geneletti D. (2004a). A GIS-based decision support system to identify nature conservation priorities in an alpine valley. Land Use Policy. 21:149–160.
  • Geurs KT, Boon W, Wee BV. (2009). Social impacts of transport: literature review and the state of the practice of transport appraisal in the netherlands and the United Kingdom. Transportation rev. 29:69–90.
  • Gökçe, O. (2019) Malatya Şiro Çayı Alt Havzası Erozyon Riskinin Yenilenmiş Evrensel Toprak Kaybı Eşitliği (YETKE) ile Tespit Edilmesi, T.C. İnönü Üniversitesi, Y. Lisans tezi.
  • Faisal, K., Shaker, A. (2017). An Investigation of GIS Overlay and PCA Techniques for Urban Environmental Quality Assessment: A Case Study in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Sustainability https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030380
  • Jakimavicius, M. (2008) Multi-Criteria Assessment of Urban Areas Transport Systems Development According to Sustainability, Technological Sciences, Doktora Tezi.
  • Janosikova, L., Kohani, M., Blaton, M., Teichmann, D. (2012). Optimization of the Urban Line Network using a Mathematical Programming Approach, Int. J. Sus. Dev. Plann. Vol. 7, No. 3, DOI: 10.2495/SDP-V7-N3-288-301
  • Jecan, S., Arba, R., Rusu, L., Sitar-Taut, D. (2019). Monte Carlo Simulation Method For Risk Management in Road Pavement Maintenance Projects, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania.
  • Kara, M. A., Ciğerlioğlu, O. (2018). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Ulaşım Altyapısının Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17 (2), 577-591, Submission Date: 24-01-2018, Acceptance Date: 28-03-2018.
  • Kiker, G.A., Bridges, T.S., Varghese, A., Seager T.P., Linkov, I. (2005). Application of Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Environmental Decision Making, Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management — Volume 1, Number 2 — pp. 95–108.
  • Litchfield I, Dockery DW, Ayres jG. (2010). Health effects of air pollution: acute and chronic. In: Harrison rM, nichols GL, Maynard rL, editors. Environmental medicine. London: Hodder Arnold, CrC Press. ISBn: 13 978-0-340-94656-5.
  • Malczewski j. (2006). A GIS based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. Int j Geog Inf Syst. 20:703–726.
  • Monavari SM, Momen Bellah Fard S. (2010). A GIS based assessment tool for biodiversity conservation. Int j Environ res. 4:701–712.
  • Moskvitina M. (1999). GIS as a tool for environmental impact assessment: a case study of EIA implementation for the road building project in Stromstad, Sweden (PhD thesis). Sweden: Dept. of Physical Geography, Lund University.
  • Özsoy, G. (2007). Uzaktan Algılama (UA) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) Teknikleri Kullanılarak Erozyon Riskinin Belirlenmesi, T.C. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Toprak Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
  • Öztürk, B. (2011). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Tekniklerinden Bulanık TOPSIS ve Bulanık Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci, T.C. Uludağ Üniversitesi, İşletme Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi.
  • Padash, A. (2014). Modeling of Environmental Impact Assessment Based on RIAM and TOPSIS for Desalination and Operating Units, Environmental Energy and Economics International Research, ISNN: 2345-5772.
  • Pinto, N., Antunes, A.P., Roca, J. (2021). A Cellular Automata Model for Integrated Simulation of Land Use and Transport Interactions; ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(3), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10030149
  • Samani KM, Hosseiny SA, Lotfalian M, Najafi L. (2010). Planning road network in mountain forests using GIS and Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). Caspian j Environ Sci. 8:151–162.
  • Sameer, Y. M., Abed, A.N., Sayl, K. N. (2021). Highway route selection using GIS and analytical hierarchy process case study Ramadi Heet rural highway, IICESAT Conference, College of Material Engineering, University of Babylon, Iraq, Journal of Physics: Conference Series doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1973/1/012060
  • Sharma LP, Patel n, Ghosh MK, Debnath P. (2009). Geographic information system based landslide probabilistic model with trivariate approach – a case study in Sikkim Himalayas. 8th United nations regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific; 2009 oct 26–29; Bangkok.
  • Skidmore A. (2002). Environmental modelling with GIS and remote sensing 1/e. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Stevenson M. (1995). Social impact assessment of major roads. 20th World road Congress; 1995 Sep; Montreal, Quebec.
  • Şahin, Ş. ve Çabuk, A. (1998). Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesinde Kullanımı. Ulaşılabilir GIS Semineri.
  • Yadav SK, Mishra GC. (2014). GIS in EIA for environmental management. Int j Appl Eng res. 9:335–340.
  • Vij, G. S., & Agrawal, M. L. (2013). A review paper on R&D efforts in assessing the traffic noise on highways. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 5(5), 54–58. https://updatepublishing.com/journal/index.php/rrst/article/view/1064/1048
  • Wang YM, Yang jB, Xu DL. (2006). Environmental impact assessment using the evidential reasoning approach. Eur j oper res. 174:1885–1913.
  • Wu JS, Allan Cj, Saunders WL, Evett jB. (1998). Characterization and pollutant loading estimation for highway runoff. j Environment Eng. 124:584–592.
  • Yıldız, B. Çevresel Etki Değerlendirmesi (ÇED) Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi ders notları.
  • Zaoui, M., Himouri, S., Kadri, T., Benaouina, C. (2020). Selection of the best alternative for a road project to replace a section in a flood-prone area using GIS and AMC tools, Journal of Materials and Engineering Structures 7 (2020) 307–324. [21] Zeydan, Ö., Yıldırım, Y., Karademir, A., Durmuşoğlu, E. ; 2014 ; 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu.
  • Zhu, X. (2011). GIS and spatial decision support. In: Dawsen Cj, editor. Environmental science, engineering and technology: geographic information system. new York, nY: nova Scientific; p. 1–33. ISBn: 978-1-61209-925-5.
  • Zolfani SH, Rezaeiniya n, Zavadskas EK, Turskin Z. (2011). Forest roads locating based on AHP and CoPrAS-G method: an empirical study based on Iran. Ekonomie. 4:6–21.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Berna Çalışkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, B. (2025). KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı(2), 144-164.
AMA Çalışkan B. KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. Haziran 2025;(2):144-164.
Chicago Çalışkan, Berna. “KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 2 (Haziran 2025): 144-64.
EndNote Çalışkan B (01 Haziran 2025) KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı 2 144–164.
IEEE B. Çalışkan, “KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI”, Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 2, ss. 144–164, Haziran2025.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Berna. “KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı 2 (Haziran2025), 144-164.
JAMA Çalışkan B. KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. 2025;:144–164.
MLA Çalışkan, Berna. “KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI”. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 144-6.
Vancouver Çalışkan B. KARAYOLU PROJELERİNİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERİNİN COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ İLE MEKÂNSAL ANALİZİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI. Ulaştırma ve Altyapı. 2025(2):144-6.