Çin'in Vuhan Bölgesi'nde ilk kez görülen ve kısa sürede tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan Covid 19 pandemisinin açık ara en fazla etkisinin olduğu alanlardan biri de kuşkusuz yükseköğretim oldu. Türkiye'de pandeminin başlamasının hemen ardından yükseköğretim kurumlarının uzaktan eğitime geçişi, öğrenme sürecinin kalitesine ilişkin soru işaretlerini de beraberinde getirdi. Öğrencilerin derslere çevrimiçi olarak katılmaları ve eğitmenle sınırlı etkileşimleri, öğrenme süreçlerini kontrol etme ve yönetme gibi öğrenciler için daha fazla öne çıkan becerileri gerektiriyordu. Öğrencilerin daha etkili öğrenenler olmaları ve öğrenme süreçlerini yönetebilmeleri için öz-düzenlemeli öğrenme becerileri, temel katkı sağlayabilecek teorik bir bakış açısı önermektedir. Uzaktan ve çevrimiçi öğrenme süreçlerinde öz-düzenleme becerileri, öğrenme ve öğretme süreçlerinden büyük avantaj elde etmede stratejik bir rol oynayabilir. Bu bağlamda mevcut araştırmanın amacı, öz-düzenlemeli öğrenme alanında öne sürülen dört teorik modeli incelemek ve yükseköğretim öğrencilerine ve akademisyenlere öğrenme sürecinde kullanabilecekleri bazı öneriler sunmaktır.
Abrami, C.P., Bernard, R.M., Bures,E.M., Borokhovski, E., &Tamim, M.R. (2012). Interaction in distance education and online learning: Using evidence and theory to improve practice. In Leslie Moller & Jason B.Huett (Eds.), The next generation of distance education: Unconstrained learning. (pp.49-69). New York: Springer. doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4614-1785-9
Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students' perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51. doi.org/10.33902/JPSP. 2020261309
Ali, W. (2020). Online and Remote Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Necessity in light of COVID-19 Pandemic. Higher Education, 10(3). 16-25. doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p16
Artino, A.R. (2007). Online military training: Using a social cognitive view of motivation and self-regulation to understand students' satisfaction, perceived learning, and choice. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(3), 191–202.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barnard-Brak, L., Paton, V. O., & Lan, W. Y. (2010). Self-regulation across time of first generation online learners. Research in Learning Technology, 18(1), 61–70. doi.org/10.1080/09687761003657572
Boekaerts, M. & Niemivirta, M. (2000). Self-regulated learning: . Self-regulated learning: finding a balance between learning goals and ego-protective goals. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. (pp. 417-450). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50042-1
Boekaerts, M. (1992). The adaptable learning process: initiating and maintaining behavioural change. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41(4), 377–397
Boekaerts, M. (1996). Self-regulated learning at the junction of cognition and motivation. European Psychologist, 1(2), 100-112. doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.100
Boekaerts, M. ve Corno, L. (2005). Self- regulation in the classroom: A perspective on sssessment and intervention. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(2), 199-231. doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00205.x
Bothma, F., & Monteith, J. (2004). Self-regulated learning as a prerequisite for successful distance learning. South Africa Journal of Education, 24(2), 141–147.
Bradley, R. L., Browne, B. L., & Kelley, H. M. (2017). Examining the influence of self-efficacy and self-regulation in online learning. College Student Journal, 51(4), 518–530.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.Psychological Review, 97(1), 19–35. doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19
Cassidy, S. (2011). Self‐regulated learning in higher education: identifying key component processes, Studies in Higher Education, 36(8), 989-1000. doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.503269
Cho, M.-H., & Shen, D. (2013). Self-regulation in online learning. Distance Education, 34(3), 290–301.
Coutinho, A. Savia (2007). The relationship between goals, metacognition and academic success. The Journal of Doctoral Research in Education, 1(7), 39-47.
Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects 49, 91–96 doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Dembo, H.M., Seli, H. (2016). Motivation and learning strategies for college success: A focus on self regulated learning. New York: Routledge.
Dignath, C., Büttner, G., & Langfeldt, H. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. Educational. Research. Review.3, 101–129. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2008.02.003
Dolot, A. (2018). The characteristic of Generation Z, e-mentor. 2(74) 44–50 dx.doi. org/10.15219/em74.1351
Erkut, E. (2020). Covid-19 sonrası yükseköğretim. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 10(2), 125–133. doi:10.2399/yod.20.002
Ertmer, P. A. & Newby, T. J. (1996). The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflective. Instructional Science, 24(1), 1-24. doi.org/10.1007/BF00156001
Geitz, G., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., & Kirschner, P. A. (2016). Changing learning behaviour: Self-efficacy and goal orientation in PBL groups in higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 75, 146-158. doi.org/ 10.1177/00222194040370010601
Greene, J., & Azevedo, R. (2007). A theoretical review of Winne and Hadwin's model of self-regulated learning: New perspectives and directions. Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 334-372. doi.org/10.3102/003465430303953
Hodges, C. B., & Kim, C. (2010). Email, self-regulation, self-efficacy, and achievement in a college online mathematics course. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43(2), 207–223. doi.org/10.2190/EC.43.2.d
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teachingand-online-learning
Karadağ, E. & Yücel, C. (2020). Yeni tip Koronavirüs pandemisi döneminde üniversitelerde uzaktan eğitim: Lisans öğrencileri kapsamında bir değerlendirme çalışması. Yükseköğretim Dergisi,10(2), 181–192. doi:10.2399/yod.20.730688
Kuhl, J., & Goschke, T. (1994). A theory of action control: Mental subsystems, modes of control, and volitional conflict-resolution strategies. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: action versus state orientation (pp. 93-124). Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Lau, J., Yang, B., & Dasgupta, R. (2020). Will the coronavirus make online education go viral? 10 Ocak 2020 tarihinde www.timeshighereducation.com/features/will-coronavirus-make-online-education-go-viral adresinden erişildi.
Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how. World Economic Forum.
10 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/ adresinden erişildi.
Margolis, H., McCabe, P. (2006). Improving self-efficacy and motivation: what to do, what to say. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(4), 218-227. doi.org/10.1177/10534512060410040401
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
McWhaw, K., & Abrami, P.C. (2001). Goal orientation and interest: Effects on students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(3), 311-329. doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1054
Moore, K., Jones, C. & Frazier, R.S. (2017). Engineering education for generation Z. American Journal of Engineering Education, 8(2), 111-126.
Moos, D. C., Ringdal, A. (2012). Self-regulated learning in the classroom: A literature review on the teacher’s role. Education Research International, Vol.2012, Article ID 423284, 1-15. doi.org/10.1155/2012/423284
Murphy, M. P. A. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy, Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492-505. doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749
Nicol, D. (2009). Assessment for learner self-regulation: Enhancing achievement in the first year using learning technologies. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 335–352. doi.org/10.1080/02602930802255139
Panedero, E. (2017). Review of self-regulated learning: Six models and four directions for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-28. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422
Paris S.G., Byrnes J.P. (1989) The constructivist approach to self-regulation and learning in the classroom. In: Zimmerman B.J., Schunk D.H. (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement. (pp.169-200). Springer, New York, NY. doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_7
Paris, S. G. ve Winograd, P. W. (2003). The role of self-regulated learning in contextual teaching: principles and practices for teacher preparation (Report No. SP-041- 696). Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. ERIC ED479905.
Pintrich, P. R., & de Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T. ve McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(3), 801–813. doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053003024
Pintrich, P.R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-regulation. (pp. 451-502). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50043-3
Puustinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001) Models of self-regulated learning: A review, Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 45(3), 269-286, doi.org/10.1080/00313830120074206
Robbins, S. B., Lauver, K., Le, H., Davis, D., Langley, R., & Carlstrom, A. (2004). Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 261–288. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.261
Seymen, Y. (2017). Y ve Z kuşak insanı özelliklerinin Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2014-2019 stratejik programı ve TÜBİTAK vizyon 2023 öngörüleri ile ilişkilendirilmesi. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 10(32), 467-468.
Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. Instructional Science, 26, 113–125 doi.org/10.1023/A:1003044231033
Schunk, D. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40(2), 85–94 doi.org/ 10.1207/s15326985ep40023
Schunk, D.H., Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy. In Allan Wigfield & Jacquelynne S. Eccles (Eds.), Educational psychology: Development of achievement motivation.(pp.15-31). Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012750053-9/50003-6
Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2010). Learning presence: Towards a theory of self-efficacy, self-regulation, and the development of a communities of inquiry in online and blended learning environments. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1721– 731. doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.07.017
Somyürek, S. (2014). Öğretim sürecinde Z kuşağının dikkatini çekme: Artırılmış gerçeklik. Eğitim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 4 (1) , 63-80. doi: 10.17943/etku.88319
Ulukan, M. & Esenkaya, A. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde uzaktan eğitim alan üniversite öğrencilerinin yardımseverlik ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük düzeylerinin farklı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 6(35), 1519-1530. dx.doi.org/10.31576/smryj.605
Winne, P. H., and Hadwin, A. F. (1998). Studying as self-regulated engagement in learning, In D. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & A. Graesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice, (pp.277–304). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
YÖK (2020). Yükseköğretim kurulu başkanı Yekta Saraç’ın basın açıklaması. 10 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.covid19.yok.gov.tr/Documents/alinan-kararlar/03-uzaktan-egitime-iliskin-alinan-karar.pdf adresinden erişildi.
YÖK (2020a). Üniversitelerde uygulanacak uzaktan eğitime ilişkin açıklama. 30 Nisan 2020 tarihinde 10 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/universitelerde-uygulanacak-uzaktan-egitime-iliskin-aciklama.aspx adresinden erişildi.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 329–339. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329
Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 329–339. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp.13–39). Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50031-7
A Consideration on Self-Regulating Learning Skills and Models in Higher Education
One of the fields in which by far the most impact of Covid 19 Pandemic that came in sight in Wuhan Region of China for the first time and took hold of the whole world in a short span of time has been admittedly higher education. Higher education institutions’ transition to distance education soon after the beginning of pandemic in Turkey has brought along the questions about the quality of learning process. Students’ attending classes online and their limited interaction with the instructor required skills to shine out more for students such as controlling and managing their learning process. In order for students to become more effective learners and to manage their learning process, self-regulated learning skills suggest a theoretical perspective that can offer essential contribution. During distant and online learning processes, self-regulation skills can play a strategic role for getting great advantage of learning and teaching processes. In this regard, the aim of the existing research is to examine the four theoretical models brought forward in the field of self-regulated learning and to offer some suggestions for higher education students and academicians that they can use in the learning process. As a result of this study on models, it has been determined that the model put forward by Zimmerman can be used practically in the higher education process. It is thought that the establishment of academic units that will support the learning process of students in higher education institutions will contribute to the improvement of quality in higher education.
Proje Numarası
YOK
Kaynakça
Abrami, C.P., Bernard, R.M., Bures,E.M., Borokhovski, E., &Tamim, M.R. (2012). Interaction in distance education and online learning: Using evidence and theory to improve practice. In Leslie Moller & Jason B.Huett (Eds.), The next generation of distance education: Unconstrained learning. (pp.49-69). New York: Springer. doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-4614-1785-9
Adnan, M., & Anwar, K. (2020). Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students' perspectives. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 2(1), 45-51. doi.org/10.33902/JPSP. 2020261309
Ali, W. (2020). Online and Remote Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Necessity in light of COVID-19 Pandemic. Higher Education, 10(3). 16-25. doi.org/10.5539/hes.v10n3p16
Artino, A.R. (2007). Online military training: Using a social cognitive view of motivation and self-regulation to understand students' satisfaction, perceived learning, and choice. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(3), 191–202.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Barnard-Brak, L., Paton, V. O., & Lan, W. Y. (2010). Self-regulation across time of first generation online learners. Research in Learning Technology, 18(1), 61–70. doi.org/10.1080/09687761003657572
Boekaerts, M. & Niemivirta, M. (2000). Self-regulated learning: . Self-regulated learning: finding a balance between learning goals and ego-protective goals. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation. (pp. 417-450). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50042-1
Boekaerts, M. (1992). The adaptable learning process: initiating and maintaining behavioural change. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 41(4), 377–397
Boekaerts, M. (1996). Self-regulated learning at the junction of cognition and motivation. European Psychologist, 1(2), 100-112. doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.1.2.100
Boekaerts, M. ve Corno, L. (2005). Self- regulation in the classroom: A perspective on sssessment and intervention. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(2), 199-231. doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00205.x
Bothma, F., & Monteith, J. (2004). Self-regulated learning as a prerequisite for successful distance learning. South Africa Journal of Education, 24(2), 141–147.
Bradley, R. L., Browne, B. L., & Kelley, H. M. (2017). Examining the influence of self-efficacy and self-regulation in online learning. College Student Journal, 51(4), 518–530.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view.Psychological Review, 97(1), 19–35. doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19
Cassidy, S. (2011). Self‐regulated learning in higher education: identifying key component processes, Studies in Higher Education, 36(8), 989-1000. doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.503269
Cho, M.-H., & Shen, D. (2013). Self-regulation in online learning. Distance Education, 34(3), 290–301.
Coutinho, A. Savia (2007). The relationship between goals, metacognition and academic success. The Journal of Doctoral Research in Education, 1(7), 39-47.
Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects 49, 91–96 doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3
Dembo, H.M., Seli, H. (2016). Motivation and learning strategies for college success: A focus on self regulated learning. New York: Routledge.
Dignath, C., Büttner, G., & Langfeldt, H. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programmes. Educational. Research. Review.3, 101–129. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2008.02.003
Dolot, A. (2018). The characteristic of Generation Z, e-mentor. 2(74) 44–50 dx.doi. org/10.15219/em74.1351
Erkut, E. (2020). Covid-19 sonrası yükseköğretim. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 10(2), 125–133. doi:10.2399/yod.20.002
Ertmer, P. A. & Newby, T. J. (1996). The expert learner: Strategic, self-regulated, and reflective. Instructional Science, 24(1), 1-24. doi.org/10.1007/BF00156001
Geitz, G., Joosten-ten Brinke, D., & Kirschner, P. A. (2016). Changing learning behaviour: Self-efficacy and goal orientation in PBL groups in higher education. International Journal of Educational Research, 75, 146-158. doi.org/ 10.1177/00222194040370010601
Greene, J., & Azevedo, R. (2007). A theoretical review of Winne and Hadwin's model of self-regulated learning: New perspectives and directions. Review of Educational Research, 77(3), 334-372. doi.org/10.3102/003465430303953
Hodges, C. B., & Kim, C. (2010). Email, self-regulation, self-efficacy, and achievement in a college online mathematics course. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 43(2), 207–223. doi.org/10.2190/EC.43.2.d
Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EDUCAUSE Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/3/the-difference-between-emergency-remote-teachingand-online-learning
Karadağ, E. & Yücel, C. (2020). Yeni tip Koronavirüs pandemisi döneminde üniversitelerde uzaktan eğitim: Lisans öğrencileri kapsamında bir değerlendirme çalışması. Yükseköğretim Dergisi,10(2), 181–192. doi:10.2399/yod.20.730688
Kuhl, J., & Goschke, T. (1994). A theory of action control: Mental subsystems, modes of control, and volitional conflict-resolution strategies. In J. Kuhl, & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: action versus state orientation (pp. 93-124). Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Lau, J., Yang, B., & Dasgupta, R. (2020). Will the coronavirus make online education go viral? 10 Ocak 2020 tarihinde www.timeshighereducation.com/features/will-coronavirus-make-online-education-go-viral adresinden erişildi.
Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how. World Economic Forum.
10 Ocak 2021 tarihinde www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/ adresinden erişildi.
Margolis, H., McCabe, P. (2006). Improving self-efficacy and motivation: what to do, what to say. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(4), 218-227. doi.org/10.1177/10534512060410040401
Mayer, R. E. (2009). Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA.
McWhaw, K., & Abrami, P.C. (2001). Goal orientation and interest: Effects on students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(3), 311-329. doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1054
Moore, K., Jones, C. & Frazier, R.S. (2017). Engineering education for generation Z. American Journal of Engineering Education, 8(2), 111-126.
Moos, D. C., Ringdal, A. (2012). Self-regulated learning in the classroom: A literature review on the teacher’s role. Education Research International, Vol.2012, Article ID 423284, 1-15. doi.org/10.1155/2012/423284
Murphy, M. P. A. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy, Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492-505. doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2020.1761749
Nicol, D. (2009). Assessment for learner self-regulation: Enhancing achievement in the first year using learning technologies. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 335–352. doi.org/10.1080/02602930802255139
Panedero, E. (2017). Review of self-regulated learning: Six models and four directions for research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-28. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00422
Paris S.G., Byrnes J.P. (1989) The constructivist approach to self-regulation and learning in the classroom. In: Zimmerman B.J., Schunk D.H. (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement. (pp.169-200). Springer, New York, NY. doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_7
Paris, S. G. ve Winograd, P. W. (2003). The role of self-regulated learning in contextual teaching: principles and practices for teacher preparation (Report No. SP-041- 696). Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. ERIC ED479905.
Pintrich, P. R., & de Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40. doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T. ve McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(3), 801–813. doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053003024
Pintrich, P.R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-regulation. (pp. 451-502). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012109890-2/50043-3
Puustinen, M., & Pulkkinen, L. (2001) Models of self-regulated learning: A review, Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 45(3), 269-286, doi.org/10.1080/00313830120074206
Robbins, S. B., Lauver, K., Le, H., Davis, D., Langley, R., & Carlstrom, A. (2004). Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130(2), 261–288. doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.261
Seymen, Y. (2017). Y ve Z kuşak insanı özelliklerinin Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı 2014-2019 stratejik programı ve TÜBİTAK vizyon 2023 öngörüleri ile ilişkilendirilmesi. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 10(32), 467-468.
Schraw, G. (1998). Promoting general metacognitive awareness. Instructional Science, 26, 113–125 doi.org/10.1023/A:1003044231033
Schunk, D. (2005). Self-regulated learning: The educational legacy of Paul R. Pintrich. Educational Psychologist, 40(2), 85–94 doi.org/ 10.1207/s15326985ep40023
Schunk, D.H., Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy. In Allan Wigfield & Jacquelynne S. Eccles (Eds.), Educational psychology: Development of achievement motivation.(pp.15-31). Academic Press. doi.org/10.1016/B978-012750053-9/50003-6
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