Türkiye’de Yükseköğretimin Uluslararasılaşması: Tematik ve Metodolojik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 98 - 113, 20.03.2023

Alper Çalıkoğlu

https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1190476

Cited By: 2

Öz

Uluslararasılaşma, son dönemde dünyadaki birçok ülkeye benzer şekilde, Türkiye’de de yükseköğretimin önemli bir gündem maddesi haline gelmiştir. Ulusal ve kurumsal düzeyde genişleyen politika, strateji ve uygulamalar, araştırmacıların konuya ilgisini artırarak, yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşmayı Türkiye bağlamında inceleyen önemli bir akademik birikimin oluşmasına yol açmıştır. Bu durum, ilgili akademik birikimi toplu olarak değerlendirerek, politika oluşturuculara, uygulayıcılara ve araştırmacılara ilerideki süreç için rehberlik edecek çalışmalara ihtiyaç doğurmaktadır. Bu ihtiyaçtan hareketle, mevcut çalışma, Türk Yükseköğretimi’nde uluslararasılaşma ile ilgili akademik makaleleri belirli özellikleri açısından bütünsel olarak incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla sistematik tarama yapılarak, ilgili makaleler yıl, konu, tematik bakış, makale yazarlarının çalışma alanları, makalelerde kullanılan kavramsal/teorik çerçeve ve metodolojik yaklaşımlar açısından incelenmiştir. Bulgular, uluslararasılaşmayı Türkiye bağlamında inceleyen makalelerin özellikle 2016 yılından itibaren arttığını ve ilgili makaleler içerisinde uluslararası öğrenciler konusunun ve sosyo-kültürel tematik bakışın, makale yazarları arasında da eğitim bilimleri alanında çalışan araştırmacıların ağırlıkta olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, Türkiye’de yükseköğretimin uluslararasılaşması ile ilgili çalışmalarda göç, hareketlilik, küreselleşme ve yumuşak güç gibi kavramsal/teorik çerçeveler ile betimsel nicel ve olgubilim ve durum çalışması gibi nitel desenlerin kullanımı belirgindir. Bu bulgulara göre, Türkiye’de konu ile ilgili gelecekteki uygulamaların müfredat ve müfredat dışı etkinliklerin uluslararasılaşmasına yönelik çalışmalarla, araştırmaların da benzer alanlarda çok-disiplinli çalışmalar ve farklı nitel ve nicel desenlerle çeşitlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

uluslararasılaşma, Türkiye'de yükseköğretim, sistematik derleme

Internationalization of Higher Education In Türkiye: A Thematic And Methodological Analysis

Öz

Like in many other countries, internationalization has become a critical area of attention in Türkiye’s higher education agenda. Widening policy, strategy, and implications have led researchers to accumulate considerable research examining the internationalization of higher education within the Turkish context. This has brought the necessity of research exploring the current academic production holistcally to propose guidance for policymakers, university leaders, and researchers for future internationalization efforts. The current study examines the research on the internationalization of higher education in Türkiye comprehensively. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out to investigate the related articles according to year, research topic, thematic perspective, the study field of authors, conceptual/theoretical framework, and the methodological approaches employed. The findings indicate a noteworthy increase in the research on internationalization in Turkish higher education starting, especially in 2016. In addition, international students as the study topic, socio-cultural thematic perspective, educational sciences as the authors’ study field, migration, mobility, globalization, and soft power as conceptual frameworks, and descriptive quantitative and phenomenology and case study designs as methodological approaches were predominant among the examined articles. Based on the fındings, future research and practices of internationalization of higher education in Türkiye can be expanded through curricular/co-curricular activities and diversified with multidisciplinary studies and various quantitative and qualitative designs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

internationalization, Turkish higher education, systematic review

Kaynakça

• Akar, H. (2010). Globalization and its challenges for developing countries: the case of Turkish higher education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11, 447–457 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-010-9086-0
• * Akar, H., Cobanoglu, R., & Plunkett, P. (2020). Faculty experiences, views, and challenges on internationalization in higher education from a cross-cultural perspective. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 49(2), 1126-1144. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cuefd/issue/57389/614200
• Akbulut Yıldırmış, M. & Seggie, F. N. (2018). Yükseköğretim çalışmalarının akademik bir alan olarak gelişimi: Uluslararası ve ulusal düzeyde alanyazın incelemesi. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 8(3), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.18.027
• * Aksezer, E., Yagmur, K., & van de Vijver, F. (2021). A qualitative study of Erasmus program challenges and paradoxes based on the experiences of students from Turkey. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.730970
• * Altay, M., & Yüksel, D. (2021). Job prospects of different EMI engineering programmes’ graduates. Participatory Educational Research, 8(2), 460-475. https://doi.org/10.17275/PER.21.49.8.2
• Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3–4), 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542
• * Arar, K., Kondakci, Y., Kaya Kasikci, S., & Erberk, E. (2020). Higher education policy for displaced people: Implications of Turkey’s higher education policy for Syrian migrants. Higher Education Policy, 33(2), 265-285. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41307-020-00181-2
• * Arik, B. T., & Arik, E. (2018). English-medium instruction in Turkish higher education: The current state of English in psychology departments. Journal of English as an International Language, 13(1), 20-36.
• * Arkalı Olcay, G. & Nasır, V. A. (2016). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma: En çok öğrenci alan ülkeler ve Türkiye perspektifinden 1999-2013 yıllarına bakış. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 6(3), 288-296. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/higheredusci/issue/61491/918094
• * Arslan, K. & Kılıç, A. Ç. (2022). The marginalised few: reflections from the lived experiences of forced displaced academics in Turkish academia. Oxford Review of Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2021.1994381
• * Aydinli, E., & Mathews, J. (2021). Searching for Larger Status in Global Politics: Internationalization of Higher Education in Turkey. Journal of Studies in International Education, 25(3), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315320932325
• * Baş, H. & Eti, S. (2020). Türkiye’de uluslararası öğrencilerin istihdamı: Hukuki boyut ve koşullara dair bir araştırma. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 20(46), 105-132. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.v20i54504.538022
• * Bedenlier, S. (2017). Internationalization within higher education and its influence on faculty: experiences of Turkish academic staff. Journal of Research in International Education, 16(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240917724272
• Bedenlier, S., Kondakci, Y., & Zawacki-Richter, O. (2018). Two decades of research into the internationalization of higher education: Major themes in the Journal of Studies in International Education (1997-2016). Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(2), 108–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315317710093
• Beelen, J. & Jones, E. (2015). Redefining Internationalization at Home. In. A. Curaj, L. Matei, R. Pricopie, J. Salmi, & P. Scott (Eds.), The European higher education area. Between critical reflections and future policies (pp.59-72). Cham: Springer.
• * Bostrom, C. A. (2010). Diffusion of internationalization in Turkish higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315309332028
• Brandenburg, U., & De Wit, H. (2011). The end of internationalisation. International Higher Education, 62, 15-17. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2011.62.8533
• Brandenburg, U., de Wit, H., Jones, E., Leask, B. & Drobner, A. (2020). Internationalisation in higher education for society (IHES). Concept, current research and examples of good practice (DAAD Studies). Bonn: DAAD.
• Buckner, E. (2019). The internationalization of higher education – National interpretations of a global model. Comparative Education Review. 63(3): 315-336. https://doi.org/10.1086/703794
• Bulut-Sahin, B., & Kondakci, Y. (2022). Conflictingp on the internationalization of higher education: Evidence from the Turkish case. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221126245
• * Cetinkaya-Yildiz, E., Cakir, S. G., & Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(5), 534-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.04.001
• Çetinsaya, G. (2014). Büyüme, kalite, uluslararasılaşma: Türkiye yükseköğretimi için bir yol haritası. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu.
• Cheung, L. H. A. (2021). Internationalization of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Literature Review. Higher Education Governance and Policy, 2(2), 110-125. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hegp/issue/67725/986077
• de Wit, H. & Altbach, P. G. (2021). Internationalization in higher education: global trends and recommendations for its future. Policy Reviews in Higher Education, (5)1, 28-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322969.2020.1820898
• de Wit, H. (2002). Internationalization of higher education in the United States of America and Europe. A historical, comparative, and conceptual analysis. Westport: Greenwood Press.
• * Doğan, S. (2022). Academic freedom between past and present: The birth of one-dimensional academia in Turkey. International Journal of Human Rights. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.2010047
• * Efe, I., & Ozer, O. (2022). Understanding the internationalization of Turkish higher education through discourse analysis. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153221093118
• Ellingboe, B. (1998). Divisional strategies to internationalize a campus portrait. In J. A. Mestenhauser & B. Ellingboe (Eds.), Reforming the higher education curriculum: Internationalizing the campus (pp. 198–228). Phoenix: The Oryx Press.
• * Ergin, H. (2016). Turkish university students' perceptions towards their Syrian classmates. Eğitim ve Bilim, 41(184), 399-415. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2016.6214
• Forsberg, E., & Geschwind, L. (2016). The academic home of higher education research: The case of doctoral theses in Sweden. In J. Huisman & M. Tight (Eds.), Theory and method in higher education research (Vol. 2, pp. 69–93). Bingley: Emerald.
• * Gezici, H. S., Taşpinar, Y., & Kocaoğlu, M. (2021). Digitalization in international and mass education: A model proposal for Turkey. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 13(4), 911-933. https://doi.org/10.18844/wjet.v13i4.6277
• Gök, E., & Gümüş, S. (2015). Akademik bir alan olarak yükseköğretim yönetimi. İçinde A. Aypay (Ed.), Türkiye’de yükseköğretim: Alanı, kapsamı ve politikaları (ss. 3-25). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• * Gokturk, S., Kaymaz, O. S., & Bozoglu, O. (2018). Experimenting with internationalisation in troubled times: The critical case of Turkish higher education. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 40(6), 566-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2018.1530418
• Gülmez, D., Özteke, İ., & Gümüş, S. (2020). Uluslararası dergilerde yayımlanan Türkiye kaynaklı eğitim araştırmalarının genel görünümü: Bibliyometrik analiz. Eğitim ve Bilim, 46(206). http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2020.9317
• Gümüş, S., Bellibaş, M. Ş., Gümüş, E & Hallinger, P. (2020). Science mapping research on educational leadership and management in Turkey: a bibliometric review of international publications, School Leadership & Management, 40(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1578737
• Günay, D. & Öztemel, E. (Editörler). (2012). Uluslararası Yükseköğretim Kongresi: Yeni Yönelişler ve Sorunlar (UYK-2011) Bildiri Kitabı. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu.
• Huang, F. (2007). Internationalization of higher education in the era of globalization: What have been its implications in China and Japan? Higher Education Management & Policy, 19(1), 47–61.
• Huang, F. (2014). The internationalisation of the academic profession. In F. Huang, M. Finkelstein, & M. Rostan (Eds.), The internationalization of the academy: Changes, realities and prospects (pp. 1–21). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• * İşlek, M. S. & Öztürk, E. (2021). Uluslararası değişim öğrencilerinin memnuniyet ve uyumunun tavsiye etme niyeti üzerine etkisi: Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi örneği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 87-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.855809
• Jones, E., & de Wit, H. (2012). Globalization of internationalization: Thematic and regional reflections on a traditional concept. AUDEM: The International Journal of Higher Education and Democracy, 3(1), 35–54. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/500242
• * Karadağ, N. (2016). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma bağlamında Türkiye’de eğitim gören Suriyeli öğrenciler üzerine bir araştırma. Turkish Studies, 11(19), 477-490. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11155
• Kavak, Y. & Baskan, G. A. (2001). Türkiye’nin Türk cumhuriyetleri, Türk ve akraba topluluklarına yönelik eğitim politika ve uygulamaları. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 92-103.
• * Kaya, A. (2015). Critical voices against the Bologna Process in Turkey: Neo-liberal governance in higher education. New Perspectives on Turkey, 52, 105-133. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2015.13
• Kehm, B. M., & Teichler, U. (2007). Research on internationalisation in higher education. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3/4), 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303534
• * Kılınç, A. Ç., Arslan, K., & Polat, M. (2020). Studying abroad: A phenomenological study of lived experiences of international students in turkey. Journal of International Students, 10(4), 853-871. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i4.1190
• * Kireçci, M. A., Bacanli, H., Erişen, Y., Karadaǧ, E., Çeliköz, N., Ali Dombayci, M., Toprak, M., & Şahin, M. (2016). The internationalization of higher education in Turkey: Creating an index. Eğitim ve Bilim, 41(187), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2016.6223
• Kırmızıdağ, N., Gür, B. S., Kurt, T., & Boz, N. (2012). Yükseköğretimde sınır ötesi ortaklık tecrübeleri. Ankara: Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi Yay.
• Knight, J. (1994). Internationalization: Elements and checkpoints (Research Monograph, No. 7). Ottawa: Canadian Bureau for International Education.
• Knight, J. (2004). Internationalization remodeled: Definition, approaches, and rationales. Journal of Studies in International Education, 8(1), 5-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315303260832
• Knight, J. (2011). Education hubs: A fad, a brand, an innovation? Journal of Studies in International Education, 15(3), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315311398046
• Kondakci, Y. (2011). Student mobility reviewed: Attraction and satisfaction of international students in Turkey. Higher Education, 62, 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-011-9406-2
• Kondakçı, Y., Çalışkan, Ö., Şahin, B. B., Yılık, M. A., & Demir, C. E. (2016). Regional internationalization in higher education between Turkey and the Balkans. Bilig, 78, 287-308
• * Kurum, G., & Erdemli, Ö. (2021). Challenges encountered by academicians in international students’ education: Turkey Case. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 145-172. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.91.8
• Leask, B. (2013). Internationalizing the curriculum in the disciplines- Imaging new possibilities." Journal of Studies in International Education, 17(2):103-118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315312475090
• Leask, B. (2015). Internationalizing the curriculum. London: Routledge.
• Lee, J. J., & Stensaker, B. (2021). Research on internationalisation and globalisation in higher education—Reflections on historical paths, current perspectives and future possibilities. European Journal of Education, 56, 157– 168. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12448
• Mızıkacı, F. (2005). Prospects for European integration: Turkish higher education. Higher Education in Europe, 30(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/03797720500088152
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ, 339, b2535. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535
• Newman, M., & Gough, D. (2020). Systematic reviews in educational research: Methodology, perspectives and application. In: O. Zawacki-Richter, M. Kerres, S. Bedenlier, M. Bond, & K. Buntins, (Eds), Systematic reviews in educational research. Springer VS. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27602-7_1
• Özdemir, M. & Aypay, A. (2022). The academic home of Turkish higher education research: A demographic, thematic and methodological examination of doctoral dissertations. Research in Educational Administration and Leadership, 7(1), 81-130. https://doi.org/10.30828/real.972966
• Özdemir M., Karaferye F., & Aypay A., (2021). The subject of Turkish higher education research: The case of faculty members. Journal of Higher Education and Science/ Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 11(3), 545-558. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2021.474
• Perkin, H. (2007). History of universities. In J. J. F. Forest & P. G. Altbach (Eds.), International Handbook of Higher Education (pp. 159-205). Dordrecht: Springer.
• * Sahan, K. (2021). Implementing English-medium instruction: Comparing policy to practice at a Turkish university. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 44(2), 129-153. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.20094.sah
• * Şahan, Ö., & Sahan, K. (2021). The driving forces behind monolingual and bilingual English-medium instruction: A comparison of students’ perspectives in Turkey. Novitas-ROYAL, 15(2), 81-97.
• Şenay, H. H., Şengül, M. & Seggie, F. N. (2020). Türkiye’de yükseköğretim çalışmaları: Eğilimler ve öneriler. Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.697415
• Shahjahan, R. A., Bylsma, P. E., & Singai, C. (2022). Global university rankings as ‘sticky’ objects and ‘refrains’: affect and mediatisation in India. Comparative Education, 58(2), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050068.2021.1935880
• Stein S. (2019). Critical internationalization studies at an impasse: making space for complexity, uncertainty, and complicity in a time of global challenges. Studies in Higher Education, 46(9), 1771-1784. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1704722
• * Tamtekin Aydın, O. (2021). Becoming more visible in the field of international higher education: Research performance as a factor. Turkish Studies - Social Sciences, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.47356/TurkishStudies.47711
• Tight, M. (2014). Discipline and theory in higher education research. Research Papers in Education, 29(1), 93-110, https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2012.729080
• Tight, M. (2021). Globalization and internationalization as frameworks for higher education research, Research Papers in Education, 36(1), 52-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1633560
• Tight, M. (2022). Internationalisation of higher education beyond the West: challenges and opportunities – the research evidence, Educational Research and Evaluation, 27(3-4), 239-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2022.2041853
• ÜAK. (2022). Doçentlik başvuru şartları. https://www.uak.gov.tr/Sayfalar/arsiv-docentlik-basvuru-sartlari.aspx
• * Yanık T. & Aslan, I. (2014). Internationalization in shadow of globalization and some strategies at Agri Ibrahim Cecen University (ICUA). The Social Sciences, 9(1), 24-28.
• * Yılmaz, D. V. (2018). Studying abroad: Experiences of international students in a Turkish university. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 8(1), 23–32. doi:10.2399/yod.17.027
• * Yılmaz, G. (2019). Emulating Erasmus? Turkey’s Mevlana exchange program in higher education. Asia Europe Journal, 17(2), 145-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-017-0497-y
• YÖK. (2017). Yükseköğretimde uluslararasılaşma strateji belgesi 2018-2022. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu.
• YÖK. (2021). Yükseköğretimde hedef odaklı uluslararasılaşma. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu.