TEMAS HİPOTEZİ BAĞLAMINDA ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİLERİN KÜLTÜREL TUTUMLARINI ANLAMLANDIRMAK

Öz

Bu çalışma, uluslararası öğrencilerin Türkiye’de bulundukları süre içerisinde, Türk Toplumu ile kurdukları etkileşimin, kültürleşme tutumları üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda kültürlerarası iletişimin öğrencilerin kültürleşme tutumları üzerindeki etkisi, Gordon Allport (1954) tarafından ortaya konulan Temas Hipotezi temel alınarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma verileri nicel araştırma tekniklerinden olan, anket aracılığıyla toplanmış, ve Kayseri’de öğrenim gören 201 uluslararası üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin değerlendirilmesi yol analizi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları, uluslararası öğrencilerin ev sahibi ile kurduğu iletişimin, ev sahibi kültüre ait unsurların kısmen ya da tamamı ile benimsenmesini ifade eden bütünleşme ve asimilasyon tutumları üzerinde belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Yine elde edilen sonuçlara göre, ev sahibi toplum ile kurulan temasın niceliğinin artması, temas niteliğinin daha eşitlikçi, isteğe bağlı, samimi ve iş birliğine dayalı olması, ayrıca ev sahibi toplumdan yakın arkadaşlara sahip olunması ve kurulan temasın olumlu sonuçlanması uluslararası öğrencilerin kültürleşme tutumlarını olumlu yönde etkilemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kültürlerarası İletişim
• Kültürleşme
• Temas Hipotezi
• Uluslararası Öğrenciler

UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL ATTITUDES OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF CONTACT HYPOTHESIS

Öz

The present study aims to reveal the effect of the interaction established by international students with the host society during the period of their stay in Turkey on the acculturation attitudes. In this respect, the effect of intercultural communication on the acculturation attitudes of the students has been examined based on the Contact Hypothesis suggested by Gordon Allport (1954). The study data has been collected by using survey method which is one of the quantitative research techniques and 201 international students studying in Kayseri has participated in the survey. Research data has been assessed by using the path analysis. The study results indicate that the communication established by the international students with the host has a decisive effect on integrity and assimilation attitudes which represent the complete or partial adoption of elements of the host culture. The results also indicate that the increase in the quantity of the communication established with the host society, and that the quality of the contact is more equalitarian, sincere, and cooperation-based, and that the contact established brings together a positive result have a positive effect on the acculturation attitudes of the international students.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Intercultural Communication
• Acculturation
• Contact Hypothesis
• International students

Kaynakça

1. Adkins-Hutchison, C. (1996). Social support and adjustment among black psychology graduate students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Rutgers State University.
2. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Erişim adresi: https://archive.org/
3. Arends-Toth, J. V., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2003). Multiculturalism and acculturation: Views of Dutch and Turkish-Dutch. European Journal of Social Psychology (33), 249-266.
4. Balcı, Ş., ve Öğüt, N. (2019). Yabancı uyruklu üniversite öğrencileri arasında kültürleşme ve kültürleşme stratejileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49-62.
5. Barlow, F. K., Paolini, S., Pedersen, A., Hornsey, M. J., Radke, H. R., Harwood, J., ve Sibley, C. G. (2012). The contact caveat: Negative contact predicts increased prejudice more than positive contact predicts reduced prejudice. Personality and Social sychology Bulletin, 38(12), 1629–1643.
6. Barry, D. (2001). Development of a new scale for measuring acculturation: The East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM). Journal of Immigrant Health, 3(4), 193-197.
7. Berry, J. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration (30), 69-85.
8. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 5-68.

9. Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., ve Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. The International Migration Review, 491-511.
10. Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., ve Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity and adaptation. J. W.
11. Beryy, J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, & P. Vedder (Ed.), Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national context (s. 303-332) içinde. Mahaw: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
12. Binder, J., Zagefka, H., Brown, R., Funke, F., Kessler, T., Mummendey, A., ve Leyens, J. (2009). Does contact reduce prejudice or does prejudice reduce contact? A longitudinal test of the contact hypothesis among majority and minority groups in three european countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (96), 843-856.
13. Blascovich, J., Mendes, W., Hunter, S. B., Lickel, B., ve Kowai-Bell, N. (2001). Perceiver threat in social interactions with stigmatized others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (80), 253-267.
14. Bochner, S. (1982). Cross-cultural interaction: Theory and definition of the field. M. Argyle (Ed.), Cultures in contact studıes in cross-cultural interaction (s. 3-44) içinde. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
15. Bochner, S. (1983). The social psychology of cross-cultural relations. S. Bochner (Ed.), Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (s. 5-44) içinde.
16. Bochner, S., (2006). Sojourners. Sam, D., L. ve J., W., (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (s. 181-197) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Bochner, S., Hutnik, N., ve Furnham, A. (1985). The friendship patterns of overseas and host students in an Oxford student residence. The Journal of Social Psychology, 6(125), 689-694.
18. Bochner, S., McLeod, B., ve Lin, A. (1977). Friendship patterns of overseas students. A functional model. International Journal of Psychology (12), 277-297.
19. Boonchan, T. (1988). Intercultural communication competence and acculturation: An exploratory study among American Sojourners in Thailand. Unpublished doctoral dissertion. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma.
20. Brown, R., ve Hewstone, M. (2005). An integrative theory of intergroup contact. M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (s. 255-343) içinde. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
21. Cabassa, L. J. (2003). Measuring acculturation: Where we are and where we need to go. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(2), 127-146.
22. Champagnie, A. K. (1993). The role of television advertising in acculturation: A media system dependency approach. (Doktora tezi). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
23. Choi, J., ve Tamborini, R. (1988). Communication‐acculturation and the cultivation hypothesis: A comparative study between two Korean communities in the U.S. Howard Journal of Communications, 57-74.
24. Davies, K., Tropp, L. R., Aron, A., Pettigrew, T. F., ve Wright, S. C. (2011). Cross-group friendships and intergroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review(15), 332-335. doi:10.1177/1088868311411103
25. Ebuta Ebi, E. (1988). Communication patterns in the acculturation process for Nigerian foreign students. (Doktora tezi). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
26. Furnham, A., ve Alibhai, N. (1985). The friendship networks of foreign students: A replication and extension of the functional model. International Journal of Psychology(20), 709-722.
27. Gaertner, S. L., ve Dovidio, J. (2000). Reducing Intergroup bias. Hove: Psychology Press.
28. Gao, C. (2011). The Role of Face-to-face Interpersonal communication with different social networks in the development of intercultural communication competence. (Doktora tezi) ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
29. González, R., Sirlopú, D., ve Kessler, T. (2010). Prejudice among Peruvians and Chileans as a function of identity, intergroup contact, acculturation preferences, and intergroup emotions. Journal of Social Issues(66), 803-824. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01676.x
30. Gudykunst, W. B., ve Kim, Y. Y. (1984). Communicating with strangers: An Approach to İntercultural Communication. New York: Random House.
31. Gülnar, B., ve Balcı, Ş. (2011). Yeni medya ve kültürleşen toplum. Konya : Literatürk Yayınları.
32. Hewstone, M. (2009). Living apart, living together? The role of intergroup contact in social integration. Proceedings of the British Academy, 243-300.
33. Higher education in numbers. (2021 4 Ocak Erişim adresi: https://www.studyinturkey.gov.tr/StudyinTurkey/_PartStatistic.
34. Huang, Y. (2010). Acculturatıon and academıc performance the role of media use and ınterpersonal communication among ınternatıonal students. (Doktora tezi) ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
35. Islam, M. R., ve Hewstone, M. (1993). Dimensions of contact as predictors of intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and outgroup attitude: An integrative model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin(19), 700-710.
36. Kashima, E. S., ve Loh, E. (2006). International students’ acculturation: Effects of international, conational, and local ties and need for closure. School of Psychological Science(30), 471-485.
37. Kim, Y. Y. (1976). Communication patterns of foreign immigrants in the process of acculturation: A survey among the Korean population in Chicago. Doctoral dissertation. Evanston: Northwestern University.
38. Kim, Y. Y. (1979). Toward an ınteractive theory of communication-acculturation. Annals of the International Communication Association, 3(1), 435-453.
39. Kim, Y. Y. (1982). Communication and acculturation. L. A. Samovar, ve R. E. Porter (Ed.), Intercultural communication: A reader (s. 379-388). Belmont: CA: Wadsworth.
40. Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage.
41. Kormos, J., Csizér, K., ve Iwaniec, J. (2014). A mixed-method study of language-learning motivation and intercultural contact of international students. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural(35), 151-166.
42. Kunjara, K. (1982). Communication patterns of Thai students in the process of acculturation. (Doktora tezi) ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
43. Lewthwaite, M. (1996). A study on international students’ perspectives on crosscultural adaptation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling(19), 167-185. doi:10.1007/BF00114787.
44. Li, J. Q., Liu, X., Wei, T., ve Lan, W. (2013). Acculturation, ınternet use, and psychological well-being among chinese international students. Journal of International Students, 3(2), 155-166.
45. Masgoret, A.-M., ve Ward, C. (2006). Culture learning approach to acculturation. J. Berry, ve D. L. Sam (Ed.), The cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (s. 58-77). Cambridge: Cambridge Books Online.
46. OECD iLibrary, (2021 4 Ocak). Erişim adresi: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/statistics.
47. Paolini, S., Hewstone, M., Cairns, E., ve Voci, A. (2004). Effects of direct and indirect crossgroup friendships on judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The mediating role of an anxiety-reduction mechanism. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(6), 770-786. doi:10.1177/0146167203262848
48. Papadopoulosa, D., Karasavvogloub, A., Geranisc, C., ve Violitzid, K. (2015). The effect of socio-demographic variables on acculturation of Albanian Immigrants in Greece. Procedia Economics and Finance(19), 154-166.
49. Pettigrew, T. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology(49), 65-85. doi:066-4308/98/0201-0065
50. Pettigrew, T. F. (2008). Future directions for intergroup contact theory and research. International Journal of Intercultural Relations(32), 187-199.
51. Pettigrew, T. F., ve Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytical test of the intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology(90), 751-783.
52. Phinney, J. S., Horenczyk, G., Liebkind, K., ve Vedder, P. (2001). Ethnic identity, immigration, and well-being: An interactional perspective. Journal of Social Issues(47), 493-510.
53. Pruitt, F. J. (1978). The adaptation of African students to American society. International Journal of Intercultural Relations(21), 90–118.
54. Rafieyan, V., Behnammohammadian, N., ve Orang, M. (2015). Relationship between acculturation attitude and pragmatic comprehension. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 6(3), 504-512.
55. Rafieyan, V., Orang, M., Bijami, M., Sharafi-Nejad, M., ve Lin, S. E. (2014). Language learners’ acculturation attitudes. English Language Teaching, 7(1), 114-119.
56. Redfield, R., Linton, R., ve Herskovits, M. J. (1936). Memorandum for the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist(38), 149-152.
57. Redmond, M. V., & Bunyi, J. M. (1993). The relationship of intercultural communication competence with stress and the handling of stress as reported by international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations(17), 235–254.
58. Sam, D. L., & Berry, J. W. (2006). Introduction. D. L. Sam, ve J. W. Berry (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology (s. 1-10) içinde. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
59. Searle, W., ve Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations(14), 449–464.
60. Shah, H. (1991). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation patterns among Asian Indians. lnternational Journal of Intercultutal Relations(15), 311-321.
61. Stangor, C., Jonas, K., Stroebe, W., ve Hewstone, M. (1996). Influence of student exchange on national stereotypes attitudes and perceived group variability. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26(4), 663-675. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199607)26:43.0.CO;2-6.
62. Swart, H., Hewstone, M., Christ, O., ve Voci, A. (2010). The impact of cross-group friendships in South Africa: Affective mediators and multigroup comparisons. Journal of Social Issues(66).
63. Turner, R. N., Hewstone, M., ve Voci, A. (2007). Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact: The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology(93), 369-388.
64. Van Acker, K., ve Vanbeselaere, N. (2011). Bringing together acculturation theory and intergroup contact theory: Predictors of Flemings’ expectations of Turks’ acculturation behavior. International Journal of Intercultural Relations(35), 334–345.
65. Vijaygopal, R., ve Dibb, S. (2012). Exploring the role of acculturation in brand choice: a new perspective for targeting Indians living in the United Kingdom. Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing(20), 47-56.
66. Voci, A., ve Hewstone, M. (2003). Intergroup contact and prejudice towards immigrants in Italy: The mediational role of anxiety and the moderational role of group salience. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations(6), 37-54.
67. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993). Psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions: A comparison of secondary students at home and abroad. International Journal of Psychology(28), 129–147.
68. Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1993b). Where's the culture in cross cultural transition? Comparative studies of sojourner adjustment. Journal of Cross-Cultural psychology, 2(24), 221-249.
69. Weinstock, S., A. (1964). Some factors that related or accelerate the role of acculturation: With specific reference to Hungarian immigrants. Human Relations, 4(17), 321-340.
70. Woldeab, D. (2013). The Relationships between ınternet usage and acculturation of the Horn of Africa Immigrants in the United States. (Doktora tezi). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses veri tabanından erişildi.
71. Wright, S. C., Aron, A., McLaughlin-Volpe, T., ve Ropp, S. A. (1997). The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 73-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73
72. Yu, W., ve Wang, S. (2011). An investigation into the acculturation strategies of Chinese students in Germany. Intercultural Communication Studies, 20(2), 190-210.
73. Yu, W., ve Wang, S. (2011). An investigation into the acculturation strategies of Chinese students in Germany. Intercultural Communication Studies , 190-210.
74. Zagefka, H., ve Brown, R. (2002). The relationship between acculturation strategies, relative fit and ıntergroup relations: ımmigrant-majority relations in Germany. European Journal of Social Psychology(32), 171-188.