Hizmet Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren KOBİ’ler Bağlamında Girişimsel Yönelimlere İlişkin Nitel Bir Araştırma

Öz

Araştırmada Türkiye’de hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren ve KOBİ statüsünde yer alan firmaların girişimsel yönelimlere ilişkin mevcut durumlarının, bakış açılarının ve bağlam tabanlı olabilecek özgün yaklaşımlarının keşfedilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için olayların, olguların doğal ortamlarında var oldukları halleri ile ve bütüncül olarak ortaya çıkartılmasını sağlayan ve keşfedici doğası olan nitel araştırma tercih edilmiştir. Veriler ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlarla toplanmıştır. Toplanan verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular firmaların girişimsel yönelimlere ilişkin literatüre uyumlu bakış açılarının yanı sıra literatürden ayrışan risk almaktan kaçınma ve kadife rekabet yaklaşımlarını özgün sonuçlar olarak ortaya çıkartmaktadır. Girişimsel yönelimlerin ruhuna aykırı olan bulgular araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Türkiye bağlam şartlarına özgü olarak baskın kültür özellikleri, KOBİ’lerin finansal döngüleri ve araştırmanın yapıldığı dönem itibariyle pandeminin oluşturduğu ekonomik koşulları da içeren çeşitli zorluklarla ilişkili olarak tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Girişimsel yönelim
• stratejik yönelimler
• risk almaktan kaçınma
• kadife rekabet

A Qualitative Research on Entrepreneurial Orientations in the Context of SMEs Operating in the Service Sector

Abstract

The research aims to discover the current situation, perspectives, and context-based unique approaches of companies operating in the service sector in Turkey and having SME status regarding entrepreneurial orientations. To achieve this goal, qualitative research was preferred, which is exploratory and enables the holistic discovery of events and phenomena as they exist in their natural environments. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using the criterion sampling method. The content analysis method was used to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal companies' perspectives on entrepreneurial orientations that are compatible with the literature, as well as avoidance of risk and velvet competition approaches that differ from the literature, as unique results. The findings, those contrary to the spirit of entrepreneurial orientations, are discussed concerning dominant cultural characteristics specific to the Turkish context, the financial cycles of SMEs, and various challenges, including the economic conditions created by the pandemic at the time of the research.

Keywords

• Entrepreneurial orientation
• strategic orientations
• avoidance of risk
• velvet competition

Kaynakça

1. Akarsu, O. ve Döven, M. S. (2022). Girişimcilik Yönelimini Etkileyen Faktörler: Teknoparklarda Bir Araştırma. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 143-164.
2. Al Mamun, A. and Fazal, S. A. (2018). Effect of Entrepreneurial Orientation On Competency and Micro-Enterprise Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 379-398.
3. Al-Hakimi, M. A. and Borade, D. B. (2020). The Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation On the Supply Chain Resilience. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1-18.
4. Aloulou, W. J. (2019). Impacts of Strategic Orientations On New Product Development and Firm Performances: Insights from Saudi Industrial Firms. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(2), 257-280.
5. Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. and Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurial Orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1579–1596.
6. Antoncic, B. and Hisrich, R. D. (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct Refinement and Cross-Cultural Validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 495–527.
7. Ashraf, B. N., Zheng, C. and Arshad, S. (2016). Effects of National Culture On Bank Risk-Taking Behavior. Research in International Business and Finance, 37, 309-326.
8. Baltacı, A. (2019). Nitel Araştırma Süreci: Nitel Bir Araştırma Nasıl Yapılır?. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 368-388.

9. Barringer, B. R. and Bluedorn, A. C. (1999). The Relationship Between Corporate Entrepreneurship and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 421-444.
10. Barringer, B. R. and Ireland, R. D. (2016). Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures (5. Bs.) Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson Prentice-Hall.
11. Baykal, E. (2022). Succession in Family Business Through Authentic Leadership. Research Anthology On Strategies for Maintaining Successful Family Firms (S. 488-503) Içinde. IGI Global.
12. Baysak, B., Bozkurt, S., and Günsel, A. (2023). Do Leaders Have an Influence On Strengthening Entrepreneurial Orientation? Empirical Evidence from SMES of Turkish Techno-Parks. Kybernetes, 52(6), 2118-2144.
13. Beliaeva, T., Shirokova, G., Wales, W. and Gafforova, E. (2020). Benefiting from Economic Crisis? Strategic Orientation Effects, Trade-Offs, And Configurations with Resource Availability On SME Performance. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), 165-194.
14. Bulut, Ç. (2007). Stratejik Oryantasyonlar Ve Firma Performansı. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Gebze.
15. Calantone, R. J., Cavusgil, S. T. And Zhao, Y. (2002). Learning Orientation, Firm Innovation Capability and Firm Performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 31(6), 515-524.
16. Chang, Y. M. (2008). Risk Avoidance and Risk Taking Under Uncertainty: A Graphical Analysis. The American Economist, 52(1), 73-85.
17. Cho, Y. H. and Lee, J. (2018). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Entrepreneurial Education and Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 124-134.
18. Coşkun, B. (2023). KOBİ’lerde Modern Yönetim Tekniklerinin Uygulanması: Van Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Bartın Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bartın.
19. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma Ve Araştırma Deseni. (M. Bütün Ve S. B. Demir, Çev.). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
20. Creswell, J. W. and Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining Validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124-131.
21. Creswell, J. W. ve Plano Clark, V. L. (2020). Karma Yöntem Araştırmaları Tasarımı Ve Yürütülmesi (4.Baskı). (Y. Dede ve S. B. Demir, Çev.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
22. Dayoğlu, A. and Baykal, E. (2021). Succession Planning in Family Companies by “Habits Model”. Financial Strategies in Competitive Markets: Multidimensional Approaches to Financial Policies for Local Companies, 81-93.
23. Dess G. G., Lumpkin, G. T. And Covin, J. G. (1997). Entrepreneurial Strategy Making and Firm Performance: Tests of Contingency and Configurational Models. Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 677-695.
24. Dionysus, R. And Arifin, A. Z. (2020). Strategic Orientation On Performance: The Resource Based View Theory Approach. Jurnal Akuntansi, 24(1), 136-153.
25. Dugan, M. Ö. ve Tosunoğlu, N. (2020). Hızlı büyüyen KOBİ’lerde İç Girişimcilik: Ankara İlinde Bir Araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 2061-2079.
26. Eggers, F., Niemand, T., Filser, M., Kraus, S. and Berchtold, J. (2020). To Network or Not to Network–Is That Really the Question? The Impact of Networking Intensity and Strategic Orientations On Innovation Success. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155, 119448.
27. Erman, H. ve Şener, İ. (2023). Kurum Girişimciliğinin İşletmelerin Finansal Sonuçlarına Etkisi: BİST İmalat Firmaları Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(1), 626-639.
28. Ertekin, İ. (2023). Kurumsallaşma Sürecinde İki Önemli Parametre: Yönetişim ve İletişim. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Alanında Gelişmeler, 2, 416.
29. Geert Hofstede. (T. Y.). Dimension Data Matrix. Erişim Adresi: Https://Geerthofstede.Com/ Research-And-Vsm/Dimension-Data-Matrix/
30. Goaill, M. M. and Al-Hakimi, M. A. (2021). Does Absorptive Capacity Moderate The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation And Supply Chain Resilience?. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1), 1-19.
31. Guest, G., Bunce, A. and Johnson, L. (2006). How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment With Data Saturation And Variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
32. Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B. ve Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma (2. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
33. Hakala, H. (2011). Strategic Orientations in Management Literature: Three Approaches to Understanding the Interaction Between Market, Technology, Entrepreneurial and Learning Orientations. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 13(2), 199-217.
34. Hofstede, Geert H. (1980). Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE.
35. Hofstede, Geert H. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, And Organizations Across Nations (2. Basım). Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: SAGE.
36. Hughes, M. and Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing The Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Business Performance at The Embryonic Stage of Firm Growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(5), 651-661.
37. Hughes-Morgan, M., Kolev, K. and Mcnamara, G. (2018). A Meta-Analytic Review of Competitive Aggressiveness Research. Journal of Business Research, 85, 73-82.
38. Isichei, E.E., Emmanuel Agbaeze, K. and Odiba, M.O. (2020). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance in SMES: The Mediating Role of Structural Infrastructure Capability. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 15(6), 1219-1241.
39. İmamoğlu, S. Z., Türkcan, H. ve Karakuş, H. (2023). Girişimsel Yönelim, Özümseme Kapasitesi Ve Firma Performansı Arasındaki İlişki. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 24(1), 433-447.
40. Kağıtçı, S. and Şahin, B. (2022). A Qualitative Research On Entrepreneurial Marketing Activities of Cluster Member SMES. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 19(49), 751-761.
41. Kallmuenzer, A. and Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2-14.
42. Kayışkan, D. ve Özgül, E. (2021). KOBİ’lerde Girişimsel Pazarlama Boyutlarının İncelenmesine Yönelik İzmir İlinde Bir Araştırma. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 10(2), 23-46.
43. Khandwalla, P. N. (1976). Some Top Management Styles, Their Context and Performance. Organization and Administrative Sciences, 7(4), 21–51.
44. Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Čech, P., And Kloudová, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial Orientation of SMES’ Executives in The Comparative Perspective for Czechia and Turkey. Oeconomia Copernicana, 10(4), 773–795.
45. Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Cera, G., Mezuláník, J. and Maňák, R. (2020). Differences in Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) Of SMES in The International Context: Evidence From The Czech Republic And Turkey. Engineering Economics, 31(3), 345–357.
46. Koç, B. ve Yazıcıoğlu, İ. (2022). Küçük Ve Orta Ölçekli Konaklama İşletmelerinde Girişimcilik Yöneliminin İşletme Performansına Etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(1), 1041-1062.
47. Koçel, T. (2010). İşletme Yöneticiliği. Ankara: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
48. Kurtulmuş, B. E. and Warner, B. (2015). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Perceived Financial Performance. Does Environment Always Moderate EO Performance Relation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 739-748.
49. Kurtulmuş, B. E., Katrinli, A. and Warner, B. (2020). International Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of SMES: The Mediating Role of Informal Institutional Framework. Sage Open, 10(4), 2158244020983294.
50. Leavy, P. (2017). Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, And Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. New York: The Guilfod Press.
51. Li, K., Griffin, D., Yue, H. and Zhao, L. (2013). How Does Culture Influence Corporate Risk-Taking?. Journal of Corporate Finance, 23, 1-22.
52. Lin, C. and Kunnathur, A. (2019). Strategic Orientations, Developmental Culture, And Big Data Capability. Journal of Business Research, 105, 49-60.
53. Linton, G. Ve Kask, J. (2017). Configurations of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Competitive Strategy for High Performance. Journal of Business Research, 70, 168–176.
54. Liu, S. S., Luo, X. and Shi Y. (2002). Integrating Customer Orientation, Corporate Entrepreneurship, And Learning Orientation in Organizations-In-Transition: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 19(4), 367–382.
55. Lumpkin, G. T. and Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying The Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.
56. Lumpkin, G. T. and Dess, G. G. (2001). Linking Two Dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation to Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Environment and Industry Life Cycle. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-451.
57. Meekaewkunchorn, N., Szczepańska-Woszczyna K., Muangmee, C., Kassakorn, N. and Khalid, B. (2021). Entrepreneurial Orientation and SME Performance: The Mediating Role of Learning Orientation. Economics and Sociology, 14(2), 294-312.
58. Mihet, R. (2013). Effects of Culture On Firm Risk-Taking: A Cross-Country and Cross-Industry Analysis. Journal of Cultural Economics, 37, 109–151.
59. Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (2016). Genişletilmiş Bir Kaynak Kitap: Nitel Veri Analizi (2. Baskı). (S. A. Altun, A. Ersoy, Çev.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
60. Miller, D. (1983). The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791.
61. Miller, D. and Friesen, P. H. (1978). Archetypes of Strategy Formulation. Management Science, 24(9), 921-933. Mintzberg, H. (1973). Strategy-Making in Three Modes. California Management Review, 16(2), 44–53.
62. Mostafiz, M. I., Hughes, M. and Sambasivan, M. (2021). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Competitive Advantage and Strategic Knowledge Management Capability in Malaysian Family Firms. Journal of Knowledge Management, 26(2), 423-458.
63. Mourouzidou-Damtsa, S., Milidonis, A. and Stathopoulos, K. (2019). National Culture and Bank Risk-Taking. Journal of Financial Stability, 40, 132-143.
64. Naman, J. L. and Slevin, D. P. (1993). Entrepreneurship and The Concept of Fit: A Model and Empirical Tests. Strategic Management Journal, 14(2), 137–154.
65. National Archives. (T. Y.). Erişim Adresi: Https://Founders.Archives.Gov/ Documents/Washington/06-04-02-0120
66. Ng, H. S., Kee, D. M. H. and Ramayah, T. (2020). Examining The Mediating Role of Innovativeness in The Link Between Core Competencies and SME Performance. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(1), 103-129.
67. Özcan, B. (2022). İşletmelerde Kurumsallaşma Ve Kurumsal Girişimcilik İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
68. Özdoğan, B. (2020). Türkiye’de Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Bireysel Girişimcilik Yönelimi Araştırması. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(1), 31-46.
69. Putnins, T. J. and Sauka, A. (2020). Why Does Entrepreneurial Orientation Affect Company Performance? Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 711-735.
70. Ramachandran, I., Lengnick-Hall, C. A. and Badrinarayanan, V. (2019). Enabling and Leveraging Ambidexterity: Influence of Strategic Orientations and Knowledge Stock. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(6), 1136-1156.
71. Sağlam, M. (2020). Örgütsel Ustalığın Girişimcilik Yönelimi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Hizmet Ve Üretim Sektörü Karşılaştırması. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme Ve Politika Dergisi, 4(2), 421-440.
72. Sağlam, M. Ve Sarı, M. (2022). İşletmelerin Girişimcilik Yönelimiyle İhracat Yönelimi Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 8(30), 543-569.
73. Sa'id, K. S. A. (2022). The Impact of Market Orientation, Entrepreneurial Orientation, And Relationship Orientation On the International Performance of SMES. Multidisciplinary Perspectives On Cross-Border Trade and Business (S.203-221) in IGI Global.
74. Sgro, F., Palazzi, F. and Ciambotti, M. (2021). What Leads To SMES Continuity?. Beyond The Crisis: What Is The Future For Small Businesses?. Urbino University Press.
75. Shim, Y., Seo, J. and Park, E. (2021). A Study On the Strategic Orientation and The Performance of IT Startups: The Moderating Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship 16(1), 127-138.
76. Tatar Aslan, S. Ve Oğrak, A. (2022). İşletmelerin Girişimsel Yönelimleri İle İşgören Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: Van Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Örneği. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 17(2), 471-487.
77. Teece, D. J. (2018). Dynamic Capabilities as (Workable) Management Systems Theory. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(3), 359-368.
78. Teece, D. J., Pisano, G. ve Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
79. Tehseen, S., Deng, P., Wu, B. and Gao, Y. (2021). Culture Values and Entrepreneurial Innovativeness: A Comparative Study of Malaysian Ethnic Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 61(2), 2622-2655.
80. Tian, M., Deng, P. and Wu, B. (2020). Culture and Innovation in The International Context: A Literature Review. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 33(6), 1–28.
81. Ticaret Bakanlığı. (t. y.). Hizmet ticaretine ilişkin sınıflandırmalar. Erişim adresi: https://ticaret.gov.tr/hizmet-ticareti/hizmet-ticaretine-iliskin-siniflandirmalar
82. Tong, A., Sainsbury, P. and Craig, J. (2007). Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ): A 32-Item Checklist for Interviews and Focus Groups. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 19(6), 349-357.
83. Tran, Q. T. (2019). Economic Policy Uncertainty and Corporate Risk-Taking: International Evidence. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 52, 100605.
84. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2021). Küçük ve orta büyüklükteki girişim istatistikleri, 2020. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kucuk-ve-Orta-Buyuklukteki-Girisim-Istatistikleri-2020-41129
85. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2022). Yıllık sanayi ve hizmet istatistikleri, 2021. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Yillik-Sanayi-ve-Hizmet-Istatistikleri-2021-45836
86. Urbano, D., Guerrero, M., Ferreira, J. J. and Fernandes, C. I. (2019). New Technology Entrepreneurship Initiatives: Which Strategic Orientations And Environmental Conditions Matter In The New Socio-Economic Landscape?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 44(5), 1577-1602.
87. Urfa, A. M. and Arslantaş, C. C. (2022). Uluslararası Girişimsel Yönelim Üzerine Eleştirel Bir Literatür Incelemesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1), 181-208.
88. Wales, W. J., Covin, J. G. and Monsen, E. (2020). Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Necessity of a Multilevel Conceptualization. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 14(4), 639-660.
89. Wales, W. J., Gupta, V. K., and Mousa, F.-T. (2013). Empirical Research On Entrepreneurial Orientation: An Assessment and Suggestions for Future Research. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 357–383.
90. White, G. and Vila, N. (2017). Entrepreneurial Orientation’s Effect On Marketing Strategies and Success: Implications for US Firms Entering Cuba. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(2), 501-523.
91. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (8. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
92. Yıldırım, R. K. ve Aydın, G. K. Finansal Yatırım Araçları ve Riskten Kaçınma Davranışı Arasındaki İlişki: Finansal Okuryazarlığın Moderatör ve Medyatör Etkisi. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 8(2), 83-94.
93. Yorulmaz, H. (2023). Dijital çağda KOBİ'lerde Örgütsel Dayanıklılık İçin Stratejik Yönelimler Ve Esnek Çalışma Model Önerisi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi), İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
94. Yorulmaz, H. ve Baykal, E. (2023). KOBİ'lerde Stratejik Yönelimlerin Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Üzerine Etkisi: Pandemi Deneyimi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 7(1), 481-509.
95. Yorulmaz, H., Baykal, E. and Eti, S. (2023). Effects of Teleworking and Strategic Orientations On Resilience in The Post-Pandemic Period. OPUS Journal of Society Research, 20(51), 30-42.
96. Zhong, M. (2021). Research On the Organizational Resilience Construction of SMES Under the Background of VUCA. 2021 International Conference On Electronic Commerce, Engineering Management and Information Systems, (S. 438-443), in. UK: Francis Academic Press.
97. Zhou, K. Z., Yim, C. K. and Tse, D. K. (2005). The Effects of Strategic Orientations On Technology-And Market-Based Breakthrough Innovations. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 42-60.