THE IMPORTANCE OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS IN PUBLIC POLICIES: EXAMPLES FROM THE WORLD AND TURKEY / Kamu Politikalarında Davranışsal İktisadın Önemi: Dünya ve Türkiye’den Uygulama Örnekleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 237 - 262, 30.04.2020

Esra Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.672686

Cited By: 2

Öz

The success of public policy is related to understand the
non-hypothetical real individual’s behaviours and preferences. Thus, behavioural
public policies have become more preferred day by day. In 2018, minimum 202
public institutes across the world applied behavioural insights for their
policies. This study aims to answer the questions as; how the behavioural
approaches could integrate to public policies, what kind of applications about behavioural
public policies are there and how efficient these policies are. By this way,
the importance and necessity of behavioural public policies are discussed. In this
study literature review method is used. As a result, it is concluded that public policies based on behavioural
methods as nudging subconscious, persuading through their peers and social
marketing by choice architectures are more effective than public policies based
on financial incentives and prohibitions. Based on the implementations of countries and international
organizations. it is thought that; behavioural public
policies are more efficient than common public policy practices in increasing
social welfare with low cost. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Behavioural Public Policies, Behavioural Economics, Nudge, Behavioural Insight Team

KAMU POLİTİKALARINDA DAVRANIŞSAL İKTİSADIN ÖNEMİ: DÜNYA VE TÜRKİYE’DEN UYGULAMA ÖRNEKLERİ / The Importance Of Behavioral Economics In Public Policies: Examples From The World and Turkey

Öz

Kamu politikasının başarısı varsayımsal olmayan
gerçek bireylerin davranış ve tercihlerinin anlaşılması ile ilişkili olmaktadır.
Buradan hareketle davranışsal kamu politikaları her geçen gün daha tercih
edilir hale gelmektedir. 2018’de dünya genelinde en az 202 kamu kuruluşu
politikalarında davranışsal iç görülere başvurmaktadır. Buradan hareketle
çalışmada; kamu politikalarına davranışsal yaklaşımlar nasıl entegre
edilebilir; ne tür uygulama örnekleri bulunmakta ve ne ölçüde verim sağlanmakta
sorularının cevaplandırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu yolla davranışsal kamu politikalarının
gerekliliği ve önemi tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmada literatür değerlendirmesi
yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Neticede kamu politikalarının maddi teşvik ve yasaklardan
ziyade seçim mimarları tarafından bilinçaltını dürtme, akranları aracılığıyla
ikna etme ve toplumsal pazarlama gibi davranışsal yöntemlere dayalı olmasının
daha etkili olacağı sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Ülke ve uluslararası kuruluşların
uygulamalarından yola çıkılarak düşük maliyetle toplumsal refahı arttırmada
davranışsal kamu politikalarının yaygın kamu politikası uygulamalarından daha
etkin olacağı düşünülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Davranışsal Kamu Politikaları, Davranışsal İktisat, Dürtme, Davranışsal İç Görü Takımı

Kaynakça

• AEA. (2018). Search Results: Journal of Economic Perspectives. Erişim adresi: https://www.aeaweb.org/journals
• Altıntaş, K. ve Mercan, B. (2019). Kamunun Dürtme Politikaları: Liberteryen Paternalizm Yaklaşımı. İktisat ve Toplum Dergisi, 9 (107), 43-51.
• Altman, M. (2008). Behavioral Economics, Economic Theory and Public Policy. SSRN Electronic Journals, 1-96. Doi.: 102139/ ssrn.1152105
• Arad, A. and Rubinstein, A. (2018). The People’s Perspective on Libertarian-Paternalistic Policies. The Journal of Law and Economics, 61 (2), 311-333.
• Behavioral Insights Team (2016). The Behavioral Insights Team Update Report 2015-2016. London: Behavioral Insight Ltd.
• Behavioral Insights Team (2018). The Behavioral Insights Team Annual Report 2017-2018. London: Behavioral Insight Ltd.
• Berg, J., Dickhaut, J. and McCabe, K. (1995). Trust, Reciprocity and Social History. Games and Economic Behavior, 10(1), 122-142.
• Bruni, L. and Sugden, R. (2007). The Road Not Taken: How Psychology was Removed from Economics, and How It Might be Brought Back. The Economic Journal, 117 (516), 146-173.
• Bryan, J. C., Walton, G., M., Rogers, T. and Dweck, C. (2011). Motivating Voter Turn- out by Invoking the Self. PNAS, 108 (31), 12653-12656.
• Camerer, C., Loewenstein, G. and Rabin, M. (2003). Advances in Behavioral Economics. New York: Princeton University Press.
• Cartwright, E. (2011). Behavioral Economics. London and New York: Routledge Taylor Francis Group.
• Chetty, R. (2015). Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: A Pragmatic Perspective. American Economic Review, 105 (5), 1-33.
• Codagnono, C., Bogliacino, F., Bogliacino, G., Veltri, F. and Lupianez, V. (2014). Nudging in the World of International Decision Making. A. Samson (Ed.), The Behavioral Economics Guide (s: 51-58). Erişim adresi: http://www.behavioraleconomics.com.
• Del Balzo, G. (2015). Nudging in the UK, in the USA, in Denmark, in Italy: An International Comparison of Behavioral Insights Teams. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324149619
• Dhami, S. (2016). The Foundations of Behavioural Economic Analysis. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
• Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D. and Vlaev, I. (2010). Mindspace: Influencing Behaviour for Public Policy. Erişim adresi: https://pauldolan.co.uk/mindspace-influencing-behaviour-through-public-policy.html
• Earl, P. (2017). The Evolution of Behavioral Economics. R. Frantz, S. Chen, K. Dopfer, F. Heukelom and S. Mousavi (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Behavioral Economics (s.1-29) içinde. New York: Routledge.
• Ekonomi Bakanlığı. (2019). Senin Kararın Kamu Politikası Tasarımında Davranışsal Yaklaşım. Erişim adresi: https://ticaret.gov.tr/data /5b8ec3ce13b8761b8471 c1f9/1ebc0d8a6a572cd0a7f4ab084eb63831.pdf.
• Erdoğan, M. ve Karagöl, V. (2019). Davranışsal İktisat, Dürtme ve Günlük Hayatta Kamusal Müdahaleler: Türkiye Örnekleri ve Tavsiyeler. X. Uluslararası İktisat Kongresi 18-20 Temmuz 2019, Budapeşte, Macaristan. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 334138807
• Etziani, A. (2011). Behavioral Economics: Next Step. Journal of Consumer Policy, 34 (3), 277-287.
• Filho, A., Claret. C., Luis H. and Da Silva de Paiva. (2017). Behavioral Insight in Poverty Reduction Policies, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Research Brief, ISSN 2358-1379.
• Frantz, R. (2020). The Beginnings of Behavioral Economics: Katona, Simon and Leibenstein’s X-Efficiency Theory. United Kingdom: Elsevier.
• Galizzi, M. (2017). Behavioral Aspects of Policy Formulation: Experiments. Behavioral Insights, Nudges. M. Howlett,, I. Mukherjee, and S. Fraser (Ed.), Handbooks of Research on Public Policy (s. 410-430) içinde. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Galizzi, M. and Whitmarsh, L. (2019). Spillovers: A Methodological Review and Checklist. Frontiers in Psychology, 10 (342), 1-15.
• Gilad, B., Kaish, S. and Loeb, D. (1984). From Economic Behavior to Behavioral Economics: The Behavioral Uprising in Economics. Journal of Behavioral Economics, 13(1), 1-22.
• Guthrie, J. (2019), A Nudge in the Right Direction: USDA Sponsors Behavioral Economics Research to Promote Healthy Eating at School. Erişim adresi: https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2010/11/18/nudge-right-direction-usda-sponsors-behavioral-economics-research-promote
• Hagman, W., Andersson, D., Vastfjall, D. and Tinghög, G. (2015). Public Views on Policies Involving Nudges. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 6 (3), 439-453.
• Halpern, D. and Sanders, M. (2016). Nudging by Government: Progress, Impact, Lessons, Learned. Behavioral Science & Policy, 2 (2), 53-65.
• Hansen, P. G. (2016). The Definition of Nudge and Libertarian Patternalism: Does the Hand Fit the Glove. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 7(1), 155-174.
• Hattwick, R. (1989). Behavioral Economics: An Overview. Journal of Business and Psychology, 4 (2), 141-154.
• Heukelom, F. (2014). Behavioral Economics: A History. UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Heukelom, F. (2017). Richard Thaler’s Behavioral Economics. R. Frantz, S. Chen, K. Dopfer, F. Heukelom, and S. Mousavi (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Behavioral Economics (s. 101-111) içinde. New York: Routledge.
• Hirschman, A. (2008). Tutkular ve Çıkarlar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Johnson, E. and Goldstein, D. (2013). Decisions by Default. E. Shafir (Ed.), The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy (s. 417-427) içinde. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Kahneman, D. (2003a). A Perspective on Judgement and Choice: Mapping Bounded Rationality. American Psychologist, 58 (9), 697-720.
• Kahneman, D. (2003b). Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics. The American Economic Review, 93 (5), 1449-1475.
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Hızlı ve Yavaş Düşünme. İstanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
• Kahneman, D. and Tverky, A. (1974). Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristic and Biases. Science, New Series, 185 (4157), 1124-1131.
• Kuehnhanss, C. (2019). The Challenges of Behavioral Insights for Effective Policy Design. Policy and Society, 38 (1), 14-40.
• Loewenstein, G. and Angner, E. (2018), Behavioral Economics. Erişim adresi: https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein /BehavioralEconomics.pdf
• Loewenstein, G. and Bhargava, S. (2015). Behavioral Economics and Public Policy: Beyond Nudging. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, 105 (5), 396-401.
• Loewenstein, G. and Haisley, E. (2008). The Economist as Therapist: Methodological Ramifications of Light Paternalism. A. Caplin and A. Schotter (Ed.), The Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics: A Handbook (s. 210-249) içinde. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lunn, P. (2014). Regulatory Policy and Behavioral Economics. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Ly, K. and Soman, D. (2013). Nudging Around the World. Erişim adresi: C:/Users/user/Downloads/Nudging%20Around%20The%20World_Sep2013.pdf
• Madrian, B. (2014). Applying Insights from Behavioral Economics to Policy Design. The Annual Review of Economics, 6 (1), 663-688.
• Matjasko, J., Cawley, J., Baker-Goering, M. and David, V. (2016). Applying Behavioral Economics to Public Health Policy. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50 (5), 13-19.
• Mitchell, G. (2005). Libertarian Patternalism is an Oxymoron. Northwestern University Law Review, 99 (3), 1245-1278.
• OECD (2017). Behavioral Insights and Public Policy: Lessons from Around the World. Paris: OECD Publishing.
• Parke, H., Aschcroft, R., Brown, B. and Marteau, T. (2011). Financial Incentives to Encourage Health Behavior: An Analysis of UK Media Coverage. Health Expectations, 16 (3), 292-304.
• Ruben, E. ve Dumludağ, D. (2015). İktisat ve Psikoloji. L. Neyse, Ö. Gökdemir, D. Dumludağ ve E. Ruben (Ed.), İktisatta Davranışsal Yaklaşımlar (s.31-50) içinde. İstanbul: İmge.
• Sanders, M., Snijders, V. and Hallsworth, M. (2018). Behavioral Science and Policy: Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going. Behavioral Public Policy, 2 (2), 144-167.
• Sent, E. (2004). Behavioral Economics: How Psychology Made Its Way Back into Economics. History of Political Economy, 36 (4), 735-760.
• Simon, H. (1955) A Behavioural Model of Rational Choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69 (1), 99-118.
• Simon, H. (1979). Rational Decision Making in Business Organisations. The American Economic Review, 69 (4), 493-513.
• Sincer, E. (2017). Din İnancı ve Dindarlık Düzeyinin Girişimciliğe Etkisi: Hatay Örneklemi Üzerinde Değerlendirme. (Doktora Tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Isparta.
• Thaler, R. ve Sunstein, C. (2013). Dürtme: Sağlık, Zenginlik ve Mutlulukla ilgili Kararları Uygulamak. İstanbul: Pegasus Yayınevi.
• Tummers, L., Van Leeuwen, M. and Bekkers,V. (2015). Nudge as an Innovative Policy Instrument: A Public Administration Perspective. Social Innovation Research Conference May 21-22 2015, Shanghai, China. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282808146_'Nudge'_as_an_innovative_policy_instrument_a_public_administration_perspective
• United Nations Development Program. (2019). Behavioural Insights at the United Nations Achieving Agenda 2030. Erişim adresi: https://www.undp.org/content/dam /undp/library/innovation/Behavioral%20Insights%20at%20the%20UN.pdf
• Viscusi, W. and Gayer, T. (2015). The Behavioral Public Choice: The Behavioral Paradox of Government Policy (Mercatus Working Paper), Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Erişim adresi: http://mercatus.org/publication/behavioral-public-choice
• Wong, S. (2006). The Foundations of Paul Samuelson’s Revealed Preference Theory: A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction. London and New York: Routledge Taylor Francis Group.
• Zeina, A., Wade,W., Calvo-Gonzales,O. and Goodnow, D. (2018). Behavioral Science Around the World: Profiles of 10 Countries, (EMBED Brief.) Washington DC: World Bank Group.