Güvenliğin Kalkınma Boyutu: Karadağ Örneği

Öz

Küreselleşme ile birlikte sınır aşan tehditlerin varlıkları tüm dünyada hissedilmeye başlamıştır. Bu tehditlerle kapsamlı ve çok boyutlu bir mücadelenin sağlanabilmesi amacıyla 1994 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yeni bir güvenlik yaklaşımı ortaya koyulmuştur. 1994 tarihli İnsani Kalkınma Raporu’nda ortaya koyulan insan güvenliği kavramı ile birlikte bireylerin ekonomik, sosyal, siyasi, eğitim, sağlık ve çevre güvenliği gibi alanlarda güvenliklerinin sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bireylerin güvenliği konusunu öne çıkaran insan güvenliği yaklaşımının öne çıkardığı bir diğer husus kalkınmadır. Devletlerin, kalkınması sayesinde bireylerin güvenliğini sağlama noktasında başarıya ulaşacakları vurgulanmıştır. İnsan güvenliği sayesinde güvenliğe kalkınma boyutu kazandırılmıştır.

Bu çalışmada, insan güvenliği kavramının güvenlik literatürüne kazandırdığı kalkınma kavramı güvenlik çalışmaları açısından ne ifade etmektedir ve Avrupa Birliği’nin uygulamış olduğu koşulluluk stratejisi ile insan güvenliği ve devletlerin kalkınması arasında bir ilişki var mıdır sorularına Karadağ örneğinden hareketle cevap aranacaktır. Bu çerçevede küresel ölçekte insan güvenliğinin uygulayıcısı konumunda bulunan Avrupa Birliği’nin Karadağ’da uyguladığı koşulluluk stratejisi ve genişleme politikasının Karadağ’da ortaya çıkardığı kalkınma ve insan güvenliği alanındaki ilerlemeler incelenecektir. Karadağ’ın kaydetmiş olduğu ilerlemeler Birleşmiş Miletler tarafından çıkarılan İnsani Kalkınma Raporları, Global Peace Index ve Transparency International’in verileri kullanılarak sektörel bazda değerlendirilecektir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İnsan Güvenliği,Kalkınma,Avrupa Birliği,Karadağ,Küreselleşme,Karadağ

Development Dimension of Security: Montenegro Case

Öz

Transnational threats become more visible with the growing effect of globalization. In order to deal with these threats in multidimensional and far-reaching way, United Nations found a new security approach in 1994. Human security notion, which is mentioned in 1994 Human Development Report, aims to sustain security in economic, social, political, educational and ecologic manners. Human security emphasizes development as well as individual’s security. Human security aims states to achieve development goals so they can be successful to sustain security. Thus, development dimension is added to security by means of human security. 

In this article, we try to find answers for two questions that what development means for security studies and if there is, any link between European Union’s conditionally strategy and States’ development and their human security progress. We will examine European Union’s conditionality and enlargement strategy on Montenegro whether these strategies caused development and human security progress or not. Montenegro’s any progress will be examined though the data from Human Development Reports, Global Peace Index and Transparency International. Finally, based upon achieved progress in Montenegro, the role of European Union for achieving progress in Montenegro and development dimension of security will be explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Human Security,Globalization,Development,European Union,Montenegro

Kaynakça

1. Ağır, B. S. (2015). European Perspective of Human Security: From a Conception to the Reality? I. Dordevic, M. Glamotchak, S. Stanarevic and J. Gacic (Editors). Twenty Years of Human Security: Theoritical Foundations and Practical Applications içinde (s. 365-375). Belgrad: University of Belgrad ve Institut Français de Geopolitique-Universite Paris 8.Ağır, B. S.
2. Gürsoy, B. ve Arman, M. N. (2016). European Perspective of Human Security and the Western Balkans. Revue Des Sciences Politiques, 50, s. 41-54
3. Arman, M. N. (2007). Avrupa Birliğinin Batı Balkanlar Genişlemesi: Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Kimlik Dönüşümü, İzmir: DEÜ Yayınları
4. Arman, M. N. and Mengüaslan, H. (2015). The Congruity Between Theory and the Practice in the Context of Human Security for the European Union. I. Dordevic, M. Glamotchak, S. Stanarevic and J. Gacic (Editors). Twenty Years of Human Security: Theoritical Foundations and Practical Applications içinde (s. 387-398)
5. Belgrad: University of Belgrad ve Institut Français de Geopolitique-Universite Paris 8.European Commission (2008). Western Balkans: Enhancing The European Perspective, 10.09.2018, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/november/tradoc_141300.pdf.European Commission (2010)
6. 2009 Annual Report on the Implementation of the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), 02.09.2018, http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/edz/pdf/sek/2010/sek-2010-1430-en.pdf.European Commission (2011)
7. Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2011-2012, 04.09.2018,http://www.delmne.ec.europa.eu/upload/dokumenta/mn_rapport_2011_en.pd f.European Commission (2012)
8. Montenegro Progress Report, 20.08.2018, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/mn_rapport_2012_en.pdf.European Commission (2014a)

9. 2013 Annual Report on Financial Assistance for Enlargement (IPA, PHARE, CARDS, Turkey Pre-Accession Instrument, Transition Facility), 09.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files /pdf / financial_assistance/ipa/2014/2013-ipa-report-staff.pdf.European Commission (2014b).
10. Indicative Strategy Paper for Montenegro (2014-2020), 10.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/keydo cuments/2014/ 20140919 -csp-montenegro.pdf.European Commission (2014c)
11. Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2014-15, 05.09.2018, http://www.europa.rs/upload/2014-strategy-paper_en.pdf.European Commission (2015a). Montenegro Progress Report, 25.08.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/201 5/20 151110_report_montenegro.pdf.European Commission (2015b)
12. Annual Report on Financial Assistance for Enlargement in 2014, 05.09.2018, http://www.cdep.ro/afaceri_europene/CE/2015/SWD_2015 _201_EN_ DOCUMENTDETRAVAIL_f.pdf.European Commission (2016a)
13. Annual Report of The European Union's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Policies and Their Implementation in 2015, 06.09.2018, http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/media/publications/annual_report/2015/en.pdfEuropean Commission (2016b)
14. Montenegro Progress Report,22.08.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/key_documents/201 6/20 161109_report_montenegro.pdfEuropean Commission (2016c). 2016 Economic Reform Programmes of Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo, 03.09.2018, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_ import/ip028_en_2.pdf.European Council (2003)
15. European Security Strategy: A Secure Europe in A Better World, 20.08.2017, https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/european-security-strategy-secure-europe -better-world.European Court Of Auditors (ECA) (2009)
16. The Effectiveness of The Commission’s Projects in The Area of Justice and Home Affairs for The Western Balkans, 21.08.2018, https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/SR09_12/SR09_12_EN.PDF.Institute For Economics & Peace (IEP) (2009). 2009 Methodology, Results & Findings, 15.08.2018, https://www.vredesmuseum.nl/download/vredesindex2009.pdf.IEP (2010)
17. 2010 Methodology, Results & Findings, 03.09.2018, http://peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/wps.iep_gpi2010_methodologyresultsfindings.2010_0.pdf.IEP (2017)
18. Global Peace Index 2017, 26.08.2018, http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/06/GPI17-Report.pdf.Kotsopoulos, J. (2006, Haziran)
19. A Human Security Agenda For The EU. Eueopean Policy Center Issue Paper No.48, 10.09.2017, https://www.researchgate.net/publication /272833950_ A_human_security_agenda_for_the_EU.The Barcelona Report of The Study Group (2004)
20. The Barcelona Report: A Human Security Doctrine for Europe, 29.08.2018, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_ data/docs/ pressdata/solana/040915CapBar.pdf.The Berlin Report of the Human Security Study Group (2016)
21. From Hybrid Peace to Human Security: Rethinking EU Strategy Towards Conflict, 03.09.2018, https://europa.eu/globalst rategy/en/file/424/download?token=VFwH62WJ.Transparency International, Global Corruption Perception Index, 12.09.2018, https://www.transparency.org/.United Nations Human Development Programme (UNDP) (1994, Mart)
22. Human Development Report 1994, Human Development Reports, 04.09.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/ reports /255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf.UNDP (2009)
23. Human Development Report 2009 Overcoming Barriers: Human Mobility And Development, 27.08.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/ default/files/reports/269 /hdr_2009_en _complete.pdf.UNDP (2010)
24. Human Development Report 2010 The Real Wealth of Nations:Pathways to Human Development, 12.09.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/270/ hdr_2010_en_complete_reprint.pdf.UNDP (2013)
25. Natıonal Human Development Report 2013: ‘People Are The Real Wealth Of The Country.’ How Rich is Montenegro?, 16.09.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/ sites/default/files/montenegro_2013.pdf.UNDP (2014)
26. Human Development Report 2014 Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience, 26.08.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/ sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf.UNDP (2015)
27. Human Development Report 2015 Work for Human Development, 10.09.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report_1.p df.UNDP (2016a)
28. Human Development Report 2016: Risk-Proofing The Western Balkans: Empowering People to Prevent Disasters, 15.09.2018, http:// hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/risk_proofing_the_western_balkans.pdf.UNDP (2016b)
29. Human Development Report 2016 Human Development for Everyone, 24.08.2018, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf.UNDP (2017)
30. Socio-Economic Perceptions of Young People in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 26.08.2018, http://europa.ba/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Socio-ekonomske-percepcije-mladih-u-BiH_ENG.pdf.Üste, A. N. (2018)
31. Birinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrasında Avrupa’da Güç Dengesi ve Hitler’in Güç Dengesi Politikası, Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 3-1, s. 68-82.