Paris İklim Anlaşmasına Teorik Yaklaşım: Neo-Neo Tartışması, Eko-Marksizm ve Yeşil Kapitalizm

Yıl 2017, , 3 - 19, 01.06.2017

H. Akın Ünver

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.513221

Cited By: 4

Öz

Uluslararası iklim müzakerelerinde uzun yıllardır baş gösteren uyuşmazlıklar, uluslararası ilişkiler akademik ve bilimsel araştırmalarının ilgi odağı olmuştur. Bu çalışmalarda ekseriyetle, işbirliğini destekleyici ve bedavacılığı önleyici yeni müzakere ve dengeleme mekanizmaları geliştirerek, uluslararası güç eşitsizliklerini iklim konusunda birleştirmesinin yolları aranmıştır. Bu makale, ilk olarak 1997 Kyoto Anlaşması’nı takiben yapılan iklim müzakerelerinin neden başarısızlığa uğradığını ve bu başarısızlıkların 2015 Paris İklim Anlaşması ile nasıl çözülebildiğini neorealist ve neoliberal bağlam içerisinde konumlandırmaktadır. Özellikle enerji güvenliğinin sistemsel anarşi, özyardım ve göreli çıkar tespitlerine, neoliberal kurumsalcılığın verdiği kompleks çoklu-bağımlılık ve mutlak çıkar cevapları, iklim müzakerelerinin başarısı hakkında teorik bir cevap vermektedir. Makale, neo-neo tartışması kadar, iki yeni sistemsel teorik yaklaşımı da (Eko-Marksizm ve Yeşil Kapitalizm) karşılaştırmakta, bu sayede karbon salınımı ve iklim konularında cereyan eden önemli bir teorik tartışmayı, uluslararası ilişkiler literatürü içinde konumlandırmaya çalışmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim ve Çevre Politikası, Neorealizm, Neoliberal Kurumsalcılık, Eko-Marksizm, Yeşil Kapitalizm

IR Theoretical Approach to the Paris Climate Agreement: Neo-Neo Debate, Eco-Marxism and Green Capitalism

Öz

Continued inability of the international climate negotiations to reach a common resolution has been subject to academic and scientific research focus. These studies have focused on the ways of fostering cooperation and preventing free-riding in climate negotiations, through the development of balancing methods. This article first attempts to explore why climate negotiations since 1997 Kyoto Protocol have failed and how such failures could be overcome in 2015 Paris UN Climate Conference through a neorealist and neoliberal institutionalist context. Especially, neorealist concepts such as systemic anarchy, self-helf and relative gains, along with the neoliberal institutionalist response to them through complex interdependence and abolute gains, have been instrumental to crafting a theoretical answer to the success of most recent climate negotiations. The article then adds two new systemic-theoretical approach to the debate, namely Eco-Marxism and Green Capitalism, and aims to contextualize these approaches within international relations theoretical literature. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate and Environmental Policy, Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, Eco-Marxism, Green Capitalism

Kaynakça

• Altvater, Elmar. “The Social and Natural Environment of Fossil Capitalism”, Social Register, Cilt 48, 2007.
• Barnett, Jon. “Security and Climate Change”, Global Environmental Change, Cilt 13, No.1, 2003, s.7-17.
• Bordiga, Amadei. “The human species and the Earth’s crust”, Libcom, 15 Nisan 2012, https://libcom.org/library/human-species-earths-crust-amadeo-bordiga, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, Londra, Macmillan, 1977.
• “By the Numbers: China's Clean Energy Investments Show Big Strides”, Bloomberg, 3 Kasım 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-02/by-the-numbers-china-s-clean-energy-investments-show-big-strides, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Catton, William R. Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, University of Illinois Press, 1982.
• Crawford, Robert M.A. Idealism and Realism in International Relations, New York, Routledge, 2001.
• “Ebola: the failures of the international outbreak response”, Medecins Fans Frontiers, 27 Ağustos 2014, http://www.msf.org/article/ebola-failures-international-outbreak-response, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Ehrlich, Paul. “The Population Bomb”. New York Times, 4 Kasım 1970, s.47.
• El-Katiri, Laura. “Why Middle East conflict is a bigger threat to UK energy security than Putin”, The Guardian, 5 Eylül 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/big-energy-debate/2014/sep/05/conflict-middle-east-energy-security-putin, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Falkner, Robert. “A Minilateral Solution for Global Climate Change? On Bargaining Efficiency, Club Benefits and International Legitimacy”, Perspectives on Politics, Cilt 14, Sayı 1, Mart 2016, s.87-101.
• Feng, Liu, Yu Hu, Chris Hall ve J. Wang, The Chinese Oil Industry History and Future, Londra, Springer Briefs in Energy, 2013.
• Foster, John Bellamy ve Fred Magdoff, “Liebig, Marx and the Depletion of Soil Fertility: Relevance for Today's Agriculture”, Monthly Review, Cilt 50, Sayı 3, 1998.
• Gleick, Peter H. (der), Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources, Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Grubb, Michael, Benito Müller ve Lucy Butler, “The Relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth”, Oxbridge Study on CO2-GDP Relationships, Oxford, Şubat 2012, https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Presentation19-The-RelationshipBetweenCarbonDioxideEmissionsandEconomicGrowth-MGrubbBMullerLButler-2004.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Haas, Peter M., Robert O. Keohane ve Marc A. Levy (der), Institutions for the Earth Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection, MIT Press, 1993.
• Hardin, Garrett. “The Tragedy of the Commons”, Science, Cilt 162, No.3859, 1968, s.1243-1248.
• Homer-Dixon, Thomas. “On the Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict”, International Security, Cilt 16, No.2, Sonbahar 1991.
• Ilcan, Suzan. “Global Governing Organizations: Order-Building and Waste Management”, Current Sociology, Cilt 54, No.6, Kasım 2006, s.851-872
• Kapitonenko, Mykola. “Resolving Post-Soviet ‘Frozen Conflicts’: Is Regional Integration Helpful?”, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Cilt 3, No.1, Kış 2009, s.37-44.
• Kennan, George F. “To Prevent a World Wasteland”, Foreign Affair, Cilt 48, Nisan 1970, s.401-413.
• Keohane, Robert. (der), Neorealism and its Critics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986.
• Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press, 1984.
• Keohane, Robert O. ve Joseph S. Nye Jr., Power and Interdependence, Londra, Longman Classics, 2011.
• Kovel, Joel. "Why Ecosocialism Today?", New Socialist, Cilt 61, 2007, s.10.
• Krasner, Stephen D. (der), International Regimes, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983. s.57.
• Krasner, Stephen D. Structural Conflict: The Third World Against Global Liberalism, University of California Press, 1985.
• Lewis, Bernard. “What Went Wrong?”, The Atlantic, Ocak 2002, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/01/what-went-wrong/302387/, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Lipson, Charles. “International Cooperation in Economic and Security Affairs”, World Politics, Cilt 37, 1984, s.1-23.
• Liu, Zhu. “China’s Carbon Emissions Report 2015”, Harvard Befler Center Reports, Mayıs 2015, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/25417/chinas_carbon_emissions_report_2015.html, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Meadows, Donella H., Jorgen Randers, ve Dennis L. Meadows. Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future, Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1993.
• Mearsheimer, John. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, New York, W.W. Norton & Company, 2001.
• Milner, Helen. “The assumption of anarchy in international relations theory: A critique”, Review of International Studies, Cilt 17, 1991, s.67-85.
• Najam, Adil. “10 tests to find out if Paris’s climate change deal is a success”, The Guardian, 7 Eylül 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/07/paris-climate-change-deal-summit-guide.
• Napoli, Christopher. “Understanding Kyoto’s Failure”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, Cilt 32, Sayı 2, 2002, s.183-196.
• Newell, Peter ve Matthew Paterson, Climate Capitalism: Global Warming and the Transformation of the Global Economy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Nordhaus, William D. ve Joseph G. “Requiem for Kyoto: An Economic Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol.” Yales Cowles Foundation Tartışma Bildirisi, Ekim 1998.
• Nyquist, Scott. “Lower oil prices but more renewables: What’s going on?”, McKinsey & Company, Haziran 2015, http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/our-insights/lower-oil-prices-but-more-renewables-whats-going-on, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• O’Connor, James. “Capitalism, Nature, Socialism: A Theoretical Introduction”, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, 1988, s.11-38.
• Orme, John. “The utility of force in a world of scarcity”, International Security, Cilt 22, No.3, 1997, s.138 – 167.
• Oye, Kenneth. "Explaining Cooperation under Anarchy: Hypotheses and Strategies", World Politics, Cilt 38, 198, s.16-18.
• Prates, Marcelo Madueiraj. “Why Prudential Regulation Will Fail to Prevent Financial Crises. A Legal Approach”, Working Paper 335, Banco Central Do Brasil, 2013, http://www.bcb.gov.br/pec/wps/ingl/wps335.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Prins, Gwyn vd. The Hartwell Paper: A New Direction for Climate Policy After the Crash of 2009, Institute for Science, Innovation and Society, University of Oxford, Mayıs 2010, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27939/1/HartwellPaper_English_version.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Ruggie, John. “Multilateralism: The Anatomy of an Institution”, International Organization, Cilt 46, No.3, 1992.
• Russett, Bruce M. International Regions and the International System: A study in political ecology, Rand McNally, 1967.
• Sassen, Saskia. “Territory and Territoriality in the Global Economy”, Journal of Human Values, Cilt 15, Sayı 2, Haziran 2000, s.372-393. “Short-term Energy and Summer Fuels Outlook”, US Energy Information Administration, 12 Nisan 2016, https://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/prices.cfm, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Skouloudis, A., A. Flamos ve J. Psarras, “Energy Supply Risk Premim: Review and Methodological Framework”, Energy Sources, Cilt 7, Sayı 1, 2012, s.71-80.
• Steffen, Will, Paul J. Crutzen ve John R. McNeill. “The Anthropocene: Are Humans Now Overwhelming the Great Forces of Nature”, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Cilt 36, No.8, 2007, s.614-621.
• Stein, Arthur A. “Neoliberal Institutionalism”, Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal. (der), The Oxford Handbook on International Relations, New York, Oxford University Press, 2008, s.201-221.
• Sullivan, Sian. “Green capitalism, and the cultural poverty of constructing nature as service-provider”, Radical Anthropology, Cilt 3, 2009, s.18-27.
• Susskind, Lawrence E ve Saleem H. Ali, Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements, Oxford University Press, 2014.
• “The Global Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime”, Council on Foreign Relations, 25 Haziran 2013, http://www.cfr.org/nonproliferation-arms-control-and-disarmament/global-nuclear-nonproliferation-regime/p18984, (Erişim Tarihi 26 Haziran 2016).
• Waever, Ole. “Rise and Fall of the Inter-Paradigm Debate”, Steve Smith, Ken Booth ve Marysia Zalewski. (der), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Wallerstein, Immanuel. "The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World-System", Review, Cilt 15, Sayı 4, 1992, s.561-619.
• Walt, Stephen M. Origins of Alliances, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1987.
• Waltz, Kenneth. “Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory”, Journal of International Affairs, Cilt 44, No.1, 1990, s.21-37.
• Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization, Cilt 46, Sayı 2, 1992, s.391-425.
• Westing, Arthur H. (der.), Cultural Norms, War and the Environment, Oxford University Press, 1988.
• Yamin, Farhana ve Joanna Depledge, The International Climate Change Regime A Guide to Rules, Institutions and Procedures, Cambridge University Press, 2004.