Miraslaştırma ve Anma Biçimlerinin Karanlık Yüzü: Kolektif Belleğin Bağlamından Koparılması

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 79 - 99, 24.10.2019

Tuğçe Gürleyen

Öz

Ölüm, felaket, terör ve savaşa tanıklık eden ve tartışmalı bir tarihe sahip olan karanlık alanlar, geçmişte deneyimlenmiş olsalar da; son yıllarda tarih, miras ve koruma çalışmalarının ilgi çekici konularından biri haline gelmiştir. Acı çekmenin ve ıstırabın hatırlanması yeni bir olgu olmamasına rağmen karanlık alanlara yapılan ziyaretlerin miras endüstrisine dâhil edilmesi ve yeni bir tüketim aracı olarak görülmesinin ardından beşeri coğrafya, şehircilik, kültürel çalışmalar ve psikoloji gibi farklı birçok disiplinin gündeminde yer almıştır. Karanlık miras endüstrisi büyümeye devam ederken, miraslaştırmanın kullanım sınırlarını belirleyen ve ahlaki zorlukları en aza indirgeyen yeni yönetim yaklaşımlarına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Her ne kadar, akademik yazın karanlık miras tüketimine odaklanmış olsa da (Lennon & Foley, 2000; Sharpley & Stone, 2009; Williams, 2007) daha geniş bir sosyo-kültürel ve etik çerçevenin oluşması gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, karanlık mirasınüretici ve tüketici güdülerine ve deneyimlerine odaklanan bu çalışma; miras değeri yüklenen (kolektif belleğin yenidenüretimi) ve miraslaştırılan alanların (kolektif belleğin bağlamından koparılması) ayrımını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında ele alınan karanlık miras alanlarından Tarihi Ulucanlar Cezaevi (zulüm mirası); Çanakkale Şehitlik Abidesi (hüzün mirası) ve Madımak Oteli (utanç mirası) farklı motivasyonlara, içsel deneyim ve dürtülere, kolektif hafızaya bağlı olarak ahlaki bir boyutta değerlendirilmiştir. Karanlık miras yönetimi ve kolektif belleğin temsiliyeti tartışmalarında ortaya çıkan etik sorunlara aranan çözüm arayışı; hafıza ve miras politikalarının arakesitinde tartışmaya açılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bellek patlaması, karanlık miras, kolektif bellek, miras algısı, motivasyonlar

The Dark Face of Heritagisation and Commemoration: De-Contextualisation of Collective Memory

Öz

The dark areas, which have witnessed death, disaster, terror and war and
have a contradictive history, has become an interesting subject of history,
heritage and conservation studies recently even if they have been experienced
in the past. Although the recollection of suffering and pain is not a new
phenomenon, after the inclusion of visits to the dark areas in the heritage
industry and being seen as a new tool of 
consumption, it has been on the agenda of many different disciplines
such as human geography, urbanism, cultural studies and psychology. As the dark
heritage industry continues to grow, there is a need for new management
approaches for heritagization that define the limits of use of and minimize
moral challenges. Although academic literature focuses on dark heritage
consumption (Lennon & Foley; 2000, Sharpley & Stone, 2009;
Williams, 2007), a broader socio-cultural and ethical framework needs to be
established. In this context, this study focuses on the productive and
consumptive motives and experiences of the dark heritage; it aims to
distinguish between having heritage value (reproduction of collective memory)
and heritagisation areas (de-contextualisation of
collective memory). Dark heritage areas that covered in the reasarch;
Historical Ulucanlar Prison (atrocity heritage), Çanakkale Martyrdom Monument
(heritage of sorrow) and Madımak Hotel (heritage of shame)  were evaluated in a moral dimension depending
on different motivations, internal experiences and impulses, collective memory.
The search for solutions to ethical problems that arise in discussions of dark
heritage management and the representation of collective memory; is openned
discussion in the intersection of memory and heritage policies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Memory boom, dark heritage, collective memory, heritage perception, motivations

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