6 ŞUBAT DEPREM AFETİNİN AİLE ve SOSYAL İLİŞKİLERE ETKİSİ ÜZERİNE NİTEL BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 789 - 813, 02.10.2024

Zeynep Tekin Babuç , Alev Gökçe

https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1532281

Öz

Afetler ona maruz kalanlarla birlikte, onların temasta olduğu tüm sosyo-ekolojik sistemleri de etkilemektedir. Aile sistemi güven ve sosyal destek sağlama işlevleriyle afetlere hazırlıklı ve dirençli olmada önemli rol oynayan bir sosyal sermaye kaynağıdır. Afetler aile sistemini çok boyutlu olarak etkilemekte ve aile üyelerinin rol ve kimliklerini dönüştürerek çeşitli ilişkisel stratejiler geliştirmelerine etki etmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir sosyo-ekolojik sistem olarak aile, ilişkisel sosyolojik bir bakış açısı ile ele alınmakta ve afetin aile içi ilişkiler ve aile sisteminde yarattığı değişimler incelenmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde gerçekleşen Kahramanmaraş depremlerinden etkilenen illerden biri olan Osmaniye ilinde ikamet eden 8 çift ile nitel görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, özellikle aile sistemi ve yakın ilişki ağlarının afet sonrası dirençliliğe etki eden önemli bir sosyal sermaye kaynağı olarak ortaya çıktığını; bununla birlikte aile sisteminde çocuk ve eş gibi farklı konumlarda bulunan aktörlerin yeni rol, sorumluluk ve pozisyonlar alarak afet sonrası süreci kontrol etmeye çalıştıklarını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afet, Deprem, Aile, İlişkisel Sosyoloji, Sosyal Sermaye

A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF THE FEBRUARY 6 EARTHQUAKE DISASTER ON FAMILY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS

Öz

Disasters affect not only those exposed to them, but also all socio-ecological systems they come into contact with. The family system is a source of social capital that plays an important role in disaster preparedness and resilience with its functions of providing trust and social support. Disasters affect the family system in multiple dimensions and transform the roles and identities of family members, affecting them to develop various relational strategies. In this study, the family as a socio-ecological system is addressed from a relational sociological perspective and the changes created by the disaster in family relations and the family system are examined. Within the scope of the study, qualitative interviews were conducted with 8 couples residing in Osmaniye province, one of the provinces affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes that occurred on February 6, 2023. The findings of the study reveal that the family system and close relationship networks in particular emerge as important sources of social capital affecting post-disaster resilience; and the actors in different positions in the family system, such as children and spouses, try to control the post-disaster process by taking on new roles, responsibilities and positions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Disaster, Earthquake, Family, Relational Sociology, Social Capital

Kaynakça

• Açıkalın, O. (2018). Türkiye’ye İlişkin Sosyal Boyutlu Deprem Yazınına Eleştirel Bir Bakış”, Resilience, 2 (2), 85-104.
• Adger, W.N. (2000). Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?, Progress in Human Geography 24 (3), 347–364.
• AFAD (2023). “Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü”. Erişim adresi: https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu. Son erişim tarihi: 26 Aralık 2023.
• Akbal, A., & Taşbaş, S. (2024). Depremde Kadın Olmak: Osmaniye Düziçi Çadır Kent Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 17(2), 651-666.
• Akyıldız, N. A., & Sığın, A. (2024). 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremlerinde Türk Aile Yapısı: Geleneksel Kodların Yükselişi. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(39), 117-134.
• Aldrich, D. P., & Meyer, M. A. (2015). Social capital and community resilience. Am Behav Sci, 59(2), 254–269.
• Altıparmak, İ. B., & Birel, E. (2024). 6 Şubat 2023 Depremi Sonrasında Sosyal Yaşamın Toplumsal Cinsiyet Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi: Nurdağı Örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1).
• Arslan, M. (2023). Okul Müdürlerinin 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş Depremi Sonrası Okullarda Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar ve Bu Sorunlara İlişkin Çözüm Önerileri, International Journal Of Social Humanities Sciences Research, 10 (97), 1550-1559.
• Ashida, S., Robinson, E. L., Gay, J., Slagel, L. E., & Ramirez, M. R. (2017). Personal Disaster and Emergency Support Networks of Older Adults in a Rural Community: Changes After Participation in a Preparedness Program. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 11(1), 110–119. doi:10.1017/dmp.2016.197
• Aydın, G. Ç. & Aytaç, S. (2023). “Depremin Dezavantajlı Gruplardan Biri Olan Depremzede Kadınlar Üzerindeki Psiko-Sosyal Etkisi: Nitel Bir Araştırma”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (3), 2195-2218.
• Azarian, G. R, (2005). The General Sociology of Harrison White: Chaos and Order in Networks. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.
• Bogdan, E. A., McDonald‐Harker, C., Bassi, E. M., & Haney, T. J. (2023). Holding together after disaster: The role of social skills in strengthening family cohesion and resilience. Family Relations, 72(4), 2194-2214.
• Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49.
• Bozgedik, A., Birekul, M., Oruç, M., & Tekin, N. (2024). Deprem Yaşamış̧ Aile Bireylerinin Eğitim ve Diğer Konularda Normal Hayata Uyum Süreçleri: 6 Şubat 2023 Örneği. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ereğli Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 369-384.
• Cao, X., Jiang, X., Li, X., Hui Lo McJ & Li, R. (2013) Family Functioning and Its Predictors among Disaster Bereaved Individuals in China: Eighteen Months after the Wenchuan Earthquake. PLOS ONE 8(4): e60738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060738
• Caruana, C. (2010). Picking up the pieces: Family functioning in the aftermath of natural disaster. Family Matters, (84), 79-88.
• Cheshire, L., Walters, P., & Ten Have, C. (2018). ‘Strangers in my home’: Disaster and the durability of the private realm. The Sociological Review, 66(6), 1226-1241.
• Chamlee-Wright, E., & Storr, V. H. (2011). Social capital as collective narratives and post-disaster community recovery. The Sociological Review, 59(2), 266-282.
• Cobham, V. E., McDermott, B., Haslam, D., & Sanders, M. R. (2016). The role of parents, parenting and the family environment in children’s post-disaster mental health. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, Article 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0691-4
• Coffman, S. (1996) Parents' struggles to rebuild family life after Hurricane Andrew. Issues Ment Health Nurs 7: 353–367
• Cope, M.R., Lee, M.R., Slack, T., Blanchard, T.C., Carney, J., Lipschitz, F. & Gikas,L (2018). Geographically distant social networks elevate perceived preparedness for coastal environmental threats. Popul Environ . 39, 277–296 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0292-0
• Cretney R. M. & Bond, S. (2017) Shifting relationships to place: a relational place-based perspective on SES resilience, Urban Geography, 38:1, 8-24, DOI:10.1080/02723638.2016.1139865
• Çınğı, T. G., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Examination of risk perception, fear and preparedness of individuals experiencing earthquakes. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(2), 656-668.
• De, L. L., Gaillard, J. C., Friesen, W., Pupualii, M., Brown, C., & Aupito, A. (2016). Our family comes first: migrants' perspectives on remittances in disaster. Migration and Development, 5(1), 130-148.
• Drabek, T. E., Key, W. H., Erickson, P. E., & Crowe, J. L. (1975). The impact of disaster on kin relationships. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 481-494.
• Doğulu, C., İkizer, G., Karancı, A. N. (2021). A Psychosocial Perspective on Community Resilience and Preparedness in The Context of Earthquakes in Turkey, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 501 (1), 405-423.
• Duruel, M. (2023a). Kırılganlık ve Dirençlilik Kesişiminde Yaşlıların Afet Deneyimleri Hatay Örneğinde 6 Şubat 2023 Depremleri, Pesa Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9 (2), 103-120.
• Duruel, M. (2023b). Afetlerde Göçmen Olmak: 6 Şubat Depremi Hatay Örneği, Mukaddime, 14 (2), 227-255.
• Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J., Boden, J.M. & Mulder, R.T. (2014). Impact of a major disaster on the mental health of a well-studied cohort. JAMA Psychiatry 71(9):1025–31
• Fernandes, G. C. M., Boehs, A. E., & Heidemann, I. T. S. B. (2013). Social support during the family transition following a natural disaster. Texto & Contexto-Enfermagem, 22, 1098-1105.
• Fox, G. L., Benson, M. L., DeMaris, A. A., & Van Wyk, J. (2002). Economic distress and intimate violence: Testing family stress and resources theories. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 793-807.
• Habertürk. (2023). Osmaniye’de Ölü ve Yaralı Sayısı Kaç? Erişim adresi https://www.haberturk.com/osmaniye-de-olu-ve-yarali-sayisi-kac-deprem-sonrasi-osmaniye-de-son-durum-3562816/3
• Harville, E. W., Taylor, C. A., Tesfai, H., Xiong, X., & Buekens, P. (2011). Experience of Hurricane Katrina and reported intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(4), 833-845.
• Hobfoll, S. E., & Spielberger, C. D. (1992). Family stress: Integrating theory and measurement. Journal of Family Psychology, 6(2), 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.6.2.99
• İrdem, İ. & Mert, E. (2023). Deprem, Dirençli Kent ve Acil Afet Yönetimi: Türkiye Örneği, Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi, 4 (2), 241-276
• Kamaledini, M., Azkia, M., & Saroukhani, B. (2018). Family Transformation after Natural Disasters (Case Study: Survived Women after Bam Earthquake in 2003). International Journal of Social Sciences (IJSS), 8(3).
• Karancı, N. (2013). Facilitating community participation in disaster risk management: Risk perception and preparedness behaviours in Turkey. Cities at Risk: Living with Perils in the 21st Century.Editörler: Joffe, H. Rosetto, T. Adams, J. Dordrecht: Springer.
• Kasapoğlu, A., Ecevit, M. (2003). Impact of the 1999 East Marmara Earthquake in Turkey, Population and Environment, 24, 339-358.
• Kousky C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. Future Child. 26(1):73–92
• Köngeter, S. & Smith, W. (2014). Transnational Agency and Migration. Actors, Movements and Social Support. London: Routledge.
• Kronenberg, M. E., Hansel, T. C., Brennan, A. M., Osofsky, H. J., Osofsky, J. D., & Lawrason, B. (2010). Children of Katrina: Lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns. Child Development, 81(4), 1241–1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x
• Landau, J., & Saul, J. (2004). Facilitating family and community resilience in response to major disaster. Living beyond loss, 285, 309.
• Lejano, R.P., Tavares-Reager, J. & Berkes, F. (2013). Climate and narrative: environmental knowledge in everyday life. Environ Sci Policy;31:61–70.
• Lejano, R.P. (2019). Relationality and social–ecological systems: Going beyond or behind sustainability and resilience. Sustainability;11:2760. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su11102760.
• Meyer, M. A. (2013). Social capital and collective efficacy for disaster resilience: connecting individuals with communities and vulnerability with resilience in hurricane-prone communities in Florida. Doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University.
• Mische, A. (2011). Relational Sociology, Culture, and Agency, John Scott and Peter Carrington (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis içinde (s. 80–97). London: Sage Publications.
• Odabaş, Z.Y. (2019a). Afetler ve toplumsal cinsiyet. Afet psikolojisi ve sosyolojisi. Editör: Taşdemir, Z. S. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi AÖF Yayınları.
• Odabaş, Z.Y. (2019b). Afetler, çocuklar, gençler ve yaşlılar. Afet psikolojisi ve sosyolojisi. Editör: Taşdemir, Z. S. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi AÖF Yayınları.
• Pollock, G.H. (1986) Childhood sibling loss. A family tragedy. Pediatr Ann, 5: 851–855.
• Pormon, M. M. M., & Lejano, R. P. (2023). Relational epistemologies for sustainability and resilience towards disasters. Progress in disaster science, 17, 100272.
• Quinn, T., Adger, W. N., Butler, C., & Walker-Springett, K. (2020). Community resilience and well-being: an exploration of relationality and belonging after disasters. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 111(2), 577-590.
• Rowe, C.L, La Greca AM, Alexandersson, A. (2010) Family and individual factors associated with substance involvement and PTS symptoms among adolescents in greater New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. J Consult Clin Psychol 8: 806–817.
• Savitt, A. & Ge Y.G. (2019). Intra-family Decision Making in Disaster Evacuations: An Interdisciplinary Examination. Family Science Review, 23(3).
• Seale, C. (1999). Quality in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 5(4), 465-478.
• Sevim, Y. (2024). Deprem Nedeniyle Zorunlu Göçe Maruz Kalan Aileler Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(40), 297-330.
• Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başkanlığı. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay Depremleri Raporu. Erişim adresi https://www.sbb.gov.tr/2023-kahramanmaras-ve-hatay-depremleri-raporu/
• Uekusa, S., Matthewman, S., & Lorenz, D. F. (2022). Conceptualising disaster social capital: what it is, why it matters, and how it can be enhanced. Disasters, 46(1), 56-79.
• Vigil, J.M. & Geary, D.C. (2008) A preliminary investigation of family coping styles and psychological well-being among adolescent survivors of Hurricane Katrina. J Fam Psychol 2: 176–180.
• Weitzman, A. & Behrman, J. (2016). Disaster, disruption to family life, and intimate partner violence: the case of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Sociol. Sci. 3:167–89
• White, H. (2008). Identity and Control: How Social Formations Emerge. 2nd, rev. ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Wickrama, K. A. S., & Wickrama, K. T. (2008). Family context of mental health risk in tsunami affected mothers: findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine, 66(4), 994-1007.
• Wittenborn, A.K., Dolbin-MacNab, M.L. and Keiley, M.K. (2013), Dyadic Research in Marriage and Family Therapy: Methodological Considerations. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 39: 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00306.x
• Witting, A. B., Bagley, L. A., Nelson, K., & Lindsay, T. (2021). Natural disasters and the relational study of the family: A 2-decade scoping review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 52, 101990.