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WHAT IS DISTINCTIVELY NEW ABOUT SO-CALLED ‘NEW’ WARS?

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 21, 227 - 236, 22.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.396277

Öz

In the post-Cold war era, there has been a
growing tendency to suggest the classification of ‘new’ wars, since the
perception of the threat has changed. Since threats coming from within states
have recently become dominant, many scholars have studied this development. The
consensus they have reached is that this type of threat represents a different
kind of war. Kalevi Holsti has named it a third kind of war (1996); Martin van
Creveld has named it ‘Low-Intensity Conflict’ (1991); and Mary Kaldor has named
it ‘new war’ (1999). This article will embrace Mary Kaldor’s ‘new war’ concept
and use it to analyse and describe this different kind of war and compare it
with old wars. In contrast to these aforementioned arguments, some scholars,
such as Edward Newman and Stathis N. Kalyvas, have argued that there are no new
wars in the contemporary world. According to them, many features of the
so-called new wars can be seen in old wars. This paper also aims to unfold
whether the new wars are in fact new or not. To better observe this, first the
characteristics of new wars and old wars will be considered and then they will
be compared to find out what is distinctively new about so-called new wars.

Kaynakça

  • Aviv, E. (2016), Millet System in the Ottoman Empire, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0231
  • Bellamy, A. J. (2006) “No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror”, International Affairs Vol. 82 (1), pp. 121-148.
  • Bluth, C. (1987), “The British Resort to Force in the Falklands/Malvinas Conflict 1982: International Law and Just War Theory”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 24 (1), pp. 5-20.
  • Brocklehurst, H. (2007), “Childhood In Conflict: Can The Real Child Soldier Please Stand Up?”, www.ccels.cf.ac.uk/archives/publications/2008/brocklehurst.pdf
  • Brzoska, M. (2004), “New Wars Discourse in Germany”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41 (1), pp. 107-117.
  • Chojnacki, S. (2006), “Anything new or more of the same? Wars and military intervention in the international system 1946–2003”, Global Society, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 25–46. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600820500405442.
  • Chomsky, N. (1999), The New Military Humanism: Lessons From Kosovo, London: Pluto Press.
  • Creveld, M. V. (1991), The Transformation of War: The Most Radical Reinterpretation of Armed Conflict Since Clausewitz, New York: The Free Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2001), Global Governance and The New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed Books.
  • Enzensberger, H. M. (1992), Civil War, Penguin Books: London.
  • Gilbert, P. (2003), New Terror, New Wars, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Goerzig, C. (2005), “Preventing the New Wars – A Proactive Approach to the Privatisation and Commercialisation of Violence”, BSIS Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 130-150.
  • Hables Gray, C. (1997), Post-modern war: The new politics of conflict, London: Routledge.
  • Henderson, E A and Singer, D. (2002), ‘New wars’ and rumours of ‘new wars’, International Interactions, Vol. 28 (2), pp. 165-190. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050620212098.
  • Holsti, K. (1991), Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Holsti, K. (1992), “International Theory and War in the Third World.” In Brian Job (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner;
  • Holsti, K. (1996), The State, War and the State of War, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Holsti, K. (1997), “International Theory and Domestic War in the Third World: The Limits of Relevance.” Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Canada, March.
  • Kaldor, M. (1999), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 1st edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2007), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 3rd edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2013), In Defence of New Wars, Stability, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 1-16, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.at
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2001), “‘New’ And ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?”, World Politics, Vol.54, pp. 99-118.
  • Kinsella, H. M. (2005), “Discourses of difference: civilians, combatants, and compliance with the laws of war”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 163–185.
  • Lazar, S. (2017), "War", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/war/>.
  • Metz, S. (1997), Strategic Horizons: The Military Implications of alternative Futures, Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College.
  • Newman, E. (2004), “The ‘New Wars’ Debate: A Historical Perspective Is Needed”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 173-189.
  • Sarkees, M. R. (2010), Codebook for the Intra-State Wars v.4.0.: Definitions and Variables, Correlates of War.
  • Shaw, M. (2000), “The contemporary mode of warfare?”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 171-180, http://users.sussex.ac.uk/~hafa3/kaldor.htm
  • Sheehan, M. (2008), “The Changing Character of War”, in J. Baylis, S. Smith, and P. Qwens (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Fourth edition, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 210-225.
  • Small, Melvin and J. David Singer (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Smith, R, (2005), The Utility of Force, London: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Von Clausewitz, C. (1989), On War, (Edited and Translated by Howard Michael and Paret Peter), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Wallström, M. and Zerrougui, L., (2017), Ending the Use of Child Soldiers, http://www.swemfa.se/2017/02/12/ending-the-use-of-child-soldiers/
  • Wayman, F. W.; Sarkees, M. R.; Singer, J. D. (2005), “Inter-State, Intra-State, Extra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816-2004”, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72020_index.html

WHAT IS DISTINCTIVELY NEW ABOUT SO-CALLED ‘NEW’ WARS?

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 21, 227 - 236, 22.05.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.396277

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde tehdit algısı değişmiş
olduğundan ötürü savaşlarla ilgili ‘yeni’ sınıflandırmaların ortaya atılması
yönünde eğilimler ortaya çıkmıştır. Devletlerin içinden gelen bu tehdit
yaygınlaştıkça birçok akademisyen bu tehdit üzerine çalışma yapmaya
başlamıştır. Genel olarak ulaşılan konsensüs bunun farklı bir tür savaş
olduğudur. Bununla birlikte, Kalevi Holsti (1996) bunu üçüncü tür savaş olarak
adlandırırken; Martin Van Creveld (1991) Düşük-yoğunluklu Çatışma olarak
nitelendirmiş ve Mary Kaldor (1999) yeni savaş kullanımını tercih etmiştir. Bu
makale Mary Kaldor’un ‘yeni savaş’ konseptini temel alarak bu yeni tehdidin
eski savaşlardan farklarını açıklamaya çalışacaktır. Diğer taraftan, Edward
Newman ve Stathis N. Kalyvas gibi bazı akademisyenler de modern dünyada yeni
savaşların olmadığını savunmaktadırlar. Onlara göre yeni olduğu iddia edilen
özellikler aslında eski savaşların özellikleridir. Bu noktada, bu makale yeni
savaşların gerçekten yeni olup olmadığını sorgulayacaktır. Bu bağlamda ilk
olarak eski ve yeni savaşların özellikleri incelenecek ve bu özellikler
karşılaştırılarak ‘yeni savaş’ların ayırt edici özelliklerinin var olup var
olmadığına bakılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Aviv, E. (2016), Millet System in the Ottoman Empire, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0231
  • Bellamy, A. J. (2006) “No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror”, International Affairs Vol. 82 (1), pp. 121-148.
  • Bluth, C. (1987), “The British Resort to Force in the Falklands/Malvinas Conflict 1982: International Law and Just War Theory”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 24 (1), pp. 5-20.
  • Brocklehurst, H. (2007), “Childhood In Conflict: Can The Real Child Soldier Please Stand Up?”, www.ccels.cf.ac.uk/archives/publications/2008/brocklehurst.pdf
  • Brzoska, M. (2004), “New Wars Discourse in Germany”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 41 (1), pp. 107-117.
  • Chojnacki, S. (2006), “Anything new or more of the same? Wars and military intervention in the international system 1946–2003”, Global Society, Vol. 20 (1), pp. 25–46. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600820500405442.
  • Chomsky, N. (1999), The New Military Humanism: Lessons From Kosovo, London: Pluto Press.
  • Creveld, M. V. (1991), The Transformation of War: The Most Radical Reinterpretation of Armed Conflict Since Clausewitz, New York: The Free Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2001), Global Governance and The New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed Books.
  • Enzensberger, H. M. (1992), Civil War, Penguin Books: London.
  • Gilbert, P. (2003), New Terror, New Wars, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Goerzig, C. (2005), “Preventing the New Wars – A Proactive Approach to the Privatisation and Commercialisation of Violence”, BSIS Journal of International Studies, Vol. 2, pp. 130-150.
  • Hables Gray, C. (1997), Post-modern war: The new politics of conflict, London: Routledge.
  • Henderson, E A and Singer, D. (2002), ‘New wars’ and rumours of ‘new wars’, International Interactions, Vol. 28 (2), pp. 165-190. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050620212098.
  • Holsti, K. (1991), Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Holsti, K. (1992), “International Theory and War in the Third World.” In Brian Job (ed.), The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner;
  • Holsti, K. (1996), The State, War and the State of War, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Holsti, K. (1997), “International Theory and Domestic War in the Third World: The Limits of Relevance.” Paper presented to the Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Canada, March.
  • Kaldor, M. (1999), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 1st edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2007), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2012), New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, 3rd edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Kaldor, M. (2013), In Defence of New Wars, Stability, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 1-16, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/sta.at
  • Kalyvas, S. N. (2001), “‘New’ And ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?”, World Politics, Vol.54, pp. 99-118.
  • Kinsella, H. M. (2005), “Discourses of difference: civilians, combatants, and compliance with the laws of war”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 31, pp. 163–185.
  • Lazar, S. (2017), "War", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2017/entries/war/>.
  • Metz, S. (1997), Strategic Horizons: The Military Implications of alternative Futures, Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College.
  • Newman, E. (2004), “The ‘New Wars’ Debate: A Historical Perspective Is Needed”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 35 (2), pp. 173-189.
  • Sarkees, M. R. (2010), Codebook for the Intra-State Wars v.4.0.: Definitions and Variables, Correlates of War.
  • Shaw, M. (2000), “The contemporary mode of warfare?”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 171-180, http://users.sussex.ac.uk/~hafa3/kaldor.htm
  • Sheehan, M. (2008), “The Changing Character of War”, in J. Baylis, S. Smith, and P. Qwens (eds.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Fourth edition, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 210-225.
  • Small, Melvin and J. David Singer (1982). Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816–1980, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Smith, R, (2005), The Utility of Force, London: Alfred A. Knopf.
  • Von Clausewitz, C. (1989), On War, (Edited and Translated by Howard Michael and Paret Peter), Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Wallström, M. and Zerrougui, L., (2017), Ending the Use of Child Soldiers, http://www.swemfa.se/2017/02/12/ending-the-use-of-child-soldiers/
  • Wayman, F. W.; Sarkees, M. R.; Singer, J. D. (2005), “Inter-State, Intra-State, Extra-State, and Non-State Wars, 1816-2004”, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72020_index.html
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Özgür Tüfekçi

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Tüfekçi, Ö. (2018). WHAT IS DISTINCTIVELY NEW ABOUT SO-CALLED ‘NEW’ WARS?. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(21), 227-236. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.396277


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