Güven(siz)liği Görselleştirmek: Fauda Dizisinde İsrail-Filistin Çatışmasının Tarafgir Temsilleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 1 - 29

Ömer Çona

https://doi.org/10.62334/ulipod.1473784

Öz

Popüler kültür üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, dünya siyasetinin görsel boyutlarının incelenmesine ve politik olanın nasıl ve hangi amaçla görselleştirildiğine yönelik bir dizi çıkarıma imkân verir. Çünkü görselliklerin çok güçlü duygusal ve politik etkilere sahip olabileceği araştırmacılar tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Bu bağlamda görsel güvenlikleştirmeyi incelemek, görüntülerin politik çıkarımlara sahip olduğu süreçleri ortaya çıkarır. Bu çaba, görsel temsillerin dünya siyasetini tasvir ettiği ve oluşturduğu yolları anlamamıza yönelik kavrayışımızı zenginleştirir. Bu çalışma, uluslararası politikaya dair hem ampirik hem de kavramsal anlayışımızı Fauda dizisindeki İsrail-Filistin çatışmasının tarafgir temsilleri üzerinden birleştirmeye gayret etmektedir. Ampirik olarak işgal altındaki Filistin’in, görüntüler ve söylemler aracılığıyla İsrail için güven(siz)lik üreten bir mekân ve toplum olarak temsil edilişine TV dizisi Fauda’nın içerik analiziyle odaklanırken, kavramsal olarak görsel politikanın çatışma, ayaklanma, terörizm ve kimlik gibi dünya siyasetini inşa eden daha geniş yönlerini araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmanın ana argümanı, popüler kültürün temsiller yoluyla izleyicilerin güven(siz)lik duygularına dair önyargılar ürettiği ve böylece savaş, şiddet ve askeri işgale ilişkin kamusal bilgiyi şekillendirdiği üzerinedir. Eleştirel Güvenlik Çalışmaları içerisindeki Kopenhag Okulu ile Oryantalizm kuramının kuramsal çerçevesini araç olarak kullanan bu araştırma, nitel içerik analizi yoluyla dizinin İsrail-Filistin çatışmasına yönelik küresel izleyici kitlesinin algı ve düşünce biçimlerine taraflı bir müdahale biçimi yarattığını kanıtlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Güvenlikleştirme, Eleştirel Terörizm Çalışmaları, Popüler Kültür, Oryantalizm, Terörizm.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Visualizing (In)Security: Biased Represantations of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the TV Series Fauda

Öz

Research on popular culture allows for an examination of the visual dimensions of world politics and a series of inferences about how and for what purpose the politics is visualized. This is because it has been shown by researchers that images can have powerful emotional and political effects. Studying visual securitization in this context reveals the processes through which images have political implications. This endeavor enriches our understanding of how visual representations depict and construct world politics. This paper attempts to unify both our empirical and conceptual understanding of international politics through partisan representations of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the TV series Fauda. While empirically focusing on the representation of occupied Palestine as a space and society that generates (in)security for Israel through images and discourses through a content analysis of the TV series Fauda, conceptually it aims to explore broader aspects of visual politics that construct world politics such as conflict, insurgency, terrorism and identity. The main argument of the study is that through representations, popular culture produces prejudices about viewers' feelings of (in)security and thus shapes public knowledge about war, violence and military occupation. Using the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School within Critical Security Studies and Orientalism theory as tools, this research aims to prove through qualitative content analysis that the series creates a biased form of intervention in the perceptions and ways of thinking of the global audience towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Securitization, Critical Terrorism Studies, Popular Culture, Orientalism, Terrorism.

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Kaynakça

• Aaron, P. G. (2019). “The Idolatry of Force (Part II): Militarism in Israel’s Garrison State”, Journal of Palestine Studies, Cilt: 48, Sayı: 2, ss. 58-78.
• Alsultany, E. (2012). Arabs and Muslims in the Media: Race and Representation After 9/11, New York University Press.
• Altheide, D. T. (2010). “Fear, Terrorism and Popular Culture”, (Ed. J Birkenstein, Anna Froula ve Karen Randell), Reframing 9/11: Film, Popular Culture and the “War on Terror”, New York: The Continuum: 11-22.
• Amoore, L. (2007). “Vigilant Visualities: The Watchful Politics of the War on Terror”, Security Dialogue, Volume: 38, No: 2, pp. 215-232.
• Aradau, C. ve van Munster, R. (2007). “Governing Terrorism Through Risk: Taking Precautions, (un)knowing the Future”, European Journal of International Relations, Volume: 13, No: 1, pp. 89-115.
• Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2019). “Nitel Yaklaşım ile Görüşme, Gözlem ve Odak Grup Yöntemleri, İçerik Analizi”, (Ed. A. Çarkoğlu), Uluslararası İlişkilerde Araştırma Yöntemleri, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları: 122-141.
• Ben-Yehuda, O. (2020). “The Retribution of Identity: Colonial Politics in Fauda”, AJS Review, Volume: 44, No: 1, pp. 1-21.
• Ben-Yehuda, O. (2022). “Shooting, Not Crying: Reckoning with Violence in Prisoners of War, Homeland and Fauda”, Postcolonial Intervention, Volume: 8, No: 2, pp. 174-220.
• Bialasiewicz, L., Campbell, D., Elden Stuart, Graham, S., Jeffrey, Alex, Alison J. (2007). “Performing Security: The Imaginative Geographies of Current US Strategy”, Political Geography, Volume: 26, No: 4, pp. 405-422.
• Bigo, D. (2008). “Globalized (in)security: The Field and the Ban-opticon”, (Ed. D. Bigo ve A. Tsoukala), Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes After 9/11, London: Routledge: 10-48.
• Bleiker, R. (2001). “The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory”, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Volume: 30, No: 3, pp. 509-533.
• Bleiker, R. (2018). “Mapping Visual Global Politics”, (Ed. R. Bleiker), Visual Global Politics, London: Routledge: 1-29.
• Bleiker, R. ve Hutchison, E. (2008). “Fear No More: Emotions and World Politics”, Review of International Studies, Volume: 34, No: 1, pp. 115–135.
• Bleiker, R., Campbell, D., Hutchison, E. ve Nicholson, E. (2013). “The Visual Dehumanisation of Refugees”, Australian Journal of Political Science, Volume: 48, No: 4, pp. 398-416.
• Blistene, P. (2023). Israel’s Fauda fallacy, Engelsberg Ideas, https://engelsbergideas.com/notebook/israels-fauda-fallacy/. (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2024).
• Bogost, I. (2007). Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames, MIT Press.
• Bornstein, A. (2008). “Military Occupation as Carceral Society: Prisons, Checkpoints, and Walls in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle”, Social Analysis, Volume: 52, No: 2, pp. 106–30.
• Bos, D. (2018). “Answering the Call of Duty: Everyday Encounters with the Popular Geopolitics of Military-themed Videogames”, Political Geography, Volume: 63, pp. 54-64.
• Breen-Smyth, M. (2014). “Theorising the “Suspect Community”: Counterterrorism, Security Practices and the Public Imagination”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume: 7, No: 2, pp. 223-240.
• Butler, J.(2005). Kırılgan Hayat, (Çev. B. Ertür). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları. Buzan, B., Wæver, O. ve de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: a New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner.
• Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, University of Minnesota Press.
• Campbell, D. (2003). “Cultural Governance and Pictorial Resistance: Reflections on the Imaging of War”, Review of International Studies, Volume: 29, pp. 57-73.
• Carter, S. ve, Dodds, K. (2014). Uluslararası Politika ve Film: Mekân, Vizyon, Güç. (Çev. B. Ayan), İstanbul: İyi Düşün Yayınları.
• Çıtak, E. (2014). “Post-yapısalcılık ve Güvenlik”, (Ed. E. Çıtak ve O. Şen), Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik: Teorik Değerlendirmeler, İstanbul: Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi: 155-168.
• Debrix, F. ve Barder, A. D. (2011). Beyond Biopolitics Theory, Violence, and Horror In World Politics, London: Routledge.
• Der Derian, J. (2009). Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network, London: Routledge.
• Diken, B. ve Taşkale, A. R. (2010). “Bugün Nihilizm: Terör ve Teröre Karşı Savaşın Kesişmeli Sentezi”, Toplum ve Bilim, Cilt: 117, ss. 118-141.
• Dittmer, J. (2005). “Captain America’s Empire: Reflections on Identity, Popular Culture, and post-9/11 Geopolitics”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Volume: 95, No: 3, pp. 626-643.
• Dittmer, J. (2015). “On Captain America and Doing Popular Culture in the Social Sciences”, (Ed. F. Caso ve C. Hamilton), Popular Culture and World Politics: Theories, Methods, Pedagogies, E-International Relations: 1-5.
• Dittmer, J. ve Bos, D. (2019). Popular Culture, Geopolitics, and Identity, Rowman ve Littlefield.
• Dodds, K. (2008). “Screening Terror: Hollywood, the United States and the Construction of Danger”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume: 1, No: 2, pp. 227-243.
• Dodds, K. (2015). “Popular Geopolitics and War on Terror”, (Ed. Federica Caso ve Caitlin Hamilton), Popular Culture and World Politics: Theories, Methods, Pedagogies, E-International Relations: 51-62.
• Duncombe, C. ve Bleiker, D. (2015). “Popular Culture and Political Identity”, (Ed. Federica Caso ve Caitlin Hamilton), Popular Culture and World Politics: Theories, Methods, Pedagogies, E-International Relations: 35-44.
• Duyar, S. (2013). Kitle İletişim Araçlarında Görsellik Yoluyla Meşrulaştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi.
• Dyer, R. (1993). The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation, London: Routledge.
• Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, University of California Press.
• Erdağ, R. ve Kardaş, T. (2019). “Postyapısalcılık ve Uluslararası İlişkiler”, (Ed. Ramazan Gözen), Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri, İletişim Yayınları: 379-404.
• Finkelstein, N. G. (2014). Bu Kez Çok İleri Gittik, (Çev. Deniz Özlem Çevik), İstanbul: Tuti Kitap.
• Foucault, M. (2002). Toplumu Savunmak Gerekir: College de France’ta Verilen Dersler (1975-1976), Şehsuvar Aktaş (Çev.), İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Gökmen, M. ve Haas, T. (2012). “Arap Dünyasına Dair Modern Oryantalizm Tasavvuru: National Geographic Dergisi 1990-2006”, (Ed. Mahmut Gökmen), Batı Medyasının Ortadoğu Tasavvuru Popüler Jeopolitik Oryantalizm ve Uluslararası İlişkiler, İlke Yayıncılık: 39-56.
• Grayson, K. (2018). “Popular Geopolitics and Popular Culture in World Politics: Pasts, Presents, Futures”, (Ed. Robert A. Saunders ve Vlad Strukov), Popular Geopolitics: Plotting an Evolving Interdiscipline, Routledge: 43-62.
• Gregory, D. (2004). The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq, Blackwell.
• Hall, S. (2017). Temsil: Kültürel Temsiller ve Anlamlandırma Uygulamaları, (Çev. İdil Dündar), İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
• Hamilton, C., ve Shepherd, L. J. (2016). Understanding Popular Culture and World Politics in the Digital Age, Routledge.
• Hansen, L. (2011). “Theorizing the Image for Security Studies: Visual Securitization and the Muhammad Cartoon Crisis”, European Journal of International Relations, Volume: 17, No: 1, pp. 54-58.
• Hawari, Y. (2019). The Systematic Torture of Palestinians in Israeli Detention, Alshabaka, https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/the-systematic-torture-of-palestinians-in-israeli-detention/. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2024).
• Huysmans, J. (2006). The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU, Routledge.
• Huysmans, J. ve Tsoukala, A. (2008): “Introduction: The Social Construction and Control of Danger in Counterterrorism”, Alternatives, Volume: 33, No: 2, pp. 133-156.
• Jackson, R. (2005). Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counter- Terrorism, Manchester University Press.
• Jackson, R. (2007). “An Analysis of EU Counterterrorism Discourse Post-september 11”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume: 20, No: 2, pp. 233-247.
• Jackson, R. (2015). Bir Teröristin İtirafları, (Çev. Elif Sema Mutlu), İstanbul: Matbuat Yayın Grubu.
• Jackson, R., Jarvis L., Gunning, J., Breen-Smyth, M. (2011). Terrorism: A Critical Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Jude, S. (2024). “Fauda and the Israeli Occupation of Palestine: Gender, Emotions, and Visual Representations of Complicity in International Politics”, Review of International Studies, Volume: 50, No: 1, pp. 107–126.
• Kashua S. (2018a, 11 Ocak) At least, Let us Hate Fauda. Haaretz, www.haaretz.co.il/opinions/.premium-1.5723453. (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02 2024).
• Kashua, S. (2018b) The Occupation as Entertainment, No:229, pp. 73-75, foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/16/the-occupation-as-entertainment-israel-fauda-netflix/ (Erişim Tarihi: 08.02.2024).
• Keyman, F. (2011). “11 Eylül, Kimlik ve Demokratik Dünya Düzeni”, (Ed. Abdurrahman Babacan), 11 Eylül Tarihsel Dönüşümün Analizi: 2001-2011, Pınar Yayınları.
• Khatib, L. (2006). Filming the Modern Middle East: Politics in the Cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World, London and New York: Tauris.
• Kijewska, A. (2018). “What a Mess!: Reading Fauda According to CDA”, Roczniki Kulturoznawcze, Volume: 9, No: 2, pp. 41-54.
• Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology, Sage Publications.
• Kumar, D. ve Kundnani A. (2014). “Imagining National Security: The CIA, Hollywood, and the War on Terror”, Democratic Communiqué, Volume: 26, No: 2, pp. 72-83.
• Loadenthal, M. (2019). “Othering Terrorism: A Rhetorical Strategy of Strategic Labeling”, Genocide Studies and Prevention, Volume: 13, No: 2, pp. 74-105.
• Lockard, J. (2018). No Way to Treat the Neighbours: The Problem with Fauda, https://www.academia.edu/37403626/No_Way_to_Treat_the_Neighbours_The_Problem_with_Fauda (Erişim Tarihi: 09.02.2024).
• Mbembe, A. (2019). Necropolitics, Durham: Duke University Press.
• Moghaddam, Fathali (2006). From the Terrorist Point of View: What They Experience and Why They Come to Destroy, London: Praeger Security International.
• Möller, F. (2007). “Photographic Interventions in Post-9/11 Security Policy”, Security Dialogue, Volume: 38, No: 2, pp. 179-196.
• Muller, R. C. (2023), Fauda: La Banalité d’une Occupation?, TV/Series, (21).
• Pears, L. (2022). “Military Masculinities on Television: Who Dares Wins”, Norma: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, Volume: 17, No: 1, pp. 67–82.
• Raz, L. ve Issacharoff, A. (Creators). (2015-2023) Fauda [TV Series]. Yes-Satellite Television.
• Ribke, N. (2019). “Fauda Television Series and the Turning of Asymmetrical Conflict into Television Entertainment”, Media, Culture ve Society, Volume: 41, No: 8, pp. 1245-1260.
• Riegler, T. (2014). “Mirroring Terror: The Impact of 9/11 on Hollywood Cinema”, Imaginations: Journal of Cross-Cultural Media Studies, Volume: 5, No: 2, pp. 103-119.
• Robinson, N. ve Schulzke, M. (2016). “Visualizing War? Towards a Visual Analysis of Videogames and Social Media”, Perspectives on Politics, Volume: 14, No: 4, pp. 995-1010.
• Ryan, M. ve Kellner, D. (2022). Politik Kamera, (Çev. Elif Özsayar) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Said, E. (1999). Şarkiyatçılık: Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları, (Çev. Berna Yıldırım), İstanbul: Metis Kitap.
• Saleem, M. ve. Anderson, C. A. (2013). “Arabs as Terrorists: Effects of Stereotypes Within Violent Contexts on Attitudes, Perceptions, and Affect”, Psychology of Violence, Volume: 3, No: 1, pp. 84-99.
• Sardar Z. ve Davies, M. W. (2004). Amerika’dan Neden Nefret Ediliyor? (Çev. Hülya Osmanoğlu) İstanbul: Aykırı.
• Schlag, G. (2019). “The Afterlife of Osama bin Laden: Performative Pictures in the War on Terror”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume: 12, No: 1, pp. 1-18.
• Schulzke, M. (2013). “Being a Terrorist: Video Game Simulations of the Other Side of the War on Terror”, Media, War ve Conflict, Volume: 6, No: 3, pp. 207-220.
• Shabi, R. (2018, 23 Mayıs). The next Homeland? The Problems with Fauda, Israel’s Brutal TV hit, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/may/23/the-next-homeland-problems-with-fauda-israel-brutal-tv-hit (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2024).
• Shaheen, J. (2009). Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilfies A People, Olive Branch Press.
• Shapiro, M. (1997). Violent Cartographies: Mapping Cultures of War, University of Minnesota Press.
• Sharp, J. (1993). “Publishing American Identity: Popular Geopolitics, Myth and The Readers Digest”, Political Geography, Volume: 12, No: 6, pp. 491-503.
• Shepherd, L. J. (2008). “Visualising Violence: Legitimacy and Authority in the War on Terror”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Volume: 1, No: 2, pp. 213-226.
• Silberstein, S. (2004) War of Words: Language, Politics and 9/11, Routledge.
• Sina, R. (2021). The Occupation in Television: An Analysis of How Fauda’s Portrayal of Palestinians Impacts the Perception of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Master Thesis, Leiden University.
• Spivak, G. C. (2020). Madun Konuşabilir mi?, (Çev. Emre Koyuncu), Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
• Stahl, R. (2011). Savaş Oyunları A.Ş., (Çev. Yavuz Alogan), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
• Tsoukala, A. (2008). “Defining the Terrorist Threat in the Post-september 11 Era”, (Ed. Didier Bigo ve Anastassia Tsoukala), Terror, Insecurity and Liberty: Illiberal Practices of Liberal Regimes after 9/11, Routledge: 51-109.
• Uluç, Gülriz. (2009). Medya ve Oryantalizm. İzmir: Anahtar Kitaplar.
• Varol, S. F. (2016). Temsil, İdeoloji, Kimlik. Varlık Yayınları.
• Weldes, J. (1999). “The Cultural Production of Crisis: U.S. Identity and Missiles in Cuba”, (Ed. Jutta Weldes, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson ve Raymond Duvall), Cultures of -Insecurity States, Communities, and the Production of Danger, University of Minnesota Press: 35-63.
• Williams, M. C. (2003). “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, Volume: 47, No: 4, pp. 511-531.
• Wolfe, P. (2006). “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native”, Journal of Genocide Research, Volume: 8, No: 4, pp. 387-409.
• www.netflix.com.tr/Fauda (Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2024)