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The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 31 Temmuz 2026
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The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad

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This article examines how narratives concerning the poisoning of the Prophet Muhammad were reinterpreted within sīrah literature under shifting paradigms shaped by changing religious, social, and ideological contexts. It focuses on the emergence of divergent accounts of the same historical event across different sīrah texts and argues that these variations reflect paradigm shifts in prophethood concepiton. By tracing these shifts chronologically, the study situates the poisoning narratives within an evolving framework in which the image of the Prophet gradually transformed from that of a Qurānically grounded human messenger into a figure increasingly associated with miraculous and supernatural attributes. The Qurān consistently emphasizes the humanity of the Prophet Muhammad, portraying him as a messenger who shares the limitations of other human beings and whose authority derives from revelation rather than supernatural power. Early sīrah sources and texts largely reflect this Qurānic perspective, presenting the poisoning incident without miraculous elements and framing it as an experience involving human capabilities. However, later sīrah sources and texts increasingly reconfigure this event by introducing extraordinary motifs, such as the cooked lamb’s speaking. This gradual shift in narratives corresponds to a broader transformation in the Muslim understanding of prophethood, whereby the prophetic figure came to be conceptualized not only as a bearer of revelation but also as a miracle-performing individual endowed with exceptional metaphysical qualities. The transformation of this understanding did not occur suddenly or in isolation. Rather, it developed progressively as a consequence of complex religious, social, and ideological dynamics. This idea has been uttered by several Western scholars of Islam, such as Goldziher, who argued that Islamic notions of prophethood underwent significant reinterpretation over time, particularly in response to internal developments and external intellectual challenges. These arguments have also found echoes within Muslim scholarship, especially in studies that critically examine the evolution of sīrah and ḥadīth literature. Against this scholarly backdrop, the present article does not seek to introduce an entirely new thesis. Instead, it proposes a theoretical and conceptual framework that employs the poisoning narratives as a focused case study through which the broader process of paradigmatic transformation can be observed and analyzed. Following the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the Muslim community encountered rapid and far-reaching changes. Internally, disputes over political authority, most notably the issue of the caliphate, led to civil wars and the formation of enduring sectarian identities. Externally, the early Muslim conquests brought Muslims into sustained contact with Christian communities and intellectual traditions. These encounters were not limited to political or social interaction but extended into theological debate and polemical exchange. In this environment, questions concerning the nature of prophethood, revelation, and miracles became increasingly salient. Within this historical context, the article identifies two primary dynamics that contributed to the reinterpretation of the poisoning narratives. The first and most foundational dynamic is the shift in the conception of prophethood from a predominantly human-messenger model to one that emphasized miraculous capacity. This shift is argued to have been significantly stimulated by theological engagement with Christianity, in which miracles played a central role in validating prophetic authority. Particular attention is given to Risālat al-Kindī (the Apology of al-Kindī), a key text in early Christian-Muslim polemics. The second dynamic is the emergence and consolidation of sectarian perspectives within Islam, especially within Shi`i traditions. Sectarian paradigms introduced distinct theological and ideological concerns that shaped the interpretation of prophetic history, including the poisoning incident. Through a comparative analysis, the article demonstrates how sectarian frameworks influenced both the content and form of the narratives, contributing to further diversification and reinterpretation. Accordingly, the article first outlines the religious, social, and ideological conditions that facilitated these paradigm shifts. It then examines the transformation of the concept of prophethood in Islam and, finally, analyzes the narrations of the Prophet’s poisoning to demonstrate how these shifts affected Muslim understandings of prophethood. To investigate both the semantic content and the formal structure of the narratives, this study employs methods of textual and form criticism, allowing for an assessment of how understanding and interpretation evolved over time.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sīrah, Paradigm Shift, Miracles, Poisoning of Prophet Muhammad, the Apology of al-Kindī

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study and that all studies used are stated in the bibliography

Kaynakça

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Kaynak Göster

APA
İbiş, S., & Tekkoyun, A. (2026). The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad. ULUM, 9(1), 81-113. https://doi.org/10.54659/ulum.1882900
AMA
1.İbiş S, Tekkoyun A. The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad. ULUM. 2026;9(1):81-113. doi:10.54659/ulum.1882900
Chicago
İbiş, Sultan, ve Ali Tekkoyun. 2026. “The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad”. ULUM 9 (1): 81-113. https://doi.org/10.54659/ulum.1882900.
EndNote
İbiş S, Tekkoyun A (01 Temmuz 2026) The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad. ULUM 9 1 81–113.
IEEE
[1]S. İbiş ve A. Tekkoyun, “The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad”, ULUM, c. 9, sy 1, ss. 81–113, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.54659/ulum.1882900.
ISNAD
İbiş, Sultan - Tekkoyun, Ali. “The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad”. ULUM 9/1 (01 Temmuz 2026): 81-113. https://doi.org/10.54659/ulum.1882900.
JAMA
1.İbiş S, Tekkoyun A. The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad. ULUM. 2026;9:81–113.
MLA
İbiş, Sultan, ve Ali Tekkoyun. “The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad”. ULUM, c. 9, sy 1, Temmuz 2026, ss. 81-113, doi:10.54659/ulum.1882900.
Vancouver
1.Sultan İbiş, Ali Tekkoyun. The Effect of Paradigm Shift on the Sīrah Texts: The Example of the Poisoning Narrations of the Prophet Muhammad. ULUM. 01 Temmuz 2026;9(1):81-113. doi:10.54659/ulum.1882900