ALLEGIANCE TO NON-ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT, THE QUESTION OF INFIDELITY AND THE BOKO HARAM INSURGENCY IN NIGERIA: AN ANALYSIS

Yıl 2021, , 263 - 283, 31.12.2021

Mujahid Hamza Shıtu

https://doi.org/10.54659/ulum.943869

Cited By: 1

Öz

Experts have made efforts to trace the root and ideological source of Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. Some have related it to the socio- economic problems and poverty in Northeast of Nigeria, while others viewed it as a Muslim political conspiracy to bring down a particular government, this led to negligence from the side of a particular regime which dismissed the problem as an ethno-religious political tool used by oppositions to wrestle power from it and this led to escalation of the crisis. However, many scholars have come to agree that the ideology is basically a takfīrī thought which considers Muslims with opposing views as infidels, especially those who accept a non-Islamic system of governance like that of Nigeria. This line of thought therefore, legalises unprovoked violence. This paper examines the veracity of the Boko Haram thought, establishes its ideological sources, and proffers solutions to the phenomenon. The methodologies followed are a combination of hermeneutical and historical approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Theology, Boko Haram, Nigeria, Takfīr, Secularism, Jihadist- Salafism

Kaynakça

• ‘Abd al-Wahhāb, Sulaymān bin ‘Abdullah bin. Awthaq al-‘urā al-īmān wa rasāil ukhrā. PDF: Riyadh: Dār al-Qāsim, 1422 A.H. books-library.online/files/elebda3.net-wq-1861.pdf
• Abū Bakr al-Jazā’irī, ‘Aqīdat al- mu’min. Saudi Arabia: Maktabat al- ‘Ulūm wa-l-Ḥikam, nd.
• Abū Zayd, Bakr b. ‘Abdullah, al-Madāris al-‘ālamiyyah al- ajnabiyyah al-isti‘māriyyah, tārīkhuhā wa makhāṭiruhā. PDF: Cairo: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2006, https://books.islamway.net/1/672/663_ar_ForeignDectatorSchools_BakrAbuZaid.pdf
• al- Bukhārī, Abū ‘Abdillah Muhammad ibn Ismā‘īl. Al-Jāmi‘ al-Ṣaḥīḥ. 4 Volumes. Cairo: al-Maṭba‘ah al-Salafiyya, 1400 A.H.
• al-‘Awnī, ash-Sharīf bin Ḥātim ‘Ārif. al- Walā’ wa - l -Barā’ bayna al-Ghuluwwa-l- Jafā’ fī ḍau’ al-Kitāb wa al-Sunnah. PDF: Maktaba al-cIlmiyya, nd. https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-pdf
• al-Duwaysh, Aḥmad ‘Abd ar-Razzāq, Fatāwā al-Lajnah al-Dāimah lil Buḥūth al- ‘Ilmiyyah wa-l- Iftā’. 23 volumes. Riyadh: Dār al-Mu’ayyad, 1424 A.H.
• Ali, Mohamed Bin. The Islamic Doctrine of Al-Wala’ wal Bara’ (Loyalty and Disavowal) in Modern Salafism. Exeter: University of Exeter, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, PhD Thesis, 2012. https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10871/9181/AliM.pdf
• al-Kashmeeree, Abu Yusuf Sagheer b. ‘Abdir- Rasheed. “Sheikh Muqbil’s Speech on Voting, Elections and Democracy.” https://ia600707.us.archive.org/0/items/ElectionsDemocracyEng/Elections%20%26%20Democracy%20%28Eng%29.pdf
• al-Mālikī, Abū Suhayb b. ‘Abd al- ‘Azīz. Aqwāl al-A’immah wa al-Du‘āt fī Bayān Ridat man Baddala al-Sharī‘ah. PDF: 2000. https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/04/045D1BC71185A995CDA725503826ABE1hakim.pdf
• al-Naisābūrī, Muslim bin Ḥajjāj. Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim. Saudi Arabia: Dar al-Mugnī, 1998.
• al-Qaḥṭānī, Muhammad bin Sa‘īd, al- Walā’ wa - l -Barā’ fī al-Islām. Cairo: al-Fatḥ lil I‘lām al- ‘Arabī, 6th edition, 1417 A.H.
• al-Qaraḍāwī, Yusuf. Min Fiqh ad-Dawlah fi l-Islam. Cairo: Dār ash- Shurūq, 6th edition, nd.
• al-Sijistāni, Abū Dāwūd Sulaymān bin al-Ash‘ath al-Azdī. Kitāb al-Sunan. Beirut: Dār ar-Rayyān, 2nd edition, 2004.
• ‘Atīq, Ḥamad bin ‘Alī bin Muḥammad bin. Sabīl al-Najāt wa-l-Fikāk. PDF: Riyadh, np, 2nd edition, 1415 A.H. https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/ar/ih_books/single_010/ar_sabeel_elnagaa.pdf
• Barkindo, Atta- Bryans, Shane. “De-Radicalising Prisoners in Nigeria: Developing a Basic Prison Based De-radicalisation Programme” Journal for Deradicalization. 7 (Summer 2016), 1- 25. http://journals.sfu.ca/jd/index.php/jd/issue/view/7/showToc
• Bin Bāz, Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azīz. “al- Tafṣīl fī al-Ḥākim idhā ḥakama bi ghayr mā Anzala Llah”. al-Mawqi‘ ar-Rasmī li Samāḥat ash-Shaykh al-Imām Ibn Bāz. Access date 11 November, 2019. https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/20165/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-
• Brigaglia, Andrea “The Volatility of Salafi Political Theology, the War on Terror and the Genesis of Boko Haram”. Diritto e Questioni Pubbliche 15/ 2 (2015) http://www.dirittoequestionipubbliche.org/page/2015_n15-2/011_Mono2_Brigaglia.pdf
• Brigaglia, Andrea -Alessio Iocchi. "‘Some Advice and Guidelines’: The History of Global Jihad in Nigeria, as Narrated by AQIM (al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb)". Annual Review of Islam in Africa 14 (2017), 27-35.
• Brigaglia, Andrea. “Ja‘far Mahmoud Adam, Mohammed Yusuf and Al-Muntada Islamic Trust: Reflections on the Genesis of the Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria”. Annual Review of Islam in Africa 11 (2012), 35- 43.
• Brigaglia, Andrea. ““Slicing off the Tumour”: The History of Global Jihad in Nigeria, as Narrated by the Islamic State,” The Centre for Contemporary Islam Occasional Papers, No. 1. Western Cape: CCI, University of Cape Town 2018.
• Ḥanbal, Imām Aḥmad bin. Musnad. 50 Volumes. Beirut: Mu’ssasat ar-Risālah, 1995.
• Ibn Taymiyya, Aḥmad bin ‘Abd al-Ḥalīm bin ‘Abd al-Salām. Iqtiḍā’ al-Ṣirāt al-Mustaqīm li Mukhālafati Aṣḥābi-l- Jaḥīm. PDF: Riyadh: Dār Ishbīliyā, 2nd edition, 1998, https://d1.islamhouse.com/data/ar/ih_books/single_01/ar_Aiqtida_Alsirat_Almustaqim.pdf
• ICG, International Crisis Group. Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency. Brussels: International Crisis Group, 3 April 2014. Africa Report, no 216. https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1091608/1226_1396951718_216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf .
• Kassim, Abdulbasit. “Boko Haram’s Internal Civil War: Stealth Takfir and Jihad as Recipes for Schism”. Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency. Ed. Jacob Zenn. West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, United States Military Academy, 2018. https://ctc.usma.edu/boko-haram-beyond-headlines-analyses-africas-enduring-insurgency
• Lauzière, Henri. The making of Salafism. New York : Columbia University Press, 2016.
• Murtaḍā, Ahmad. “Jamā‘at Boko Ḥarām, Nash’atuha wa Mabādi’uhā wa A‘māluhā fī Naijīriya”. Qirā’āt Ifrīqīyyah 12 (2012). https://www.qiraatafrican.com/media/magazine/1593-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%2012.pdf
• Thomas, Hegghammer. Al-Qaida statements 2003-2004 - a compilation of translated texts by Usama bin Ladin and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, 2005.
• Thurston, Alex. “‘The Disease is Unbelief’: Boko Haram’s Religious and Political Worldview,” The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World Analysis Paper, No. 22, January 2016. Access date17 September, 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Brookings-Analysis-Paper_Alex-Thurston_Final_Web.pdf
• Thurston, Alexander. "Abū Muṣ'ab al-Barnāwī’s interview with the Islamic State’s Al-Naba' Magazine", Journal for Islamic Studies 36/1 (2017), 257 – 275.
• Thurston, Alexander. Salafism in Nigeria: Islam, preaching and politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016
• Yūsuf, Abū Yūsuf Muhammad bin. Hādhihī ‘aqīdatuna wa-manhaj da‘watina. Maiduguri: Makabatu al-Ghurabā’ li al-ṭab‘ wa al-Tawzī‘, nd.
• Zenn, Jacob, “Boko Haram’s Fluctuating Affiliations: Future Prospects for Realignment with al-Qa`ida”. Boko Haram Beyond the Headlines: Analyses of Africa’s Enduring Insurgency. Ed. Jacob Zenn. West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, United States Military Academy, 2018. https://ctc.usma.edu/boko-haram-beyond-headlines-analyses-africas-enduring-insurgency