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Bizans Pavlikyanları: İnanç ve Pratikler

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 45 - 68, 06.08.2020

Öz

Makalenin konusu Bizans Pavlikyanları, inanç ve uygulamalarıdır. Pavlikyanlar Bizans topraklarında VII.-XII. Yüzyıllar arasında etkili olmuş farklı Hıristiyan öğretisine sahip yarı gizli bir harekettir. Ortodokslar tarafından sapkın kabul edilmeleri nedeniyle gizlidirler. Ancak, güçlü oldukları dönemde Bizans’ı ve Ortodoks Kilise’yi uğraştırmışlarsa da Anadolu’dan kaybolma nedenleri de Bizans’tır. İlk liderleri olan Konstantinos’un 655 tarihinde didaskalos olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Sonra ikiye bölünen hareket IX. Yüzyılın ilk yarısında Anadolu’da gücünü kaybetmiştir. Konstantinos ve sonraki liderler kendilerini Hıristiyan olarak tanımlamışlardır. Pavlikyan öğretisi Yeni Antlaşma’dan bazı metinleri kabul eder. Ancak, onları, İsa Mesih’i ve vaftiz, evharistiya gibi ayinleri Hıristiyanlardan farklı yorumlarlar. Çoklukla düalist öğretilerle ilişkilendirilseler de ne örgütlenme biçimleri ne de emir ve yasakları onlarınki gibidir. Hıristiyanlıkla ilişkilendirme ise daha açık verilere dayanır. Bununla birlikte teslis, İsa’nın tanrı olarak konumu gibi merkezi hususlarda farklı fikirlere sahiplerdir. Pavlikyanlar Yeni Ahit metinlerinin önemli bir kısmını, özellikle İnciller ve Pavlus’un mektuplarını kabul etmişlerdir. Böylece yeni bir Hıristiyanlık yorumu ortaya çıkarmışlardır. Farklı düşünmeleri, özellikle Hıristiyanlığın temel kabullerinden farklı inanmaları onlar hakkında olumsuz verilerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Farklı yorumları nedeniyle tarih boyunca özellikle resmi Bizans Kilisesi tarafından heretik ilan edilmişlerdir. Bu, onlar hakkında kovuşturmalar, idamlar, göçler, dejenerasyon gibi sonuçları doğurmuştur. Bu durum sürekli gizlenmelerine, dolayısıyla haklarında gerçek dışı bilgilerin çoğalmasına yol açmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan Kitap, 2018.
  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Kadîm İran’da Din: Monoteizm’den Düalizm’e Mecusi Tanrı Anlayışı. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitaplığı, 2012.
  • Charanis, Peter. “The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 3/2 (1961), 140–54.
  • Comnena (Komnene), Anna. The Alexiad. Ed. Elizabeth A. Dawes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books, 1928.
  • Euthymius of The Periblepton. “19. Euthymius of The Periblepton Condemns Bogomils (C. 1045).” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 142–64. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Garsoian, Nina. Paulician Heresy: A Study of the Origine and Development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire. The Hague-Paris: Mouton & Co, 1967.
  • Genesios. On the Reigns of the Emperors. Trans. Anthony Kaldellis. 4 vols. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1998.
  • Gouillard (Trans.). “16. The Synodikon of Orthodoxy: Clauses About Bogomils.” In Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 134–39. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Gouillard (Trans.), Jean. “Le Synodikon de l’orthodoxie.” Travaux et Mémoires-2. Ed. de Boccard, 1–26. Paris, 1967. https://orthodoxie.typepad.com/ficher/synodikon.pdf
  • Grousset, Rene. Başlangıcından 1071’e Ermenilerin Tarihi. Trans. Sosi Dolanoğlu. İstanbul: Aras Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Sâbiîler Son Gnostikler. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 1995.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton, trans. “9. The Death of The Paulician Leader Chrysocheir (c. 878).” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450, 96–97. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton, trans. “11. Abjuration Formulae (Tenth Century) For Paulician Converts to Orthodoxy.” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450, 102–10. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton. “Historical Introduction.” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 1–55. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians.” ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 98–109. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians.” ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 129–40. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans.” In ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 140–51. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians.” In ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus:109–20. Online Edition, 2002.
  • John of Otzun. “Appendix IV: John of Otzun.” In The Key of Truth a Manuel of The Paulician Church of Armenia, Ed. & Trans. Fred. C. (Frederick Cornwallis) Conybeare, 152–54. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1898.
  • Laurent, J. L’Arménie Entre Byzance et l’Islam Depuis La Conquête Arabe Jusqu’ En 886. Paris: Fontemoing, 1919.
  • Peter of Sicily. “7. Peter of Sicily’s History of The Paulicians (870)”. Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 65–92. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Peter of Sicily. “8. Peter The Higoumenos: An Abridgement of Peter of Sicily”. Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 92–96. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Radeva, Donka. “Paulicians-Digeneses of Word and Sword,” 1–38, n.d.
  • Radeva, Donka. “Pavlikyanstvoto Mezhdu Legendite i Istoriyata VII-ХVІІ Vek.” Plovdivski Istoricheski Forum, Godina I, n.d.
  • Radeva, Donka. “The Bulgarian Paulicians between Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam (Xvii–Xx Century AD) (Bulgarian).” Religiya, Natsionalna Identichnost I Dŭrzhavnost Na Balkanite Prez ХІХ-ХХІ v., 30–45. Veliko Tarnovo: Velikotŭrnovski universitet “Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ,” 2018.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. Ermeni Kilise Merkezi Ecmiatzin. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. Ermeni Kilisesi’nde Sakramentler. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. “Maniheizm”. Çokkültürlülük Konferansı. 133–45. Diyarbakır: İnsan Hakları Derneği Yayınları, 2005.
  • Taraporewala, Irach J. I. Zerdüşt Dini: Zerdüşt’ün Gathaları Üç Unutulmuş Din: Mitraizm, Maniheizm, Mazdakizm. Trans. Nice Damar. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları, 2002.
  • Theophanes Confessor. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813. Translated by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
  • Tsibranska-Kostova, Mariyana. “Paulicians Between the Dogme and the Legend.” Studia Ceranea 7 (2017), 229–263.
  • Vogt, Albert. Basile Ier, Empereur de Byzance (867-886), et La, Civilisation Byzantine à La Fin Du IXe Siècle. Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1908.

Byzantine Paulicians: Beliefs and Practices

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 45 - 68, 06.08.2020

Öz

The subject of the article is the Byzantine Paulicians, their beliefs and practices. The Paulicians are a semi-secret movement with different Christian teachings that had influenced the Byzantine territory between the seventh and the twelfth centuries. They remained in secrecy due to their heretic acceptance by the Orthodox. However, even though they were a problem for the Byzantine and Orthodox Church when they were strong, the reasons for disappearance from Anatolia were the Byzantine and Orthodox Churches. It is estimated that their first leader, Constantinos, was didaskalos in 655. Then, the movement, which was divided into two, lost its power in Anatolia in the first half of the IX century. Constantinos and later leaders identified themselves as Christians. The Paulician doctrine accepts some texts from the New Testament. However, the Paulicians interpret the Scriptures, Jesus Christ and rituals such as baptism and eucharist (holy communion) differently from Christians. Although they are often associated with dualist doctrines, neither their form of the organization nor their commends and prohibitions are similar to theirs. The association with Christianity is based on more explicit data. However, they have different ideas about central issues such as the Trinity and the position of Jesus as God. The Paulicians adopted a significant number of New Testament texts, especially the Gospels and the Epistles of Paul. Thus, they revealed a new interpretation of Christianity. Thinking differently, especially believing different from the basic admissions of Christianity, led to the emergence of negative data about them. Due to their different interpretations, the Paulicians were declared heretic throughout history, especially by the official Byzantine Church. This situation led to prosecutions, executions, migrations, and degeneration of Paulicians, which caused their constant concealment and thus to the increase of unreal information about them.

Kaynakça

  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Işığın Elçisi Mani ve Gnostik Düşüncesi. İstanbul: Divan Kitap, 2018.
  • Alıcı, Mehmet. Kadîm İran’da Din: Monoteizm’den Düalizm’e Mecusi Tanrı Anlayışı. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitaplığı, 2012.
  • Charanis, Peter. “The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 3/2 (1961), 140–54.
  • Comnena (Komnene), Anna. The Alexiad. Ed. Elizabeth A. Dawes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books, 1928.
  • Euthymius of The Periblepton. “19. Euthymius of The Periblepton Condemns Bogomils (C. 1045).” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 142–64. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Garsoian, Nina. Paulician Heresy: A Study of the Origine and Development of Paulicianism in Armenia and the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine Empire. The Hague-Paris: Mouton & Co, 1967.
  • Genesios. On the Reigns of the Emperors. Trans. Anthony Kaldellis. 4 vols. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1998.
  • Gouillard (Trans.). “16. The Synodikon of Orthodoxy: Clauses About Bogomils.” In Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 134–39. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Gouillard (Trans.), Jean. “Le Synodikon de l’orthodoxie.” Travaux et Mémoires-2. Ed. de Boccard, 1–26. Paris, 1967. https://orthodoxie.typepad.com/ficher/synodikon.pdf
  • Grousset, Rene. Başlangıcından 1071’e Ermenilerin Tarihi. Trans. Sosi Dolanoğlu. İstanbul: Aras Yayıncılık, 2005.
  • Gündüz, Şinasi. Sâbiîler Son Gnostikler. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 1995.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton, trans. “9. The Death of The Paulician Leader Chrysocheir (c. 878).” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450, 96–97. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton, trans. “11. Abjuration Formulae (Tenth Century) For Paulician Converts to Orthodoxy.” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450, 102–10. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Hamilton, Janet, and Bernard Hamilton. “Historical Introduction.” Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 1–55. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians.” ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 98–109. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians.” ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 129–40. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans.” In ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus: 140–51. Online Edition, 2002.
  • Ignatius. “The Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians.” In ANF01: Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and Cleveland Coxe, 1-The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus:109–20. Online Edition, 2002.
  • John of Otzun. “Appendix IV: John of Otzun.” In The Key of Truth a Manuel of The Paulician Church of Armenia, Ed. & Trans. Fred. C. (Frederick Cornwallis) Conybeare, 152–54. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1898.
  • Laurent, J. L’Arménie Entre Byzance et l’Islam Depuis La Conquête Arabe Jusqu’ En 886. Paris: Fontemoing, 1919.
  • Peter of Sicily. “7. Peter of Sicily’s History of The Paulicians (870)”. Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 65–92. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Peter of Sicily. “8. Peter The Higoumenos: An Abridgement of Peter of Sicily”. Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World C.650-C.1450. Trans. Janet Hamilton and Bernard Hamilton, 92–96. Manchester: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.
  • Radeva, Donka. “Paulicians-Digeneses of Word and Sword,” 1–38, n.d.
  • Radeva, Donka. “Pavlikyanstvoto Mezhdu Legendite i Istoriyata VII-ХVІІ Vek.” Plovdivski Istoricheski Forum, Godina I, n.d.
  • Radeva, Donka. “The Bulgarian Paulicians between Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Islam (Xvii–Xx Century AD) (Bulgarian).” Religiya, Natsionalna Identichnost I Dŭrzhavnost Na Balkanite Prez ХІХ-ХХІ v., 30–45. Veliko Tarnovo: Velikotŭrnovski universitet “Sv. sv. Kiril i Metodiĭ,” 2018.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. Ermeni Kilise Merkezi Ecmiatzin. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. Ermeni Kilisesi’nde Sakramentler. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2015.
  • Seyfeli, Canan. “Maniheizm”. Çokkültürlülük Konferansı. 133–45. Diyarbakır: İnsan Hakları Derneği Yayınları, 2005.
  • Taraporewala, Irach J. I. Zerdüşt Dini: Zerdüşt’ün Gathaları Üç Unutulmuş Din: Mitraizm, Maniheizm, Mazdakizm. Trans. Nice Damar. İstanbul: Avesta Yayınları, 2002.
  • Theophanes Confessor. The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor Byzantine and Near Eastern History AD 284-813. Translated by Cyril Mango and Roger Scott. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
  • Tsibranska-Kostova, Mariyana. “Paulicians Between the Dogme and the Legend.” Studia Ceranea 7 (2017), 229–263.
  • Vogt, Albert. Basile Ier, Empereur de Byzance (867-886), et La, Civilisation Byzantine à La Fin Du IXe Siècle. Paris: A. Picard et fils, 1908.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Canan Seyfeli 0000-0002-3379-2812

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Seyfeli, Canan. “Byzantine Paulicians: Beliefs and Practices”. ULUM 3/1 (Ağustos 2020), 45-68.