AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE TOURISM

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3, 503 - 514, 30.12.2020

Elif Yayla Fatih Altan

Öz

Travel of individuals to visit physicians for a planned death is referred to as Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) Tourism. This study was prepared in order to analyze secondary data due to the lack of conceptual discussion on the phenomenon of PAS Tourism, which has recently been included in the tourism and health literature. The aim of this study is to examine the studies in the literature, the concept of death that the individual wants to end his life with the support of a physician, the scope of Physician Assisted Suicide Tourism, which is seen as a niche market today, the concepts that are compared with this scope and causing confusion, and finally the legal to examine the functioning of institutions providing Physician Assisted Suicide services within the framework. As a result, although HDI is prohibited in many countries and therefore it is not considered as tourism, it is seen that there is such a niche market today and as the demand for this service increases, the number of countries that have changed the law on HDI is increasing. It is thought that HDI will commodify health services and bring ethical problems such as discrimination among patients

Anahtar Kelimeler

Physician Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, Death Tourism, Dark Tourism, Suicide Tourism

Kaynakça

• Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism-a postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 54(1), 29-36.
• Cantrell, F. L. & Nordt, S. & Mcintyre, I. & Schneir, A. (2010). Death on the doorstep of a border community–intentional self-poisoning with veterinary pentobarbital. Clinical Toxicology, 48(8), 849-850.
• Carrera, P. & Bridges, J. (2006). Globalization and healthcare: Understanding health and medical tourism. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 6, 447-454.
• Chen, B. (2012) Coping With Death and Loss: Confucian Perspectives and the Use of Rituals. Pastoral Psychol 61, 1037–1049.
• Çelik, İ. (2009).Türk Tasavvuf Düşüncesinde Ölüm. Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, 40, 2009, 119-146
• Demir, S. T. (2017). Modernite ve Ölüm: Açık Erişimli Ölüm Döşeğinden İzole Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerine Bedenin ve Ölmenin Değişen Yüzü, Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(14)
• Demirhan, E. A. (1994). Tıp Tarihi ve Deontoloji Dersleri, Bursa: Uludağ Üniversitesi Basımevi.
• Foley, M. & Lennon, J. J. (1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 198-211.
• Hartmann, R. (1988). Combining field methods in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(1), 88-105.
• Higginbotham, G.(2011). Assisted-suicide tourism: is it tourism? Tourisms: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 6(2), pp.177-185.
• Higgins-Desbiolles, F. & Carnicelli, S. & Krolikowski, C. & Wijesinghe, G. & Boluk, K. (2019). Degrowing tourism: Rethinking tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27, 1926-1944.
• Hökelekli, H. (1991). Ölümle İlgili Tutumlar ve Dini Davranış. İslami Araştırmalar. : 152-153
• Huxtable, R. (2009). The suicide tourist trap: Compromise across boundaries. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 6, 327-336.
• Jecker, N.A.S. & Jonsen, A.R. & Pearlman, R.A. (2007). Bioethics: an introduction to the history, methods, and practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Kang, E.J. & Scott, N. & Lee, T.J. & Ballantyne, R. (2012). Benefits of Visiting a Dark Tourism‘ Site: The Case of The Jeju April 3rd Peace Park, Korea, Tourism Management, 33 (1), 257-265.
• Kübler-Ross E. Yaşamın Son Günleri. Çev: Terakye G. Ankara: Hürbilek Matbaacılık; 1992.
• Lennon, J. & Foley, M., (2000) Dark Tourism, The Attarction of Death and Disaster, Contınuum, London.
• Lippard, L. R. (1999). On the beaten track: Tourism, art and place (Vol. 4). New York: New Press.
• MacCannell, D. (1976). The tourist: A new theory of the leisure class. Univ of California Press.
• Miles, W.F.S. (2002). Auschwitz: Museum Interpretation and Darker Tourism, Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (4), 1175-1178.
• Mondal, A. P. & Bhowmik, P. (2018). Physician Assisted Suicide Tourism A Future Global Business Phenomenon. The Business and Management Review, 10 (1), 35-43
• Montaigne Denemeler (2006) –Bütün Denemeler 3– (Çeviren: Hüsen Portakal), İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi. Montaigne, 2006: 7.
• O’Neill, S. (2002). Soham pleads with trippers to stay away, DailyTelegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.j html?xml=/news/2002/08/26/nfen26.xml&sSheet=/ portal/2002/08/26/ixport.html.
• Pearlman, R.A. & Hsu, C. & Starks, H. & Back, A.L.& Gordon, J.R. & Bharucha, A.J. & Koenig, B.A. & Battin, M.P., 2005. Motivations for physician-assisted suicide. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20(3), pp.234-239.
• Pratt, S. & Tolkach, D. & Kirillova, K. (2019). Tourism & death. Annals of Tourism Research, 78, p. 102758
• Seaton, A.V. (1999). WarandThanatourism: Waterloo 1814-1915,Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (1), 130-158
• Sharpley, 2005 R. Sharpley Travels to the Edge of Darkness: Towards a Typology of Dark Tourism C. Ryan, S. Page, M. Aitken (Eds.), Taking Tourism to the Limits: Issues, Concepts and Managerial Perspectives, Elsevier, Oxford (2005), pp. 217-228
• Shondell Miller, D. and Gonzalez, C., 2013. When death is the destination: the business of death tourism–despite legal and social implications. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(3), pp.293-306.
• Stack, S. & Bowman, B. (2011). Suicide movies social patterns 1900-2009. Hogrefe Publishing. Canada 2011
• Stone, P. & Sharpley, R., 2008. Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of tourism Research, 35(2), pp.574-595.
• Tikkanen, I. (2005). Sectors in healthcare tourism: Case Kuopio region. Paper presented at the 3rd Tourism Industry and Education Symposium. Jyväskylä, Finland.
• Tourism Research and Marketing . (2006). Medical tourism: A global analysis. Arnhem, Netherlands: Atlas.
• United Nations World Tourism Organization . (2019, March 25). Relevant definitions. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/why-tourism
• Ünal, M. S. (2011). Zamansız Ölüm: Geleneksel Ve Modern Toplum Karşıtlığında Ölümün Yeri. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi Cilt 11, Sayı 2, 2011 ss. 121 -133
• World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: A global imperative. Geneva: WHO Press, 2014.
• Yakıt, İ. (1993). Batı Düşüncesi ve Mevlana. İstanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat. Yakıt, 1993: 85.
• Yu C.& Wen J. & Goh E. & Aston J. (2019). “Please help me die”: Applying self-determination theory to understand suicide travel. Anatolia, 30, 450-453.
• Yu, C.-E. & Wen, J. & Meng, F. (2020). Defining Physician-Assisted Suicide Tourism and Travel. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research.
• Dignitas, http://www.dignitas.ch/?lang=en (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
• Exit International, https://exitinternational.net/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
• Final Exit Network, https://finalexitnetwork.org/Home.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
• Compassion and Choices, https://compassionandchoices.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020) Death with Dignity, https://www.deathwitPASgnity.org/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
• The Guardian [1], https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/03/legalise-assisted-dying-for-terminally-ill-say-90-per-cent-of-people-in-uk
• The Guardian [2], https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jul/15/euthanasia-and-assisted-dying-rates- are-soaring-but-where-are-they-legal (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2020)
• Dignity in Drying, https://www.dignityindying.org.uk/news/poll-assisted-dying/