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THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF FOREIGN POLICY: THE INCREASING IMPACT OF CULTURAL FACTORS ON DECISION-MAKING STRUCTURES

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 4, 1054 - 1083, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.818011

Öz

In this study, the growing impact of cultural factors and identities on the decision-making mechanisms of international actors within the realm of foreign policy will be examined. Through a contextual analysis, we will first develop, from a historical perspective, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the culture-foreign policy nexus. Then, the changing nature of international politics in the post-Cold War era and the contributions of Constructivist IR theory with regard to a cultural analysis of foreign policy will constitute the focal point of this work. Contrary to the mainstream view prevailing within the IR discipline, the idiosyncrasies of the international actors have incrementally become influential in shaping their behaviors abroad or in limiting the foreign policy options available to decision-makers. Placing individuals at the heart of the analysis and taking the impact of the social processes they have been through will eventually lead to more comprehensive and accurate conclusions. Such an approach will also be helpful in integrating the cultural factors and the identity structures into foreign policy analysis. The analysis of the transforming relations between culture and foreign policy will, in the end, reveal how these factors come to affect foreign policy outputs and the decision-making processes and the extent to which they have become influential.

Kaynakça

  • Almond, G., Verba, S. (1989). The Civic Culture : Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. California: SAGE. (Özgün eser 1963 tarihlidir).
  • Baklacıoğlu, N. Ö. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Dış Politika Analizinin Gelişimi. İçinde. Özgün Erler Bayır ve Faruk
  • Sönmezoğlu (Ed.). Dış Politika: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış (45-73). İstanbul: Der.
  • Banchoff, T. (1999). German Identity and European Integration. European Journal of International Relations, 5(3): 259–289.
  • Banerjee, S. (1997). The Cultural Logic of National Identity Formation: Contending Discourses in Late Colonial India. içinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (27-44). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Barnette, M. (1993). Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System. International Studies Quarterly, 37(3): 271-296.
  • Breuning, M. (1997). Culture, History, Role: Belgian and Dutch Axioms and Foreign Assistance Policy. İçinde. Valerie M.
  • Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (99-123). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burchill, S., Linklater, A. (2013). Giriş. içinde. Scott Burchill vd. (Ed.). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri (11-51). İstanbul: Küre.
  • Chafetz, G., Abramson, H. ve Grillot, S. (1997). Culture and National Role Conceptions: Belarussian and Ukrainian Compliance With the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. İçinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (169-200). Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Efegil, E. (2016). Dış Politika Analizi: Ders Notları. İstanbul: Nobel.
  • Gaenslen, F. (1997). Advancing Cultural Explanations. İçinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreing Policy (265-279). Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Goldstein, J., Keohane, R. (1993). Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework. İçinde. Judith Goldstein, Robert Keohane (Ed.). Ideas & Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (3-30). New York: Cornell University.
  • Hermann, M. G., Kegley, C.W. (1995). Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives From Political Psychology. International Studies Quarterly, 39(4): 511-533.
  • Heywood, A. (2011). Global Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hill, C. (2003). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1970). National Role Conceptions in The Study of Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3): 233-309.
  • Hopf, T. (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1): 171-200.
  • Hudson, V. M. (2005). Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground Of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis, 1(1): 1-30.
  • Hudson, V. M. (2014). Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Hudson, V. M. (Ed.). (1997). Culture and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking About Strategic Culture. International Security, 19(4), ss. 32–64.
  • Kegley Jr., W. C. (1987). Decision Regimes and the Comperative Study of Foreign Policy. İçinde. Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley Jr., ve James N. Rosenau (Ed.). New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy Analysis (247-268). London: Harper Collins Academic.
  • Lapid, Y. (1996). Culture's Ship: Returns and Departures in International Relations Theory. İçinde. Yosef Lapid, Friedrich Kratochwil (Ed.). The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (3-20). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Leites, N. (1951). The Operational Code of the Politburo. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Leites, N. (1953). A Study of Bolshevism. New York: Free Press.
  • Liland, F. (1993). Culture and Foreign Policy: An Introduction to Approaches and Theory. IFS Info. No.1.
  • Mintz, A., DeRouen Jr., K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. New York: Cambridge University. Morin, J.-F. (2013). La Politique Étréngère. Paris: Armand Collin.
  • Price, R., Reuss-Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Relations Theory and Constructivism. European Journal of International Relations, 4(3): 259-294.
  • Proust, M. (2000). In Search of Lost Time, Vol.6: Time Regained and A Guide to Proust. London: Vintage.
  • Pye, L. W. (1991). Political Culture Revisited. Political Psychology, 12(3): 487-508.
  • Reuss-Smit, C. (2013). Konstrüktivizm. İçinde. Scott Burchill vd. (Ed.). Uluslararası Ilişkiler Teorileri (285-314). İstanbul: Küre.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1980). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. Revised and Enlarged Edition. London: Frances Pinter Publishers.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Sagan, C. (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science As A Candle in the Dark. New York: Ballentine.
  • Sampson, M. W. (1987). Cultural Influences On Foreign Policy. İçinde. Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley Jr. ve James N. Rosenau (Ed.). New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (384-405). London: Harper Collins Academic.
  • Snyder, R. C., Bruck, H. W. ve Sapin, B. M. (2002). Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited) by Valerie M. Hudson, Derek H. Chollet, and James M. Goldgeier. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F. (2014). Uluslararası Politika ve Dış Politika Analizi. İstanbul:Der.
  • Vertzberger, Y. (1990). The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking. California: Stanford University.
  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2): 391-425.
  • Wendt, A. (1995). Constructing International Politics. International Security, 20(1): 71-81.
  • Zurovchak, J. F. (1997). Cultural Influences On Foreign Policy Decisionmaking: Czech and Slovak Foreign Policy Organizations. İçinde. Hudson Valerie M. (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (125-166). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

DIŞ POLİTİKANIN SOSYAL İNŞASI: KÜLTÜREL FAKTÖRLERİN KARAR ALMA YAPILARINA ARTAN ETKİSİ

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 4, 1054 - 1083, 22.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.818011

Öz

Bu çalışmada, kültürel faktörlerin ve kimliklerin dış politika alanında devletlerin karar alma mekanizmaları üzerindeki artan etkisi incelenecektir. Öncelikle, bağlamsal bir analizle, kültür ve dış politika kavramlarının kesiştiği noktanın evrimi tarihsel bir perspektiften ele alınacak olup; sonrasında, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde uluslararası politikanın değişen doğası ve İnşacı Uluslararası İlişkiler teorisinin dış politikanın kültürel bir analizini mümkün kılan katkıları, bu çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturacaktır. Disiplindeki hâkim ana akım görüşün aksine, uluslararası aktörlerin kendilerine özgü özellikleri, uluslararası seviyedeki davranışlarını şekillendirmede veya karar alıcıya uygun dış politika alternatiflerinin belirlenmesinde gittikçe etkili hale gelmektedir. Bireyleri analizin merkezine yerleştirmek ve onların etkileyen sosyal süreçleri hesaba katmak, zaman içerisinde çok daha kapsamlı ve isabetli sonuçlara ulaşılmasını sağlayacaktır. Bu yaklaşım, aynı zamanda, kültürel faktörlerin ve kimlik yapılarının dış politika analizine dahil edilmesine önemli katkıda bulunacaktır. Kültür ve dış politika arasındaki ilişkinin değişen konjonktürdeki değişiminin incelenmesi de kültürel faktörlerin nasıl ve ne ölçüde dış politika çıktıları ve karar alma mekanizmaları üzerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya çıkaracaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Almond, G., Verba, S. (1989). The Civic Culture : Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. California: SAGE. (Özgün eser 1963 tarihlidir).
  • Baklacıoğlu, N. Ö. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Dış Politika Analizinin Gelişimi. İçinde. Özgün Erler Bayır ve Faruk
  • Sönmezoğlu (Ed.). Dış Politika: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Bakış (45-73). İstanbul: Der.
  • Banchoff, T. (1999). German Identity and European Integration. European Journal of International Relations, 5(3): 259–289.
  • Banerjee, S. (1997). The Cultural Logic of National Identity Formation: Contending Discourses in Late Colonial India. içinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (27-44). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Barnette, M. (1993). Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System. International Studies Quarterly, 37(3): 271-296.
  • Breuning, M. (1997). Culture, History, Role: Belgian and Dutch Axioms and Foreign Assistance Policy. İçinde. Valerie M.
  • Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (99-123). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Breuning, M. (2007). Foreign Policy Analysis: A Comparative Introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Burchill, S., Linklater, A. (2013). Giriş. içinde. Scott Burchill vd. (Ed.). Uluslararası İlişkiler Teorileri (11-51). İstanbul: Küre.
  • Chafetz, G., Abramson, H. ve Grillot, S. (1997). Culture and National Role Conceptions: Belarussian and Ukrainian Compliance With the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. İçinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (169-200). Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Efegil, E. (2016). Dış Politika Analizi: Ders Notları. İstanbul: Nobel.
  • Gaenslen, F. (1997). Advancing Cultural Explanations. İçinde. Valerie M. Hudson (Ed.). Culture and Foreing Policy (265-279). Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Goldstein, J., Keohane, R. (1993). Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework. İçinde. Judith Goldstein, Robert Keohane (Ed.). Ideas & Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change (3-30). New York: Cornell University.
  • Hermann, M. G., Kegley, C.W. (1995). Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives From Political Psychology. International Studies Quarterly, 39(4): 511-533.
  • Heywood, A. (2011). Global Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hill, C. (2003). The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Holsti, K. J. (1970). National Role Conceptions in The Study of Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly, 14(3): 233-309.
  • Hopf, T. (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23(1): 171-200.
  • Hudson, V. M. (2005). Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground Of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis, 1(1): 1-30.
  • Hudson, V. M. (2014). Foreign Policy Analysis: Classic and Contemporary Theory. Maryland: Rowman&Littlefield.
  • Hudson, V. M. (Ed.). (1997). Culture and Foreign Policy. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  • Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking About Strategic Culture. International Security, 19(4), ss. 32–64.
  • Kegley Jr., W. C. (1987). Decision Regimes and the Comperative Study of Foreign Policy. İçinde. Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley Jr., ve James N. Rosenau (Ed.). New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy Analysis (247-268). London: Harper Collins Academic.
  • Lapid, Y. (1996). Culture's Ship: Returns and Departures in International Relations Theory. İçinde. Yosef Lapid, Friedrich Kratochwil (Ed.). The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (3-20). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Leites, N. (1951). The Operational Code of the Politburo. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Leites, N. (1953). A Study of Bolshevism. New York: Free Press.
  • Liland, F. (1993). Culture and Foreign Policy: An Introduction to Approaches and Theory. IFS Info. No.1.
  • Mintz, A., DeRouen Jr., K. (2010). Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making. New York: Cambridge University. Morin, J.-F. (2013). La Politique Étréngère. Paris: Armand Collin.
  • Price, R., Reuss-Smit, C. (1998). Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Relations Theory and Constructivism. European Journal of International Relations, 4(3): 259-294.
  • Proust, M. (2000). In Search of Lost Time, Vol.6: Time Regained and A Guide to Proust. London: Vintage.
  • Pye, L. W. (1991). Political Culture Revisited. Political Psychology, 12(3): 487-508.
  • Reuss-Smit, C. (2013). Konstrüktivizm. İçinde. Scott Burchill vd. (Ed.). Uluslararası Ilişkiler Teorileri (285-314). İstanbul: Küre.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1980). The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy. Revised and Enlarged Edition. London: Frances Pinter Publishers.
  • Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Sagan, C. (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science As A Candle in the Dark. New York: Ballentine.
  • Sampson, M. W. (1987). Cultural Influences On Foreign Policy. İçinde. Charles F. Hermann, Charles W. Kegley Jr. ve James N. Rosenau (Ed.). New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy (384-405). London: Harper Collins Academic.
  • Snyder, R. C., Bruck, H. W. ve Sapin, B. M. (2002). Foreign Policy Decision-Making (Revisited) by Valerie M. Hudson, Derek H. Chollet, and James M. Goldgeier. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Sönmezoğlu, F. (2014). Uluslararası Politika ve Dış Politika Analizi. İstanbul:Der.
  • Vertzberger, Y. (1990). The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking. California: Stanford University.
  • Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization, 46(2): 391-425.
  • Wendt, A. (1995). Constructing International Politics. International Security, 20(1): 71-81.
  • Zurovchak, J. F. (1997). Cultural Influences On Foreign Policy Decisionmaking: Czech and Slovak Foreign Policy Organizations. İçinde. Hudson Valerie M. (Ed.). Culture and Foreign Policy (125-166). Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Can Donduran 0000-0003-2737-1410

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 17 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Donduran, C. (2020). DIŞ POLİTİKANIN SOSYAL İNŞASI: KÜLTÜREL FAKTÖRLERİN KARAR ALMA YAPILARINA ARTAN ETKİSİ. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi(4), 1054-1083. https://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.818011

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