Covid-19 Fobisi (Korkusu), Covid-19 Farkındalığı ve Genel Aidiyetleri Düzeyleri

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 13, 451 - 485, 30.12.2021

Emin Kurtuluş Betül Düşünceli

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Covid-19 farkındalığı ve genel aidiyet düzeylerinin Covid-19 fobisini (korkusunu) yordama düzeyini tespit etmektir. Ayrıca araştırmada bireylerin Covid-19 korkusunun koronavirüs hakkında bilgi aldıkları kaynaklara ve pandemi döneminde ruh hali değişimine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı da inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 280 (%79.54) kadın ve 72 (%20 .46) erkek olmak üzere toplam 352 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma, ilişkisel araştırma desenine uygun olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularında, genel aidiyetin ve Covid-19 farkındalığının Covid-19 korkusunu anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı bulgularına ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın bir diğer sonucunda, Covid-19 korkusunun Covid-19 hakkında bilgi aldıkları kaynağa ve pandemi döneminde ruh hali değişimine göre farklılaştığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Covid-19 Farkındalığı, Genel Aidiyet, Covid-19 Korkusu, Üniversite Öğrencileri

Phobia (Fear) of Covid 19, Awareness of Covid-19 and Levels of General Belongingness

Öz

The purpose of this research is to determine the predictive level of Covid-19 awareness and general belongingness on Covid-19 phobia (fear). Additionally, whether the fear of Covid-19 differs according to sources of information about coronavirus and mood swings during the pandemic period is also examined in this study. The study group of the research consists of a total of 352 university students, 280(%79.54) female, and 72 (%20.46) male. The study was designed in accordance with the correlational research design. In the research findings, it was found that general belongingness to Covid-19 and its awareness significantly predict the fear of Covid-19. In another result of the study, it was observed that university students’ fear of Covid-19 differs according to the source from which they have received information about Covid-19, and the mood changes during the pandemic period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Covid-19 Awareness, Fear of Covid-19, General Belongingness, University Students

Kaynakça

• Abdullah, Irwan. “Covid-19: Threat and Fear in Indonesia,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, (2020): 488-490, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000878
• Adler, Alfred. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind. New York: Capricorn, 1964.
• Ahorsu, Daniel K., Chung-Ying Lin, Vida Imani, Mohsen Saffari, Mark D. Griffiths, Amir H. Pakpour. “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 27, (2020): 1-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
• Aldemir, Ceray ve M. Nurdan Avşar. Pandemi Döneminde Dijital Vatandaşlık Uygulamaları,” Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, (2020): 148-169. Almuttaqi, Ibrahim A. “Kekacauan Respons Terhadap COVID-19 di Indonesia,” THC Insights, 13, (2020): 1-7.
• Anderson, Roy M., Hans Heesterbeek, Don Klinkenberg ve T. Deirdre Hollingsworth. “How Will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence The Course of The COVID19 Epidemic?” The Lancet, 395, (2020): 931- 934, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5
• Arpaci, İbrahim, Kasım Karataş ve Mustafa Baloğlu. “The Development and Initial Tests for the Psychometric Properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S),” Personality and Individual Differences, 164, (2020): 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
• Başterzi, A. Devrim. Ruhsal hastalıklar kadınları daha fazla etkiliyor, 4 Kasım 2011, erişim 24 Mart 2021, https://www.hastane.com.tr/saglik/ruhsal-hastaliklar-kadinlari-daha-fazla- 66 etkiliyor.html
• Baumeister, Roy F. ve Mark R. Leary. "The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation," Psychological Bulletin 117, (1995): 497-529.
• Bozkurt, Yasemin, Zekiye Zeybek ve Rüstem Aşkın. “Covid-19 Pandemisi: Psikolojik Etkileri ve Terapötik Müdahaleler,” İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, (2020): 304-318.
• Bakioğlu, Fuad, Ozan Korkmaz ve Hülya Ercan. “Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, (2020): 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
• Bilgin, Okan. “Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Farkındalık Ölçeği Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması,” Turkish Studies, 15, (2020): 237-245, https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44168
• Bitan, Tzur Dana, Ariella Grossman-Giron, Yuval Bloch, Yael Mayer, Noga Shiffman ve Shlomo Mendlovic. “Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric Characteristics, Reliability and Validity in the Israeli Population,” Psychiatry Research, 289, (2020): 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
• Brief, Debroad J, A. R. Bollinger, M. J. Vielhauer, J. A. Berger-Greenstein, E. E. Morgan, S. M. Brady, L. Mm Buondonno ve T. M. Keane. “Understanding the Interface of HIV, Trauma, Post-Traumatic Stres Disorder, and Substance use and its Implications for Health Outcomes,” AIDS Care, 16, (2004): 97-120, https//doi:org/10.1080/09540120412301315259
• Brooks, S. Kelly, Rebecca Dunn, Richard Amlôt, G. James Rubin ve Neil Greenberg. A Systematic, Thematic Review of Social And Occupational Factors Associated with Psychological Outcomes In Healthcare Employees during an Infectious Disease Outbreak. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, (2018): 248-257, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12414
• Büyüköztürk, Şenol, Ebru Kılıç-Çakmak, Ö. Ercan Akgün, Şirin Karadeniz, ve Funda Demirel. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2017.
• Chen, Qiongni, Mining Liang, Yamin Li, Jincai Guo, Dongxue Fei, Ling Wang, Li He, Caihua Sheng, Yiwen Cai, Xiaojuan Li, Jianjian Wang, ve Zhanzhou Zhang. ”Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China during the COVID-19 Outbreak,” The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, (2020): 15–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
• Collins, W. Andrew ve Brett Laursen. Parent-adolescent Relationships and Influences. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004.
• Comer, Ronald J. Abnormal Psychology. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1992.
• Cullen, Walter, Gunsagar Gulati ve B. D. Kelly. “Mental Health in the Covid-19 Pandemic,” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113, (2020): 311-312, https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110
• Çaykuş, E. Tufan ve T. Mutlu Çaykuş. "Covıd-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Çocukların Psikolojik Dayanıklılığını Güçlendirme Yolları: Ailelere, Öğretmenlere ve Ruh Sağlığı Uzmanlarına Öneriler," Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7, (2020): 95-113.
• de Hoog, Natascha, Wolfgang Stroebe ve John B. F. de Wit. “The Processing of Fear‐Arousing Communications: How Biased Processing Leads to Persuasion,” Social Influence, 3, (2008): 84-113, https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510802185836
• Dong, Mengyuan ve Jin Zhen. ”Letter to the Editor: Headline Stress Disorder Caused by Netnews during the Outbreak of COVID-19,” Health Expectations,23, 2020: 23: 259–260, https://doi.org/ 10.1111/hex.13055
• Doris L. Hill. “Sense of Belonging as Connectedness, American Indian Worldview, and Mental Health,” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 20, (2006): 210–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2006.04.003
• Duru, Erdinç. “Genel Aidiyet Ölçeğinin Psikometrik Özellikleri: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5, (2015): 37-47.
• Ece Göksedef, “Koronavirüs: Türkiye'de Hangi İlde, Ne Tür Tedbirler Uygulanıyor?” BBC News Türkçe, 14 Mayıs 2020, erişim, 15 Şubat 2021, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-52663160
• Erol, Mustafa ve Ahmet Erol. “Koronavirüs Pandemisi Sürecinde Ebeveynleri Gözünden İlkokul Öğrencileri,” Millî Eğitim, 49, (2020): 529-551.
• Harper, Craig A., Liam P. Satchell, Dean Fido ve Robert D. Latzman. “Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 127, 2020: 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5
• Hair, Joseph F., William C. Black, Barry J. Babin, Rolph E. Anderson. Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Education Limited, 2013.
• Hawryluck Laura, Wayne L. Gold, Susan Robinson, Stephen Pogorski, Sandro Galea ve Rima Styra. “SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada,” Emerging Infectious Diseases,10, (2004): 1206–1212, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1007.030703
• Hocaoğlu, Çicek ve Ali Erdoğan. COVID-19 ve İntihar. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri, 2020.
• Hüzmeli, E. Doğru, Özden Gökçek, İrem Hüzmeli, Çağla Pınar Kolukırık, Ayten Doğan, Döndü İris, Gamze Güneşaçar, Emre Döngel, Ali Özbek, Lena Doğru, Evrim Arslan, Murat Güntel, Senem Urfalı, Boran Urfalı. “Türkiye'de Covid-19 Salgınının Erken Dönemlerinde Halkın Salgın İle İlgili Farkındalık, Tutum ve Kaygıları,” Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, (2020): 1-10.
• İnce, Ebru Yılmaz, Ahmet Kabul ve İbrahim Diler. "Distance Education in Higher Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: A Case of Isparta Applied Sciences University," Distance Education 4 (2020): 343-351. Jeong, Hyunsuk, Hyeon W. Yim, Yeong-Jun Song, Moran Ki, Jung-Ah Min, Juhee Cho ve Jeong-Ho Chae. “Mental Health Status of People Isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome,” Epidemiology and Health, 38, (2016): 1-7, https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
• Jones, Warren H. ve Margeret D. Carver. Adjust mentand coping implications of loneliness. New York: Pergamon, 1991.
• Gençöz, Tülin. “Korku: Sebepleri, Sonuçları ve Başetme Yolları,” Kriz dergisi, 6, (1998): 9-16, https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000068
• Karataş, Zeki. “COVID-19 Pandemisinin Toplumsal Etkileri, Değişim ve Güçlenme,” Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, (2020): 3-15.
• Karasar, Niyazi. Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi: Kavramlar, İlkeler ve Teknikler. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık, 2005.
• Kennedy, Brian. K., Shelley L. Berger, Anne Brunet, Judith Campisi, Elissa S. Epel, Claudio Franceschi, Gordon J. Lithgow, Richard I. Morimoto, Jeffrey E. Pessin, Thomas A.Rando, Arlan Richardson, Eric E. Schadt, Tony Wyss-Coray, Felipe Sierra. “Geroscience: Linking Aging to Chronic Disease,” Cell, 159, (2014) : 709-713, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.039
• Kırık, A. Murat ve Vahdet Özkoçak. “Yeni Dünya Düzeni Bağlamında Sosyal Medya ve Yeni Koronavirüs (COVID-19) Pandemisi,” Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 45, (2020): 133-154.
• Kurtuluş, Emin. “Kadın Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği İle Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi ve Olumsuz Değerlendirme Korkusu Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019.
• la Repubblica. Coronavirus, l’allarme dei cardiologi: ‘Per il timore contagi meno ricoveri per infarto’ [Coronavirus, the cardiologists’ alarm: “Due to fear of contagion, less ospitalization for infartion”], 25 March 2020, erişim 27.Mart 2020, https://www.repubblica.it/salute/medicinaericerca/2020/03/23/news/coronavirus_meno_ricoveri_per_ infarto_si_teme_il_contagio-252070598/
• Limcaoco, R. S. Gamonal, E. Montero Mateos, J. Matias Fernandez, Roncero Carlos. “Anxiety, Worry and Perceived Stress in the World due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, March 2020. Preliminary Resul,” MedRxiv; (2020): 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.03.20043992
• Liu, Kai. “How I Faced My Coronavirus Anxiety,” Science, 367, (2020): 1398-1398, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6484.1398
• Malone, Glenn P., David R. Pillow ve Augustine Osman. “The General Belongingness Scale (GBS): Assessing Achieved Belongingness,” Personality and Individual Differences, 52, (2012): 311–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.027
• Manczak, Erika M., Sarah J.Ordaz, Manpreet K. Singh, Meghan S. Goyer ve Ian H. Gotlib. “Time Spent with Parents Redicts Change in Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, (2019): 1401–1408, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00526-5
• Martínez-Lorca, Manuela, Alberto Martínez-Lorca, Juan J. Criado-Álvarez, Dolores D. Armesilla ve Jose M. Latorre. “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Validation in Spanish University Students,” Psychiatry Research, 293, (2020): 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113350
• Mertens, Gaetan, Lotte Gerritsen, Stefanie Duijndam, Elske Salemink ve İris M. Engelhard. “Fear of the Coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an Online Study Conducted in March 2020,” Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, (2020): 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
• Messina, Nena, Eric Wish ve Susanna Nemes. “Predictors of Treatment Outcomes in Men and Women Admitted to a Therapeutic Community,” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, (2000): 207-227, https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-100100601
• Ornell, Felipe, Jaqueline B. Schuch, Anne O. Sordi, ve F.H. Paim Kessler. “Pandemic Fear and COVID-19: Mental Health Burden and Strategies,” Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, (2020): 232-235, https://doi/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
• Osterman, Karen F. “Students' Need for Belonging in The School Community,” Review of Educational Research, 70, (2000). 323-367, https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543070003323
• Öztürk M. Orhan, Aylin Uluşahin. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları I. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi, 2008.
• Pakpour, Amir H. ve Mark D. Griffiths. “The Ear of COVID-19 and its Role in Preventive Behaviors,” Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2, (2020): 58-63.
• Paksoy, H. Mustafa. “Covid-19 Pandemisi ile Oluşan Korku ve Davranışlara İnancın Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Türkiye Örneği," Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, (2020): 135-155, https://doi.org/10.47147/ksuiibf.798354
• Pfefferbaum, Betty ve Carol S. North. “Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic,” New England Journal of Medicine, 383, (2020): 510-512, https://doi/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
• Phelps, Chaves ve Linda L. Sperry. “Children and the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, (2020): 73-75, https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000861
• Qiu, Jianyin, Bin Shen, Min Zhao, Zhen Wang, Bin Xie ve Yifeng Xu. “A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress among Chinese People in the COVID-19 Epidemic: Implications and Policy Recommendations,” General Psychiatry, 33, (2020): 1-2, https://doi.org/ 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
• Reznik, Alexander, Valemtine Gritsenko, Vsevolod Konstantinov, Natallia Khamenka ve Richard Isralowitz. “COVID-19 Fear in Eastern Europe: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 60, (2020), 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00283-3
• Rubin G. James ve Simon Wessely. “The Psychological Effects of Quarantining a City,” BMJ, 368, (2020): 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m313
• Ruzek, Josef I. “Disaster Response, Mental Health, and Community Resilience,” Psychiatric Times, 27, (2020), 17-18.
• Schimmenti, Adrinano, Joel Billieux ve Vladan Starcevic. “The Four Horsemen of Fear: An Integrated Model of Understanding Fear Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evalutaion, 17, (2020): 41-45.
• Shigemura, Jun, Robert J. Ursano, Joshua C. Morganstein, Mie Kurosawa, David M. Benedek. “Public Responses to the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental Health Consequences and Target Populations,” Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 74, (2020): 281–282, https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12988
• Sim, Kang, Y. Huak Chan, P. Nah Chong, H. C. Chua, ve S. W. Soon. “Psychosocial and Coping Responses within the Community Health Care Setting towards a National Outbreak of an Infectious Disease,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, (2010): 195–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004
• Starcevic, Vladan. “Cyberchondria: Challenges of Problematic Online Searches for Health-Related Information,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 86, (2017): 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1159/000465525
• Tabachnick, Barbara G. ve Linda S. Fidell. Using Multivariate Statistics.Pearson Education, 2013.
• Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA). Covid-19 Pandemi Değerlendirme Raporu. Ankara: Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2020.
• Wadood, Md Abdul, Asma Mamun, Md. Abdur Rafi, Md. Kamrul Islam,Suhaili Mohd, Lee L. Lai ve Golam Hossain. “Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Perception Regarding COVID-19 among Students in Bangladesh: Survey in Rajshahi University,” Medrxiv, 9, (2020): 1-25, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.21.20074757
• Wang, Chongying ve Hong Zhao. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students,” Frontiers in Psychology, 11, (2020): 1-8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
• World Health Organization. Mental Health and Psychosocial Considerations during the COVID-19 Outbreak, 18 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1), erişim 16 Mart 2021, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331490/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1-eng.pdf
• World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Advice For The Public. Geneva: World Health Organization, 21 March 2020, erişim, 18 Mart 2021, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
• Yalçın, İlhan. COVID-19 Korkusu ile Ruh Sağlığı Değişkenleri Arasındaki İlişkide Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörlerinin Moderatör Etkisi. Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi Sonuç Raporu, 15 Ekim 2020, erişim 21 Mart 2021, https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/72777/BAP_PROJE_SONUC_RAPORU.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Yıldız, Seçkin ve Fatih Bektaş. “COVID-19 Salgınının Çocukların Boş Zaman Etkinliklerinde Yarattığı Değişimin Ebeveyn Görüşleriyle Değerlendirilmesi,” Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 26, (2021): 99-122.
• Zivin, Kara, Daniel Eisenberg, Sarah E. Gollust ve Ezra Golberstein. “Persistence of Mental Health Problems and Needs in a College Student Population,” Journal of Affective Disorders 117, (2009): 180–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.001
• Zolotov, Yuval, Alexander Reznik, Shmaya Bender ve Richard Isralowitz. “COVID-19 Fear, Mental Health, and Substance use among Israeli University Students,” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, (2020): 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00351-8