Büyük Vatanseverlik Savaşı’nda Savaş Suçu Bağlamında Sovyetler Birliği Propagandasında Nazi Almanya’sının Sunumu

Öz

Büyük Vatanseverlik Savaşı, Sovyetler Birliği’nin İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nazi Almanya’sı ve müttefiklerine karşı verdiği mücadele dönemini ifade etmektedir. Bu dönemde Sovyetler Birliği, Nazi Almanya’sına karşı çeşitli propaganda faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmiştir. Nazilerin savaş sırasında savaş suçu işlediğine yönelik söylemlerin ortaya konulması da bu propaganda faaliyetlerinden bir kısmını oluşturmuştur. Bu süreçte Sovyetler Birliği’nde hazırlanan çeşitli propaganda posterlerinde Alman ordularının Sovyetler Birliği içerisinde savaş suçu işlediği iddia edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Büyük Vatanseverlik Savaşı sırasında Sovyetler Birliği’nde hazırlanan propaganda posterlerinde Nazi Almanya’sının savaş suçu bağlamında hangi yazılı ve görsel göstergeler üzerinden sunulduğunun ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin savaş suçu propagandası üzerinden Sovyetler Birliği halkına hangi mesajları vermeye çalışığının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada örneklem olarak belirlenen propaganda posterleri ABD’li dilbilimci Charles Sanders Peirce’in göstergebilim kavramları ışığında savaş suçu boyutunda analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularda propaganda posterleri üzerinden Nazi Almanya’sının sivillere zulmeden ve onları katleden katillerin ülkesi olarak sunulduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bu şekilde Sovyetler Birliği’nin savaş suçu propagandası üzerinden Nazi Almanya’sına karşı Sovyetler Birliği halklarını topyekûn bir mücadeleye çağırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Büyük Vatanseverlik Savaşı
• Savaş Suçu
• Nazi Almanya’sı
• Propaganda
• Sovyetler Birliği
• Suç

The Presentation of the Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union Propaganda in the Context of the War Crime in Great Patriotic War

Öz

The Great Patriotic War refers to the period of the Soviet Union's struggle against Nazi Germany and its allies during the Second World War. In this period, the Soviet Union conducted various propaganda activities against Nazi Germany. The discourses that the Nazis committed war crimes during the war is a part of these propaganda activities. In this process, it was claimed in various propaganda posters prepared in the Soviet Union that the German armies committed war crimes in the Soviet Union. Within the scope of the study, the written and visual indicators of the war crimes committed by the Nazi Germany used in the propaganda posters by the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War were investigated. In this context, it was aimed to reveal what messages were given to the people of the Soviet Union. For this purpose, propaganda posters determined as samples in the study were analysed in terms of war crimes, based on the semiotics concepts of the US linguist Charles Sanders Peirce. Within the framework of the findings, it was revealed that Nazi Germany through propaganda posters was presented as the country of murderers, which persecuted and murdered civilians. In this context, it was concluded that the Soviet Union called the peoples of the Soviet Union to a total struggle against Nazi Germany through war crime propaganda.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Great Patriotic War
• War Crime
• Nazi Germany
• Propaganda
• Soviet Union
• Crime

Kaynakça

1. Abrahams, Fred. Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo. The United States: Human Rights Watch, 2001.
2. Alamgir, Jalal and D'Costa, Bina. “The 1971 Genocide: War Crimes and Political Crimes.” Economic and Political Weekly 46, no. 13 (2011): 38-41.
3. Bloxham, Donald. “British War Crimes Trial Policy in Germany, 1945–1957: Implementation and Collapse.” Journal of British Studies 42, no. 1 (2003): 91-118.
4. Clark, Janine Natalya. “Genocide, War Crimes and the Conflict in Bosnia: Understanding the Perpetrators.” Journal of Genocide Research 11, no. 4 (2009): 421-445.
5. Çalışkan, Sadık. “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği'nin İsrail Karşıtı Söylemlerinin Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu.” Selçuk İletişim 13, no. 2 (2020): 694-714.
6. D'Costa, Bina. Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. The United Kingdom: Routledge, 2012.
7. Donagan, Barbara. “Atrocity, War Crime, and Treason in the English Civil War.” The American Historical Review 99, no. 4 (1994): 1137-1166.
8. Earl, Hilary. “Prosecuting Genocide Before the Genocide Convention: Raphael Lemkin and the Nuremberg Trials, 1945–1949.” Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 3 (2013): 317-337.

9. Focardi, Filippo and Klinkhammer, Lutz. “The Question of Fascist Italy's War Crimes: the Construction of a Self-Acquitting Myth (1943–1948).” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 3 (2004): 330-348.
10. Ginsburgs, George. “Laws of War and War Crimes on the Russian Front during World War II: The Soviet View.” Soviet Studies 11, no. 3 (1960): 253-285.
11. Golčevski, Nenad, von Engelhardt, Johannes and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. “Facing the Past: Media Framing of War Crimes in Post-Conflict Serbia.” Media, War & Conflict 6, no. 2, (2013): 117-133.
12. Gordy, Eric. “Serbia after Djindjic: War Crimes, Organized Crime, and Trust in Public Institutions.” Problems of Post-Communism 51, no. 3 (2004): 10-17.
13. Grunig, James E. “Public Relations and International Affairs: Effects, Ethics and Responsibility.” Journal of International Affairs 47, no. 1 (1993): 137-162.
14. Hagan, John and Ivković, Sanja Kutnjak. “War Crimes, Democracy, and the Rule of Law in Belgrade, the Former Yugoslavia, and Beyond.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605, no. 1 (2006): 129-151.
15. Henry, Nicola. “Witness to Rape: The Limits and Potential of International War Crimes Trials for Victims of Wartime Sexual Violence.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3, no. 1 (2009): 114-134.
16. Jockusch, Laura. “Justice at Nuremberg? Jewish Responses to Nazi War-Crime Trials in Allied-Occupied Germany.” Jewish Social Studies: History, Culture, Society 19, no. 1, (2012): 107-147.
17. Jodoin, Sébastien. “Terrorism as a War Crime.” International Criminal Law Review 7, no. 1 (2007): 77-115.
18. Johansen, Robert C. “The Impact of US Policy toward the International Criminal Court on the Prevention of Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes against Humanity.” Human Rights Quarterly 28, no. 2 (2006): 301-331.
19. Jowett, S. Garthve & O’Donnell, Victoria. Propaganda & Persuasion. The United States: Sage, 2014.
20. Kerr, Rachel. “The Road from Dayton to Brussels? The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Politics of War Crimes in Bosnia.” European Security 14, no. 3 (2005): 319-337.
21. Kızılcı, Serkan, & Kavuran, Tamer. “İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Japonya Karşıtı ABD Propaganda Posterlerinin Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında İncelenmesi.” Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 1, no. 3 (2019): 63-78.
22. Kochavi, Arieh J. “The Response to Nazi Germany's Crimes against Axis Nationals: The American and British Positions.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 5, no. 2 (1994): 334-357.
23. Kuech, Andrew. “Cultivating, Cleansing, and Performing the American Germ Invasion: The Anatomy of a Chinese Korean War Propaganda Campaign.” Modern China 46, no. 6 (2020): 612-641.
24. Labanca, Nicola. “Colonial Rule, Colonial Repression and War Crimes in the Italian Colonies.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 3 (2004): 300-313.
25. Levy, Albert G. “The Law and Procedure of War Crime Trials.” The American Political Science Review 37, no. 6 (1943): 1052-1081.
26. Maga, Timothy P. Judgment at Tokyo: the Japanese War Crimes Trials. The United States: University Press of Kentucky, 2001.
27. Marong, Alhagi and Jalloh, Chernor. “Ending Impunity: the Case for War Crimes Trials in Liberia.” African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2005): 53-80.
28. Meron, Theodor. “The Case for War Crimes Trials in Yugoslavia.” Foreign Affairs 72, no. 3 (1993): 122-135.
29. Meron, Theodor. “War Crimes in Yugoslavia and the Development of International Law.” American Journal of International Law 88, no. 1 (1994): 78-87.
30. Mullins, Christopher W. “War Crimes in the 2008 Georgia–Russia Conflict.” The British Journal of Criminology 51, no. 6, (2011): 918-936.
31. Nemes, Irene. “Punishing Nazi War Criminals in Australia: Issues of Law and Morality.” Current Issues in Criminal Justice 4, no. 2 (1992): 141-156.
32. Nils, Christie. “Restorative and Retributive Justice in the Context of War and War Crimes.” Temida 8, no. 4 (2005): 27-32.
33. Pankhurst, Richard. “Italian Fascist War Crimes in Ethiopia: A History of Their Discussion, from the League of Nations to the United Nations (1936-1949).” Northeast African Studies 6, no. 1/2 (1999): 83-140.
34. Ratner, Steven R. “Belgium's War Crimes Statute: A Postmortem.” The American Journal of International Law 97, no. 4 (2003): 888-897.
35. Redavantgarde. “Büyük Vatanseverlik Savaşı Konulu Propaganda Posteri,” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/collection/show-collection/?themeId=8.
36. Redavantgarde. “Zulüm Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1226-fascism-imprisonment---it-is-brutality-sufferings-and-torture-.html?themeId=8.
37. Redavantgarde. “Kurtarma Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/2475-save-.html?themeId=8.
38. Redavantgarde. “Faşizm Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1830-that-s-what-fascism-brings-you-.html?themeId=16.
39. Redavantgarde. “Bebek Katili Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1867-death-to-infanticides-.html?themeId=9.
40. Redavantgarde. “Esaret Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/871-release-them-.html?themeId=8.
41. Redavantgarde. “Alman Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1860-the-german-.html?themeId=16.
42. Redavantgarde. “Yenilgi Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1938-for-the-country-soviet-beat-the-german-beast-beat-bayonet-grenade-beat-beat-all-that-you-want-but-kill-a-prokofiev.html?themeId=9.
43. Redavantgarde. “Hesaplaşma Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1008-the-hour-of-reckoning-with-the-germans-is-close-for-all-their-atrocities-death-to-the-fascists---infanticide-.html?themeId=16.
44. Redavantgarde. “Yargılama Konulu Propaganda Posteri.” Accessed June 22, 2021. http://redavantgarde.com/en/collection/show-collection/1994-justice-comes-true-.html?themeId=8.
45. Rifat, Mehmet. Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013.
46. Rivello, Pier Paolo. “The Prosecution of War Crimes Committed by Nazi Forces in Italy.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3, no. 2 (2005): 422-433.
47. Rosenbaum, Alan S. Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals. The United States: Routledge, 2019.
48. Russell, Bertrand. War Crimes in Vietnam. The United States: NYU Press, 2011.
49. Salter, Michael. Nazi War Crimes, US Intelligence and Selective Prosecution at Nuremberg: Controversies Regarding the Role of the Office of Strategic Services. The United Kingdom: Routledge, 2007.
50. Sanford, George. “The Katyn Massacre and Polish-Soviet Relations, 1941-43.” Journal of Contemporary History 41, no. 1 (2006): 95-111.
51. Santarelli, Lidia. “Muted Violence: Italian War Crimes in Occupied Greece.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 9, no. 3 (2004): 280-299.
52. Segesser, Daniel Marc. “The International Debate on the Punishment of War Crimes during the Balkan Wars and the First World War.” Peace & Change 31, no. 4 (2006): 533-554.
53. Segesser, Daniel Marc. “The Punishment of War Crimes Committed against Prisoners of War, Deportees and Refugees during and after the First World War.” Immigrants & Minorities 26, no. 1-2 (2008): 134-156.
54. Shah, Niaz A. “War Crimes in the Armed Conflict in Pakistan.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 33, no. 4 (2010): 283-306.
55. Sorokina, Marina A. “People and Procedures: Toward a History of the Investigation of Nazi Crimes in the USSR.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 6, no. 4 (2005): 797-831.
56. Tanaka, Yuki. Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. The United States: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
57. Tumber, Howard. “Journalists, War Crimes and International Justice.” Media, War & Conflict 1, no. 3 (2008): 261-269.
58. Türk, Mehmet Sezai, Avcı, Özkan, Baytimur, Tuğba. “Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Sovyet Revizyonizmi’ne Karşı Kitapların Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanımı.” Türk Kütüphaneciliği 35, no. 2 (2021): 159-182.
59. Wald, Patricia M. “Punishment of War Crimes by International Tribunals.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 69, no. 4 (2002): 1125-1140.
60. Zgonjanin, Sanja. “The Prosecution of War Crimes for the Destruction of Libraries and Archives during Times of Armed Conflict.” Libraries & Culture 40, no. 2 (2005): 128-144.
61. Zillmer, Eric A., Harrower, Molly, Ritzler, Barry A. And Archer, Robert P. The Quest for the Nazi Personality: A Psychological Investigation of Nazi War Criminals. The United States: Routledge, 2013.