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Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 13, 12 - 23, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239

Öz

The study of platforms, or multi-sided markets, has seen exponential growth in economics, media studies, social sciences and humanities. However, the critical political economy of media has been relatively quiet, with notable exceptions in areas such as platform capitalism, imperialism and especially platform labour and gig work. However, traditional Marxian production, often taken as the starting point, relies on the labour theory of value and struggles to capture all platform specificities. Due to their integrated understanding of production and circulation of value, I will argue that New Readings of Marx and Open Marxism help study platforms as linchpins of internet user lifeworlds and the global economy. In this literature, capitalism is analysed as a historically specific social form of production. Additionally, these approaches can address some theoretical problems that occasionally occur with related Marxian theories, such as unpaid digital labour, rent, and techno-feudalism. In that sense, this paper aims to contribute to the critical political economy of the media and the study of platforms by bringing previously neglected theoretical approaches to the centre stage and unpacking platforms as social forms of production and circulation in contemporary capitalism.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. W. (1975). Culture industry reconsidered. New German Critique, 6, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/487650
  • Backhaus, H. G. (1980). On the dialectics of the value-form. Thesis Eleven, 1(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/072551368000100108
  • -------------- (1992). Between philosophy and science: Marxian social economy as critical theory. W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn, & K. Psychopedis (Eds.), Open Marxism 1: Dialectics and history (pp. 54–92). Pluto Press.
  • Bilić, P. (2023). Frankfurt School legacy and the critical sociology of digital media and communication. Critical Sociology, Online First.
  • Bilić, P., Prug, T., & Žitko, M. (2021). The political economy of digital monopolies: Contradictions and alternatives to data commodification (1st edition). Bristol University Press.
  • Birch, K., & Cochrane, D. T. (2022). Big tech: Four emerging forms of digital rentiership. Science as Culture, 31(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1932794
  • Bonefeld, W. (2010). Abstract labour: Against its nature and on its time. Capital & Class, 34(2), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816810367769
  • --------------- (2020). Capital par excellence: On money as an obscure thing. Estudios de Filosofía, 62, Article 62. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.ef.n62a03
  • Christophers, B. (2020). Rentier capitalism: Who owns the economy, and who pays for it? Verso.
  • Cohen, J. E. (2017). Law for the platform economy. U.C. Davis Law Review, 51, 133.
  • Constantinides, P., Henfridsson, O., & Parker, G. G. (2018). Introduction-platforms and infrastructures in the digital age. Information Systems Research, 29(2), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0794
  • Dean, J. (2020). Communism or Neo-Feudalism? New Political Science, 42(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2020.1718974
  • Elbe, I. (2018). Helmut Reichelt and the new reading of Marx. B. Best, W. Bonefeld, & C. O’Kane (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of Frankfurt School critical theory (Vol. 1, pp. 367-385). SAGE Publications.
  • Fisher, E. (2012). How less alienation creates more exploitation? Audience labour on social network sites. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.392
  • Flew, T. (2021). Regulating platforms (1st edition). Polity.
  • Flew, T., & Martin, F. R. (Eds.). (2022). Digital platform regulation: Global perspectives on Internet governance (1st edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972241003712215
  • ------------- (2014). Digital labour and Karl Marx. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gorwa, R. (2019). What is platform governance? Information, Communication & Society, 22(6), 854-871. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
  • Heeks, R. (2017). Digital economy and digital labour terminology: Making sense of the “gig economy”, “online labour”, “crowd work”, “microwork”, “platform labour”, etc. (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3431728). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3431728
  • Heinrich, M. (2009). Reconstruction or deconstruction? Methodological controversies about value and capital, and new insights from the critical edition. R. Bellofiore & R. Fineschi (Eds.), Re-reading Marx: New perspectives after the critical edition (pp. 72–98). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Helberger, N., Pierson, J., & Poell, T. (2018). Governing online platforms: From contested to cooperative responsibility. The Information Society, 34(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913
  • Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment: Philosophical fragments. Stanford University Press.
  • Huws, U. (2014). Labor in the global digital economy—the cybertariat comes of age. Monthly Review Press.
  • ---------- (2019). Labour in contemporary capitalism: What next? (1st edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jarrett, K. (2022). Digital labor (1st edition). Polity.
  • Jin, D. Y. (2015). Digital platforms, imperialism, and political culture. Routledge.
  • Kassem, S. (2023). Work and alienation in the platform economy: Amazon and the power of organization (First Edition). Bristol University Press.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61-69.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2020). The platform economy: Restructuring the space of capitalist accumulation. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa001
  • Lotz, C. (2016). The capitalist schema: Time, money, and the culture of abstraction. Lexington Books.
  • Mansell, R. (2015). Platforms of power. Intermedia, 43(1), 20-34.
  • -------------- (2021). European responses to (us) digital platform dominance. The Routledge handbook of digital media and globalization. Routledge.
  • Marcuse, H. (1990). From ontology to technology: Fundamental tendencies of industrial society. Critical theory and society. Routledge.
  • ---------------- (2007). One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society (Repr). Routledge.
  • Marx, K. (1996). Capital: Vol. 1. Lawrence & Wishart. (Original work published 1867)
  • Mazzucato, M. (2019, October 2). Preventing digital feudalism | by Mariana Mazzucato. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/platform-economy-digital-feudalism-by-mariana-mazzucato-2019-10
  • Morozov, E. (2022). Critique of techno-feudal reason. New Left Review, 133/134, 89-126.
  • Murray, P. (2022). Methods. B. Skeggs, S. A. Farris, A. Toscano, & S. Bromberg (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of Marxism (pp. 153–170).
  • Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2018). The platformization of cultural production: Theorizing the contingent cultural commodity. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4275-4292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694
  • Pitts, F. H. (2015). Creative industries, value theory and Michael Heinrich’s new reading of Marx. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 13(1), 192-222. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v13i1.639
  • -------------- (2019). Value-form theory, open Marxism and the new reading of Marx. A. C. Dinerstein, A. G. Vela, E. González, & J. Holloway (Eds.), Open Marxism 4: Against a closing world (1st edition). Pluto Press.
  • -------------- (2022). Measuring and managing creative labour: Value struggles and billable hours in the creative industries. Organization, 29(6), 1081-1098. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420968187
  • Poell, T., Nieborg, D., & Dijck, J. van. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation
  • Prug, T. (2022). Marxova analiza društvenih oblika i ekonomska sociologija. Revija za sociologiju, 52(1), 87-113. https://doi.org/10.5613/rzs.52.1.4
  • Prug, T., & Žitko, M. (2023). Social forms beyond value: Public wealth and its contradictions. Critical Sociology, Forthcoming.
  • Reichelt, H. (1982). From the Frankfurt School to value-form analysis. Thesis Eleven, 4(1), 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/072551368200400111
  • Rigi, J., & Prey, R. (2015). Value, rent, and the political economy of social media. The Information Society, 31(5), 392-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2015.1069769
  • Robinson, B. (2015). With a different Marx: Value and the contradictions of web 2.0 capitalism. The Information Society, 31(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2015.977634
  • Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990-1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212
  • Rotta, T., & Teixeira, R. (2019). The commodification of knowledge and information. M. Vidal, T. Smith, T. Rotta, & P. Prew (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx (pp. 378–400). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.23
  • Scholz, T. (Ed.). (2013). Digital labour: The Internet as playground and factory. Routledge.
  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Polity Press.
  • -------------- (2018). Platform monopolies and the political economy of AI. J. McDonnell (Ed.), Economics for the Many (pp. 152-163). Verso.
  • Teixeira, R. A., & Rotta, T. N. (2012). Valueless knowledge-commodities and financialization: Productive and financial dimensions of capital autonomization. Review of Radical Political Economics, 44(4), 448-467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613411434387
  • Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2), 33-58.
  • van Dijck, J., de Waal, M., & Poell, T. (2018). The Platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2021, June 28). Techno-feudalism is taking over | by Yanis Varoufakis. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/techno-feudalism-replacing-market-capitalism-by-yanis-varoufakis-2021-06
  • Vercellone, C. (2007). From formal subsumption to general intellect: elements for a Marxist reading of the thesis of cognitive capitalism. Historical Materialism, 15(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920607X171681
  • Wallerstein, I. (2019). Immanuel Wallerstein’s thousand Marxisms [Jacobin]. https://jacobin.com/2019/09/immanuel-wallerstein-marxism-world-systems-theory-capitalism
  • Woodcock, J. (2021). The fight against platform capitalism: an inquiry into the global struggles of the gig economy. University of Westminster Press. https://doi.org/10.16997/book51
  • Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2020). The gig economy: A critical introduction. Polity.
  • Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: Surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power (1st edition). Public Affairs.

Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 13, 12 - 23, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239

Öz

The study of platforms, or multi-sided markets, has seen exponential growth in economics, media studies, social sciences and humanities. However, the critical political economy of media has been relatively quiet, with notable exceptions in areas such as platform capitalism, imperialism and especially platform labour and gig work. However, traditional Marxian production, often taken as the starting point, relies on the labour theory of value and struggles to capture all platform specificities. Due to their integrated understanding of production and circulation of value, I will argue that New Readings of Marx and Open Marxism help study platforms as linchpins of internet user lifeworlds and the global economy. In this literature, capitalism is analysed as a historically specific social form of production. Additionally, these approaches can address some theoretical problems that occasionally occur with related Marxian theories, such as unpaid digital labour, rent, and techno-feudalism. In that sense, this paper aims to contribute to the critical political economy of the media and the study of platforms by bringing previously neglected theoretical approaches to the centre stage and unpacking platforms as social forms of production and circulation in contemporary capitalism.

Kaynakça

  • Adorno, T. W. (1975). Culture industry reconsidered. New German Critique, 6, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/487650
  • Backhaus, H. G. (1980). On the dialectics of the value-form. Thesis Eleven, 1(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/072551368000100108
  • -------------- (1992). Between philosophy and science: Marxian social economy as critical theory. W. Bonefeld, R. Gunn, & K. Psychopedis (Eds.), Open Marxism 1: Dialectics and history (pp. 54–92). Pluto Press.
  • Bilić, P. (2023). Frankfurt School legacy and the critical sociology of digital media and communication. Critical Sociology, Online First.
  • Bilić, P., Prug, T., & Žitko, M. (2021). The political economy of digital monopolies: Contradictions and alternatives to data commodification (1st edition). Bristol University Press.
  • Birch, K., & Cochrane, D. T. (2022). Big tech: Four emerging forms of digital rentiership. Science as Culture, 31(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2021.1932794
  • Bonefeld, W. (2010). Abstract labour: Against its nature and on its time. Capital & Class, 34(2), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816810367769
  • --------------- (2020). Capital par excellence: On money as an obscure thing. Estudios de Filosofía, 62, Article 62. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.ef.n62a03
  • Christophers, B. (2020). Rentier capitalism: Who owns the economy, and who pays for it? Verso.
  • Cohen, J. E. (2017). Law for the platform economy. U.C. Davis Law Review, 51, 133.
  • Constantinides, P., Henfridsson, O., & Parker, G. G. (2018). Introduction-platforms and infrastructures in the digital age. Information Systems Research, 29(2), 381-400. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0794
  • Dean, J. (2020). Communism or Neo-Feudalism? New Political Science, 42(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2020.1718974
  • Elbe, I. (2018). Helmut Reichelt and the new reading of Marx. B. Best, W. Bonefeld, & C. O’Kane (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of Frankfurt School critical theory (Vol. 1, pp. 367-385). SAGE Publications.
  • Fisher, E. (2012). How less alienation creates more exploitation? Audience labour on social network sites. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 10(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v10i2.392
  • Flew, T. (2021). Regulating platforms (1st edition). Polity.
  • Flew, T., & Martin, F. R. (Eds.). (2022). Digital platform regulation: Global perspectives on Internet governance (1st edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Fuchs, C. (2010). Labor in informational capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 26(3), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972241003712215
  • ------------- (2014). Digital labour and Karl Marx. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Gorwa, R. (2019). What is platform governance? Information, Communication & Society, 22(6), 854-871. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
  • Heeks, R. (2017). Digital economy and digital labour terminology: Making sense of the “gig economy”, “online labour”, “crowd work”, “microwork”, “platform labour”, etc. (SSRN Scholarly Paper 3431728). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3431728
  • Heinrich, M. (2009). Reconstruction or deconstruction? Methodological controversies about value and capital, and new insights from the critical edition. R. Bellofiore & R. Fineschi (Eds.), Re-reading Marx: New perspectives after the critical edition (pp. 72–98). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Helberger, N., Pierson, J., & Poell, T. (2018). Governing online platforms: From contested to cooperative responsibility. The Information Society, 34(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1391913
  • Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (2002). Dialectic of enlightenment: Philosophical fragments. Stanford University Press.
  • Huws, U. (2014). Labor in the global digital economy—the cybertariat comes of age. Monthly Review Press.
  • ---------- (2019). Labour in contemporary capitalism: What next? (1st edition). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Jarrett, K. (2022). Digital labor (1st edition). Polity.
  • Jin, D. Y. (2015). Digital platforms, imperialism, and political culture. Routledge.
  • Kassem, S. (2023). Work and alienation in the platform economy: Amazon and the power of organization (First Edition). Bristol University Press.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61-69.
  • Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2020). The platform economy: Restructuring the space of capitalist accumulation. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa001
  • Lotz, C. (2016). The capitalist schema: Time, money, and the culture of abstraction. Lexington Books.
  • Mansell, R. (2015). Platforms of power. Intermedia, 43(1), 20-34.
  • -------------- (2021). European responses to (us) digital platform dominance. The Routledge handbook of digital media and globalization. Routledge.
  • Marcuse, H. (1990). From ontology to technology: Fundamental tendencies of industrial society. Critical theory and society. Routledge.
  • ---------------- (2007). One-dimensional man: Studies in the ideology of advanced industrial society (Repr). Routledge.
  • Marx, K. (1996). Capital: Vol. 1. Lawrence & Wishart. (Original work published 1867)
  • Mazzucato, M. (2019, October 2). Preventing digital feudalism | by Mariana Mazzucato. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/platform-economy-digital-feudalism-by-mariana-mazzucato-2019-10
  • Morozov, E. (2022). Critique of techno-feudal reason. New Left Review, 133/134, 89-126.
  • Murray, P. (2022). Methods. B. Skeggs, S. A. Farris, A. Toscano, & S. Bromberg (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of Marxism (pp. 153–170).
  • Nieborg, D. B., & Poell, T. (2018). The platformization of cultural production: Theorizing the contingent cultural commodity. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4275-4292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694
  • Pitts, F. H. (2015). Creative industries, value theory and Michael Heinrich’s new reading of Marx. tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society, 13(1), 192-222. https://doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v13i1.639
  • -------------- (2019). Value-form theory, open Marxism and the new reading of Marx. A. C. Dinerstein, A. G. Vela, E. González, & J. Holloway (Eds.), Open Marxism 4: Against a closing world (1st edition). Pluto Press.
  • -------------- (2022). Measuring and managing creative labour: Value struggles and billable hours in the creative industries. Organization, 29(6), 1081-1098. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420968187
  • Poell, T., Nieborg, D., & Dijck, J. van. (2019). Platformisation. Internet Policy Review, 8(4). https://policyreview.info/concepts/platformisation
  • Prug, T. (2022). Marxova analiza društvenih oblika i ekonomska sociologija. Revija za sociologiju, 52(1), 87-113. https://doi.org/10.5613/rzs.52.1.4
  • Prug, T., & Žitko, M. (2023). Social forms beyond value: Public wealth and its contradictions. Critical Sociology, Forthcoming.
  • Reichelt, H. (1982). From the Frankfurt School to value-form analysis. Thesis Eleven, 4(1), 166-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/072551368200400111
  • Rigi, J., & Prey, R. (2015). Value, rent, and the political economy of social media. The Information Society, 31(5), 392-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2015.1069769
  • Robinson, B. (2015). With a different Marx: Value and the contradictions of web 2.0 capitalism. The Information Society, 31(1), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2015.977634
  • Rochet, J.-C., & Tirole, J. (2003). Platform competition in two-sided markets. Journal of the European Economic Association, 1(4), 990-1029. https://doi.org/10.1162/154247603322493212
  • Rotta, T., & Teixeira, R. (2019). The commodification of knowledge and information. M. Vidal, T. Smith, T. Rotta, & P. Prew (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx (pp. 378–400). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.013.23
  • Scholz, T. (Ed.). (2013). Digital labour: The Internet as playground and factory. Routledge.
  • Srnicek, N. (2017). Platform capitalism. Polity Press.
  • -------------- (2018). Platform monopolies and the political economy of AI. J. McDonnell (Ed.), Economics for the Many (pp. 152-163). Verso.
  • Teixeira, R. A., & Rotta, T. N. (2012). Valueless knowledge-commodities and financialization: Productive and financial dimensions of capital autonomization. Review of Radical Political Economics, 44(4), 448-467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613411434387
  • Terranova, T. (2000). Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 18(2), 33-58.
  • van Dijck, J., de Waal, M., & Poell, T. (2018). The Platform society: Public values in a connective world. Oxford University Press.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2021, June 28). Techno-feudalism is taking over | by Yanis Varoufakis. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/techno-feudalism-replacing-market-capitalism-by-yanis-varoufakis-2021-06
  • Vercellone, C. (2007). From formal subsumption to general intellect: elements for a Marxist reading of the thesis of cognitive capitalism. Historical Materialism, 15(1), 13-36. https://doi.org/10.1163/156920607X171681
  • Wallerstein, I. (2019). Immanuel Wallerstein’s thousand Marxisms [Jacobin]. https://jacobin.com/2019/09/immanuel-wallerstein-marxism-world-systems-theory-capitalism
  • Woodcock, J. (2021). The fight against platform capitalism: an inquiry into the global struggles of the gig economy. University of Westminster Press. https://doi.org/10.16997/book51
  • Woodcock, J., & Graham, M. (2020). The gig economy: A critical introduction. Polity.
  • Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: Surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power (1st edition). Public Affairs.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Teknolojisi ve Dijital Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Pasko Bilic 0000-0001-5174-7073

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Bilic, P. (2024). Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy. Etkileşim(13), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239
AMA Bilic P. Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy. Etkileşim. Nisan 2024;(13):12-23. doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239
Chicago Bilic, Pasko. “Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy”. Etkileşim, sy. 13 (Nisan 2024): 12-23. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239.
EndNote Bilic P (01 Nisan 2024) Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy. Etkileşim 13 12–23.
IEEE P. Bilic, “Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy”, Etkileşim, sy. 13, ss. 12–23, Nisan 2024, doi: 10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239.
ISNAD Bilic, Pasko. “Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy”. Etkileşim 13 (Nisan 2024), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239.
JAMA Bilic P. Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy. Etkileşim. 2024;:12–23.
MLA Bilic, Pasko. “Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy”. Etkileşim, sy. 13, 2024, ss. 12-23, doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.239.
Vancouver Bilic P. Platforms and the Critique of Political Economy. Etkileşim. 2024(13):12-23.