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Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenen Özbek Öğrencilerin Sözcüksel Zorluk Algılarını Etkileyen Etmenlere İlişkin Görünümler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 79 - 106, 21.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15153886

Öz

Sözcük, dilsel bir içerik oluşturmak için anlamsal ve bu içeriği dilin kurallarına göre yapılandırabilmek için işlevsel yönüyle bir dilin yapı taşıdır. Sözcük öğretimi dil öğretiminin odağında yer alan çok önemli bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkar. Bu durum da bir yönüyle sözcük öğretme süreci içinde yer alması gereken sözcüklerin seçimine özen gösterilmesi gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Öğretilecek olan sözcüklerin seçiminde çok çeşitli ölçütler ve gerekçeler temel alınabilmektedir. Bu noktada sözcüğün zorluğu konusu karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Sözcük zorluğunu, sözcüklerin sesletilebilirliği, yazım düzenliliği yanı sıra biçimbirimsel saydamlık ve anlamın somutluğu ve imgelenebilirliği gibi birçok özellik belirler. Bu araştırmada Özbek öğrencilerce öğrenilmesi zor olarak algılanan sözcüklerin hangi dilsel gerekçelerle zor olarak algılandığını belirlemek amaçlanmış ve tarama yöntemi işe koşulmuştur. Uygun örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenen Özbekistan Taşkent’te yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenmekte olan 2. sınıf düzeyindeki gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden 55 öğrenciye, sıklık, anlambilim ve biçimbirim olmak üzere 3 ulam ve 36 sözcükten oluşacak biçimde geliştirilen sözcük zorluğu sormacası uygulanmıştır. Öğrencilerin karşılaştıkları ve bildikleri sözcüklerin zorluğuna ilişkin algılarını saptamaya dönük bu çalışmada sözcüklerin iye oldukları biçimbirimsel, anlambilimsel ve kullanımsal boyutlarıyla ilgili çeşitli özelliklerin hem genel görünüm bakımından hem de kendi içinde ve kendi arasında karşılaştırmalı görünümler bakımından önemli verilere kaynaklık ettikleri görülmüştür. Sözcük öğretim süreçlerinin en önemli aşamalarından biri, sözcük seçiminin kolaydan zora ilkesine uygun olarak yapılmasıdır. Ayrıca, sözcüklerin daha etkili ve kalıcı bir şekilde öğretilebilmesi için seslem sayısı, anlambilimsel özellikler ve sıklık özelliklerinin önem sırasına göre dikkate alınmasının yerinde olacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulu, Tarih: 09.10.2024, Sayı: 153/5

Kaynakça

  • Akkök, E. (2017). Bilişsel işlemleme yaklaşımları. okumaya genel bir bakış (Çev. Ed. H. Ülper). Pegem.
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Mersinli, U., & Demirhan, U. U. (2017). A frequency dictionary of Turkish: Core vocabulary for learners. Routledge.
  • Alfter, D., Cardon, R., & Francois, T. (2022). A dictionary-based study of word sense difficulty. R. Wilkens, D. Alfter, R. Cardon & N. Gala (Eds.), In LREC 2022 Workshop Language Resources and Evaluation Conference 2. READI Workshop Bildirileri (pp. 17–24). European Language Resources Association.
  • Ansar, M., Qamar, U., Bibi, R., & Shaheen, A. (2019). Identification of difficult English words for assisting hearing impaired children in learning language. R. Lee (Ed.), In 17th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA) (p. 60-65). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  • Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel Araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274.
  • Barın, E. (2003). Yabancılara Türkçenin öğretiminde temel söz varlığının önemi. Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, (13), 311-317.
  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, G. M., & Kucan, L. (2002). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction. Guilford.
  • Breland, H. M. (1996). Word frequency and word difficulty: A comparison of counts in four corpora. Psychological Science, 7(2), 96-99.
  • Bulté, B., Housen, A., & Pallotti, G. (2024). Complexity and difficulty in second language acquisition: A theoretical and methodological overview. Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12669 Advanced Online Publication.
  • Canning, D., McLean, S., & Witta, J. (2024). Relative complexity in a model of word difficulty: The role of loanwords in vocabulary size tests. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 14(4), 1-29.
  • Carter, R. (1987). Vocabulary: Applied linguistic perspectives. Allen & Unwin.
  • Cervetti, G. N., Hiebert, E. H., Pearson, P. D. & McClung, N. A. (2015). Factors that influence the difficulty of science words. Journal of Literacy Research, 47(2), 153-185.
  • Christensen, B. L., Johnson, B. R. & Turner, A. L. (2011). Research methods, design and analysis. Pearson Education.
  • Culligan, B. (2015). A comparison of three test formats to assess word difficulty. Language Testing, 32(4), 503-520.
  • Çetinkaya, G. ve Uzun, L. (2010). Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki metinlerin okunabilirlik özellikleri. H. Ülper (Ed.), Türkçe Ders Kitabı Çözümlemeleri içinde (s. 141-153). Pegem.
  • Dawson B., & Trapp, R. G. (2001). Probability & related topics for making inferences about data. S. E. White (Ed.), In Basic & Clinical Biostatistics (3rd Edition). (pp. 69-72). Lange Medical Books.
  • Demirel, M. V. (2013). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlere kelime öğretiminde farklı kelime gruplarının kullanımının etkisi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 2(4), 286-299.
  • Efeoğlu, E. ve Tuna, A. (2023). A novel approach to ıdentify difficult words in english to promote vocabulary acquisition of children dually diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and hearing loss. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 8(1), 25-31.
  • Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(2), 143-188.
  • Gough, C. (2001). English Vocabulary Organizer 100 Topics for Self Study. Language Teaching Publications.
  • Ha, H. T., Nguyen, D. T. B., & Stoeckel T. (2024). What is the best predictor of word difficulty? A case of data mining using random forest. Language Testing, 41(4), 828-844.
  • Hashimoto, B., J., & Egbert, J. (2019). More than frequency? Exploring predictors of word difficulty for second language learners. Language Learning, 69(4), 839-872.
  • Hashimoto, B. J. (2021). Is frequency enough? The frequency model in vocabulary size testing. Language Assessment Quarterly, 18(2), 171-187.
  • He, X., & Godfroid A. (2019). Choosing words to teach: A novel method for vocabulary selection and its practical application. TESOL Quarterly, 53(2), 348-371.
  • Hiebert, E. H., Scott, J. A., Castaneda, R., & Spichtig, A. (2019). An analysis of the features of words that influence vocabulary difficulty. Education Sciences, 9(8), 1-24.
  • Kara Özkan, N. (2020). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçede kelime öğretimi üzerine bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(2), 126-139.
  • Karatay, H. (2007). Kelime öğretimi. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 141-153.
  • Laufer, B. (1990a). Ease and difficulty in vocabulary learning: Some teaching implications. Foreign Language Annals, 23(2), 147-155.
  • Laufer, B. (1990b). Why are some words more difficult than others? Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Teaching, 28(4), 293-307.
  • Liu, W., Tsang, I. W., & Müller, K. R. (2017). An Easy-to-hard learning paradigm for multiple classes and multiple labels. Journal of Machine Learning Research 18(2017), 1-38.
  • Masrai, A., & Milton, J. (2015). Word difficulty and learning among native arabic learners of EFL. English Language Teaching, 8(6), 1-10.
  • McCarthy, M. (1990). Vocabulary. Oxford University.
  • Milton, J. (2009). Measuring second language vocabulary acquisition. Multilingual Matters.
  • Nation, I. S. P. (2022). Learning vocabulary in other language. Cambridge University.
  • Nagy, W. E., & Hiebert, E. H. (2011). Toward a theory of word selection. M., L., Kamil, P., D., Pearson, E., B., Moje & P., P., Afflerbach (Eds.), In Handbook of Reading Research (pp. 388-404). Longman
  • Patton, M., Q. (2005). Qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Rivers, W. (1983). Communicating naturally in a second language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Stewart, J., Vitta, J. P., Nicklin, C., McLean, S., Pinchbeck, G. G., & Kramer, B. (2021). The relationship between word difficulty and frequency: A response to Hashimoto. Language Assessment Quarterly, 19(1), 90-101.
  • Suardi, S., & Sakti, J. E. (2019). Teacher difficulties in teaching vocabulary. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 7(2), 92-104.
  • Tamayo, J. M. (1987). Frequency of use as a measure of word difficulty in bilingual vocabulary test construction and translation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(4), 893-902.
  • Ülper, H. (2023). Sözcük ve öğretimi. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Vitta, J. P., Nicklin, C., & Albright, S. W. (2023). Academic word difficulty and multidimensional lexical sophistication: An English-for-academic-purposesfocused conceptual replication of Hashimoto and Egbert (2019). The Modern Language Journal, 107(1), 373-397.
  • Witalisz, E. & Lesniewska, J. (2007). Perception of word difficulty in L2: Teacher vs. learner judgments. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, (124), 193-201.
  • Yeşilyurt, E. (2012). Teachers’ application levels of common teaching principles and the problems they encounter. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2(2), 207-223.
  • Zheng, W. (2024) Estimating word difficulty using stratified word familiarity. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 11(1), 1-20.

Views on the Factors Affecting the Lexical Difficulty Perceptions of Uzbek Students Learning Turkish as a Foreign Language

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 79 - 106, 21.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15153886

Öz

Words serve as the fundamental building blocks of a language, possessing both semantic properties that contribute to linguistic content and functional aspects that structure this content in accordance with the rules of the language. Vocabulary instruction is a central component of language teaching, highlighting the necessity of careful word selection in the vocabulary learning process. A variety of criteria and justifications can be taken as a basis in the selection of words to be taught. At this point, the concept of word difficulty becomes a critical factor. Word difficulty is affected by multiple linguistic features such as phonology, spelling regularity, morphological transparency and concreteness and imageability of meaning. This study aimed to identify the linguistic factors contributing to the perceived difficulty of words among Uzbek students learning Turkish as a foreign language. The scanning method was employed. A word difficulty questionnaire consisting of 3 categories and 36 words, namely frequency, semantics and morphology, was administered to 55 students, who were selected using the convenience sampling method and who were learning Turkish as a foreign language in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, and who accepted to participate voluntarily. In this study, which aimed to determine the students' perceptions of the difficulty of the words they encountered and know it was observed that various features related to the morphological, semantic and usage dimensions of the words provided important data both in terms of general appearance and comparative appearances within and among themselves. One of the most important stages of word teaching processes is to choose words in accordance with the principle of easy to difficult. Additionally, the study concludes that for more effective and long-lasting vocabulary acquisition, it is essential to consider phoneme count, semantic complexity, and word frequency, prioritizing these features accordingly.

Etik Beyan

Süleyman Demirel University Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee, Date: 09.10.2024, Number: 153/5

Kaynakça

  • Akkök, E. (2017). Bilişsel işlemleme yaklaşımları. okumaya genel bir bakış (Çev. Ed. H. Ülper). Pegem.
  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Mersinli, U., & Demirhan, U. U. (2017). A frequency dictionary of Turkish: Core vocabulary for learners. Routledge.
  • Alfter, D., Cardon, R., & Francois, T. (2022). A dictionary-based study of word sense difficulty. R. Wilkens, D. Alfter, R. Cardon & N. Gala (Eds.), In LREC 2022 Workshop Language Resources and Evaluation Conference 2. READI Workshop Bildirileri (pp. 17–24). European Language Resources Association.
  • Ansar, M., Qamar, U., Bibi, R., & Shaheen, A. (2019). Identification of difficult English words for assisting hearing impaired children in learning language. R. Lee (Ed.), In 17th International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications (SERA) (p. 60-65). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  • Baltacı, A. (2018). Nitel Araştırmalarda örnekleme yöntemleri ve örnek hacmi sorunsalı üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 231-274.
  • Barın, E. (2003). Yabancılara Türkçenin öğretiminde temel söz varlığının önemi. Türklük Bilimi Araştırmaları, (13), 311-317.
  • Beck, I. L., McKeown, G. M., & Kucan, L. (2002). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction. Guilford.
  • Breland, H. M. (1996). Word frequency and word difficulty: A comparison of counts in four corpora. Psychological Science, 7(2), 96-99.
  • Bulté, B., Housen, A., & Pallotti, G. (2024). Complexity and difficulty in second language acquisition: A theoretical and methodological overview. Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12669 Advanced Online Publication.
  • Canning, D., McLean, S., & Witta, J. (2024). Relative complexity in a model of word difficulty: The role of loanwords in vocabulary size tests. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 14(4), 1-29.
  • Carter, R. (1987). Vocabulary: Applied linguistic perspectives. Allen & Unwin.
  • Cervetti, G. N., Hiebert, E. H., Pearson, P. D. & McClung, N. A. (2015). Factors that influence the difficulty of science words. Journal of Literacy Research, 47(2), 153-185.
  • Christensen, B. L., Johnson, B. R. & Turner, A. L. (2011). Research methods, design and analysis. Pearson Education.
  • Culligan, B. (2015). A comparison of three test formats to assess word difficulty. Language Testing, 32(4), 503-520.
  • Çetinkaya, G. ve Uzun, L. (2010). Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki metinlerin okunabilirlik özellikleri. H. Ülper (Ed.), Türkçe Ders Kitabı Çözümlemeleri içinde (s. 141-153). Pegem.
  • Dawson B., & Trapp, R. G. (2001). Probability & related topics for making inferences about data. S. E. White (Ed.), In Basic & Clinical Biostatistics (3rd Edition). (pp. 69-72). Lange Medical Books.
  • Demirel, M. V. (2013). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlere kelime öğretiminde farklı kelime gruplarının kullanımının etkisi. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 2(4), 286-299.
  • Efeoğlu, E. ve Tuna, A. (2023). A novel approach to ıdentify difficult words in english to promote vocabulary acquisition of children dually diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and hearing loss. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 8(1), 25-31.
  • Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(2), 143-188.
  • Gough, C. (2001). English Vocabulary Organizer 100 Topics for Self Study. Language Teaching Publications.
  • Ha, H. T., Nguyen, D. T. B., & Stoeckel T. (2024). What is the best predictor of word difficulty? A case of data mining using random forest. Language Testing, 41(4), 828-844.
  • Hashimoto, B., J., & Egbert, J. (2019). More than frequency? Exploring predictors of word difficulty for second language learners. Language Learning, 69(4), 839-872.
  • Hashimoto, B. J. (2021). Is frequency enough? The frequency model in vocabulary size testing. Language Assessment Quarterly, 18(2), 171-187.
  • He, X., & Godfroid A. (2019). Choosing words to teach: A novel method for vocabulary selection and its practical application. TESOL Quarterly, 53(2), 348-371.
  • Hiebert, E. H., Scott, J. A., Castaneda, R., & Spichtig, A. (2019). An analysis of the features of words that influence vocabulary difficulty. Education Sciences, 9(8), 1-24.
  • Kara Özkan, N. (2020). Yabancı dil olarak Türkçede kelime öğretimi üzerine bir değerlendirme. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(2), 126-139.
  • Karatay, H. (2007). Kelime öğretimi. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 141-153.
  • Laufer, B. (1990a). Ease and difficulty in vocabulary learning: Some teaching implications. Foreign Language Annals, 23(2), 147-155.
  • Laufer, B. (1990b). Why are some words more difficult than others? Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Teaching, 28(4), 293-307.
  • Liu, W., Tsang, I. W., & Müller, K. R. (2017). An Easy-to-hard learning paradigm for multiple classes and multiple labels. Journal of Machine Learning Research 18(2017), 1-38.
  • Masrai, A., & Milton, J. (2015). Word difficulty and learning among native arabic learners of EFL. English Language Teaching, 8(6), 1-10.
  • McCarthy, M. (1990). Vocabulary. Oxford University.
  • Milton, J. (2009). Measuring second language vocabulary acquisition. Multilingual Matters.
  • Nation, I. S. P. (2022). Learning vocabulary in other language. Cambridge University.
  • Nagy, W. E., & Hiebert, E. H. (2011). Toward a theory of word selection. M., L., Kamil, P., D., Pearson, E., B., Moje & P., P., Afflerbach (Eds.), In Handbook of Reading Research (pp. 388-404). Longman
  • Patton, M., Q. (2005). Qualitative research. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Rivers, W. (1983). Communicating naturally in a second language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Stewart, J., Vitta, J. P., Nicklin, C., McLean, S., Pinchbeck, G. G., & Kramer, B. (2021). The relationship between word difficulty and frequency: A response to Hashimoto. Language Assessment Quarterly, 19(1), 90-101.
  • Suardi, S., & Sakti, J. E. (2019). Teacher difficulties in teaching vocabulary. IDEAS: Journal on English Language Teaching and Learning, Linguistics and Literature, 7(2), 92-104.
  • Tamayo, J. M. (1987). Frequency of use as a measure of word difficulty in bilingual vocabulary test construction and translation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(4), 893-902.
  • Ülper, H. (2023). Sözcük ve öğretimi. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Vitta, J. P., Nicklin, C., & Albright, S. W. (2023). Academic word difficulty and multidimensional lexical sophistication: An English-for-academic-purposesfocused conceptual replication of Hashimoto and Egbert (2019). The Modern Language Journal, 107(1), 373-397.
  • Witalisz, E. & Lesniewska, J. (2007). Perception of word difficulty in L2: Teacher vs. learner judgments. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis, (124), 193-201.
  • Yeşilyurt, E. (2012). Teachers’ application levels of common teaching principles and the problems they encounter. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2(2), 207-223.
  • Zheng, W. (2024) Estimating word difficulty using stratified word familiarity. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 11(1), 1-20.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Türkçe Eğitimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Dilek Ünveren 0000-0003-3415-9274

Hakan Ülper 0000-0002-7067-599X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Nisan 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünveren, D., & Ülper, H. (2025). Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğrenen Özbek Öğrencilerin Sözcüksel Zorluk Algılarını Etkileyen Etmenlere İlişkin Görünümler. Uluslararası Türkçe Öğretimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 79-106. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15153886