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DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2022, , 487 - 502, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1005013

Öz

Futbol sahalarının dış etkilere açık olması, yağış-sıcaklık gibi çevresel faktörlerden etkilenmesine sebep olmaktadır. Yılın büyük kısmında müsabakalara ev sahipliği yapması, ulusal-uluslararası birçok organizasyona ve amatör düzeye kadar geniş çaplı kullanımı olması sebebiyle bu mühendislik yapısının drenaj özellikleri dikkatli bir şekilde incelenmelidir. Futbol sahalarının zemini, doğal çim yüzeyli ve sentetik(suni) çim yüzeyli olmak üzere iki tür olarak inşa edilebilir. Özellikle son yıllarda geliştirilen, kalitesi daha da arttırılan 3.Nesil sentetik çim futbol sahalarının kullanım sıklığı artmıştır. Bu çalışmada suni çim futbol sahalarının doğal olanlara göre avantaj ve dezavantajları incelenmiş ve bu iki sistem drenaj özellikleri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adams, W. A. (1986) Practical aspects of sports field drainage, Soil Use Manage, 2 (2): 51–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986 .tb00679.x.
  • 2. Adkison, J.W., Requa, R.K. ve Garrick, J.G. (1974) Injury rates in high school football: a comparison of synthetic surfaces and grass fields. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 99, 131-136. PMID:4825706.
  • 3. Aoki, H., Kohno, T., Fujiya, H., Kato, H., Yatabe, K., Morikawa, T. ve Seki, J. (2010) Incidence of injury among adolescent soccer players: a comparative study of artificial and natural grass turfs. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c967cd
  • 4. Backx, F. J., Beijer, H. J., Bol, E. ve Erich, W. B. (1991) Injuries in high-risk persons and high-risk sports: a longitudinal study of 1818 school children, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(2), 124-130. doi: 10.1177/036354659101900206
  • 5. Baker, S. W. (2003) Construction methods for public sector and professional sports pitches: A review, In I International Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields, 661, 27-37. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.1
  • 6. Baker, S. W. (1989) Soil physical conditions of the root zone layer and the performance of winter games’ pitches, Soil Use Manage, 5 (3), 116–122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00771.x.
  • 7. Bartlett, M.D., James, I.T., Ford, M. ve Jennings-Temple, M. (2009) Testing natural turf sports surfaces: the value of performance quality standards, Proc. IMechE. Part P: J. Sports Eng. and Tech, 223(1), 21- 29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1243/17543371JSET24
  • 8. Bjørneboe, J., Bah, R. ve Andersen, T.E. (2010) Risk of injury on thirdgeneration artificial turf in Norwegian professional football, Brit. J. Sports Med., 44(11), 794-798. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.073783
  • 9. Bocca, B., Forte, G., Petrucci, F., Cosntantini, S. ve Izzo, P. (2009) Metals contained and leached from rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas, Sci. Total Environ., 407(7), 2183-2190. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.026
  • 10. Burgers, R., van der Heide, I. E. ve Zeng, X. (2014) A study on improving the comfort of artificial grass in sports, University of twente, 4-5. doi : 10.13140/RG.2.1.3969.2963
  • 11. Burillo, P., Gallardo, L., Felipe, J. L. ve Gallardo, A. M. (2012), Mechanical assessment of artificial turf football pitches: the consequences of no quality certification, Scientific Research and Essays, 7(28), 2457-2465. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1454
  • 12. Canaway, P. M. (1994). Maximising the performance of sports turf, Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Liverpool.
  • 13. Canaway, P. M., Bell, M. J., Holmes, G. ve Baker, S. W. (1990) Standards for the playing quality of natural turf for association football, Natural and artificial playing fields: characteristics and safety features, 1073, 29-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/STP25347S
  • 14. Cheng, H., Hu, Y. ve Reinhard, M. (2014), Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review, Environmental science & technology, 48(4), 2114-2129. doi: 10.1021/es4044193
  • 15. Claudio, L. (2008) Synthetic turf: health Debate Takes root, National Institute of Environmental Healty Sciences, 116(3), 116-122. doi: 10.1289/ehp.116-a116
  • 16. Collignon, H., Sultan, N. ve Santander, C. (2011) The sports market. In Major trends and challenges in an industry full of passion, AT Kearney.
  • 17. Dixon, S., Fleming, P., James, I. ve Carre, M., (2015) The science and engineering of sport surfaces, New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138633605
  • 18. Dragoo, J. L., Braun, H.J. (2010) The effect of playing surface on injury rate: a review of the current literature, Sports Medicine, 40(11), 981-990. doi: 10.2165/11535910-000000000-00000
  • 19. Edwards, A. M., Mann, M. E., Marfell-Jones, M. J., Rankin, D. M., Noakes, T. D. ve Shillington, D. P. (2007) Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests, British journal of sports medicine, 41(6), 385-391. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860
  • 20. Ekstrand, J., Timpka, T., ve Hagglund, M. (2006) Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural grass: a prospective two-cohort study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 (12), 975-980. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027623
  • 21. Engebretsen, L., Kase, T. (1987) Soccer injuries and artificial turf, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 107(26), 2215-2217. Norwegian. PMID: 3672453.
  • 22. FIFA, (2005). FIFA quality concept for artificial turf guide (pp. 1–43). Zurich: FIFA
  • 23. FIFA, (2007). FIFA U-17 Championship Peru 2005. Turf Roots 1:8-10
  • 24. FIFA, (2009a). FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf. Handbook of Requirements, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich.
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  • 29. Fleming, P. (2011) Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 225(2), 43-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337111401688
  • 30. Fleming, P. R., Watts, C. ve Forrester, S. (2020) A new model of third generation artificial turf degradation, maintenance interventions and benefits, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 1754337120961602, 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337120961602
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Comparison of Natural and Artificial Turf Football Fields in terms of Drainage Properties

Yıl 2022, , 487 - 502, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1005013

Öz

Football fields are impacted by environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature since they are in touch with weather conditions. The drainage properties of this engineering structure should be carefully examined, since it hosts competitions in large periods of the year, and it is widely used in many national-international organizations and amateur level. Football fields may be created with either a natural grass surface or an artificial (synthetic) turf surface. Especially in recent years, the application of synthetic surface fields has increased, which has developed and continuously improved quality. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of artificial turf football fields and natural ones were reviewed and these two systems were compared in terms of drainage properties.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Adams, W. A. (1986) Practical aspects of sports field drainage, Soil Use Manage, 2 (2): 51–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986 .tb00679.x.
  • 2. Adkison, J.W., Requa, R.K. ve Garrick, J.G. (1974) Injury rates in high school football: a comparison of synthetic surfaces and grass fields. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 99, 131-136. PMID:4825706.
  • 3. Aoki, H., Kohno, T., Fujiya, H., Kato, H., Yatabe, K., Morikawa, T. ve Seki, J. (2010) Incidence of injury among adolescent soccer players: a comparative study of artificial and natural grass turfs. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(1), 1-7. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181c967cd
  • 4. Backx, F. J., Beijer, H. J., Bol, E. ve Erich, W. B. (1991) Injuries in high-risk persons and high-risk sports: a longitudinal study of 1818 school children, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(2), 124-130. doi: 10.1177/036354659101900206
  • 5. Baker, S. W. (2003) Construction methods for public sector and professional sports pitches: A review, In I International Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields, 661, 27-37. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.1
  • 6. Baker, S. W. (1989) Soil physical conditions of the root zone layer and the performance of winter games’ pitches, Soil Use Manage, 5 (3), 116–122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00771.x.
  • 7. Bartlett, M.D., James, I.T., Ford, M. ve Jennings-Temple, M. (2009) Testing natural turf sports surfaces: the value of performance quality standards, Proc. IMechE. Part P: J. Sports Eng. and Tech, 223(1), 21- 29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1243/17543371JSET24
  • 8. Bjørneboe, J., Bah, R. ve Andersen, T.E. (2010) Risk of injury on thirdgeneration artificial turf in Norwegian professional football, Brit. J. Sports Med., 44(11), 794-798. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.073783
  • 9. Bocca, B., Forte, G., Petrucci, F., Cosntantini, S. ve Izzo, P. (2009) Metals contained and leached from rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas, Sci. Total Environ., 407(7), 2183-2190. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.026
  • 10. Burgers, R., van der Heide, I. E. ve Zeng, X. (2014) A study on improving the comfort of artificial grass in sports, University of twente, 4-5. doi : 10.13140/RG.2.1.3969.2963
  • 11. Burillo, P., Gallardo, L., Felipe, J. L. ve Gallardo, A. M. (2012), Mechanical assessment of artificial turf football pitches: the consequences of no quality certification, Scientific Research and Essays, 7(28), 2457-2465. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1454
  • 12. Canaway, P. M. (1994). Maximising the performance of sports turf, Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Liverpool.
  • 13. Canaway, P. M., Bell, M. J., Holmes, G. ve Baker, S. W. (1990) Standards for the playing quality of natural turf for association football, Natural and artificial playing fields: characteristics and safety features, 1073, 29-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/STP25347S
  • 14. Cheng, H., Hu, Y. ve Reinhard, M. (2014), Environmental and health impacts of artificial turf: a review, Environmental science & technology, 48(4), 2114-2129. doi: 10.1021/es4044193
  • 15. Claudio, L. (2008) Synthetic turf: health Debate Takes root, National Institute of Environmental Healty Sciences, 116(3), 116-122. doi: 10.1289/ehp.116-a116
  • 16. Collignon, H., Sultan, N. ve Santander, C. (2011) The sports market. In Major trends and challenges in an industry full of passion, AT Kearney.
  • 17. Dixon, S., Fleming, P., James, I. ve Carre, M., (2015) The science and engineering of sport surfaces, New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781138633605
  • 18. Dragoo, J. L., Braun, H.J. (2010) The effect of playing surface on injury rate: a review of the current literature, Sports Medicine, 40(11), 981-990. doi: 10.2165/11535910-000000000-00000
  • 19. Edwards, A. M., Mann, M. E., Marfell-Jones, M. J., Rankin, D. M., Noakes, T. D. ve Shillington, D. P. (2007) Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests, British journal of sports medicine, 41(6), 385-391. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860
  • 20. Ekstrand, J., Timpka, T., ve Hagglund, M. (2006) Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural grass: a prospective two-cohort study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40 (12), 975-980. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027623
  • 21. Engebretsen, L., Kase, T. (1987) Soccer injuries and artificial turf, Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen, 107(26), 2215-2217. Norwegian. PMID: 3672453.
  • 22. FIFA, (2005). FIFA quality concept for artificial turf guide (pp. 1–43). Zurich: FIFA
  • 23. FIFA, (2007). FIFA U-17 Championship Peru 2005. Turf Roots 1:8-10
  • 24. FIFA, (2009a). FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf. Handbook of Requirements, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich.
  • 25. FIFA, (2009b). FIFA Quality Concept for Football Turf. Handbook of Test Methods, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich.
  • 26. FIFA, (2015). FIFA Quality Programme for Football Turf. Handbook of Requirements, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich.
  • 27. FIFA, (2021a). FIFA Quality Programme for Football Turf. Member Association Handbook, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich.
  • 28. Fleming, P.R., Forrester, S.E. ve McLaren, N.J. (2015) Understanding the effects of decompaction maintenance on the infill state and play performance of third-generation artificial grass pitches, Proceedings Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Sports Enginerring and Technology, 229(3), 169–182. doi: 10.1177/1754337114566480
  • 29. Fleming, P. (2011) Artificial turf systems for sport surfaces: current knowledge and research needs, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 225(2), 43-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337111401688
  • 30. Fleming, P. R., Watts, C. ve Forrester, S. (2020) A new model of third generation artificial turf degradation, maintenance interventions and benefits, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 1754337120961602, 1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337120961602
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  • 36. Gezici, K., Kesgin, E. ve Agaccioglu, H. (2021) Hydrological Assessment of Experimental Behaviors for Different Drainage Methods in Sports Fields, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 147(9), 04021034. doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001597
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  • 39. James, I.T. (2015) Surface classification, function, construction and maintenance. In: Dixon S, Fleming PR, Carre MJ, et al. (eds) The science and engineering of sport surfaces. London: Taylor and Francis, 2015, pp.9–25. ISBN 9781138633605
  • 40. James, I. T. Hann, M. J. ve Godwin, R. J. (2007b) Design and operational considerations for the use of mole ploughing in the drainage of sports pitches, Biosystems Engineering, 97(1), 99-107, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.02.003
  • 41. James, I. T., Blackburn, D. W. K. ve Godwin, R. J. (2007a) Mole drainage as an alternative to sand slitting in natural turf sports surfaces on clays, Soil Use Manage, 23 (1), 28–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2006.00061.x
  • 42. Junge, A., Langevoort, G., Pipe, A., Peytavin, A., Wong, F., Mountjoy, M., ... ve Dvorak, J. (2006). Injuries in team sport tournaments during the 2004 Olympic Games. The American journal of sports medicine, 34(4), 565-576. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546505281807
  • 43. Kesgin, E. (2021). Investigation of Effective Drainage Methods in Sports Field Under Various Rainfall Conditions, Doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul.
  • 44. Kesgin, E., Dogan, A. ve Agaccioglu, H. (2018) Rainfall simulator for investigating sports field drainage processes, Measurement, 125 (Sep): 360–370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.001
  • 45. Kesgin, E., Gezici, K. ve Ağaçcıoğlu, H., (2020b) Hydrological evaluation of sports field drainage, ISPEP 9th International Conferance on Engineering & Natural Sciences, Ankara, Turkey, 182-191.
  • 46. Kesgin, E., Agaccioglu, H. ve Dogan, A. (2020a) Experimental and numerical investigation of drainage mechanisms at sports fields under simulated rainfall, Journal of Hydrolgy, 580 (Jan), 124251. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124251
  • 47. Kolitzus, H. J. (2007) Artificial turf surfaces for soccer, What owners of soccer pitches should know about artificial turf. IST Switzerland, United States Sport s Surfacing Laboratory USSL, 1-29.
  • 48. Kowalik, T., Rajda, W. (2014) Physical properties, permeability and retentiveness of silt loam and its composites with sand for constructing carrying layer of a football field, J. Ecol. Eng, 15 (4): 37–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993.1125456
  • 49. Lanzetti, R. M., Ciompi, A., Lupariello, D., Guzzini, M., De Carli, A., ve Ferretti, A. (2017) Safety of third‐generation artificial turf in male elite professional soccer players in Italian major league. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 27(4), 435-439. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12654
  • 50. Levy, I.M., Skovron, M.L. ve Agel, J. (1990) Living with artificial grass: a knowledge update. Part 1: basic science, Am J Sports Med,18, 406-412. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659001800413
  • 51. Magni, S., Volterrani, M. ve Miele, S. (2003) Soccer pitches performances as affected by construction method, sand type and turfgrass mixture, 1st Int. Conf. on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields, 661, 281–285. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.35
  • 52. McAuliffe, K. W. (2014) Optimising the performance of major multi-use stadia playing surfaces, XXIX Int. Horticultural Congress on Horticulture: Sustaining Lives, Livelihoods and Landscapes (IHC2014), Leuven, Belgium, 1–8. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1122.1
  • 53. McGregor, S. J., Nicholas, C. W., Lakomy, H. K. A. ve Williams, C. (1999) The influence of intermittent high-intensity shuttle running and fluid ingestion on the performance of a soccer skill, Journal of sports sciences, 17(11), 895-903. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026404199365452
  • 54. McNitt, A.S., Petrunak, D.M. ve Serensits, T.J. (2007) Temperature amelioration of synthetic turf surfaces through irrigation, II International Conference on Turfgrass Science and Management for Sports Fields, 783:573-582. doi: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.783.59
  • 55. O'Leary, F., Acampora, N., Hand, F. ve O'Donovan, J. (2020) Association of artificial turf and concussion in competitive contact sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 6(1), e000695. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000695
  • 56. Petrass, L. A., Twomey, D. M., Harvey, J. T., Otago, L. ve LeRossignol, P. (2015) Comparison of surface temperatures of different synthetic turf systems and natural grass: Have advances in synthetic turf technology made a difference, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 229(1), 10-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337114553692
  • 57. Powell, J.W., Schootman, M. A. (1992) Multivariate risk analysis of selected playing surfaces in the National Football League, 1980 to 1989: an epidemiologic study of knee injuries, Am J Sports Med, 20(6), 686-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000609
  • 58. Renström, P., Peterson, L. ve Edberg, B. (1977) Valhalla artificial pitch at Gothenburg 1975–1977, a two-year evaluation. Sweden: Naturvårdsverket.
  • 59. SAPCA, (2010). The SAPCA Code of Practice for the Design, Construction and Improvement of Natural Sports Turf, UK: SAPCA.
  • 60. SAPCA, (2009). The SAPCA code of practice for the construction and maintenance of synthetic turf sports pitches. 3rd ed. Kenilworth, UK: SAPCA ((Sports and Play Construction Association).
  • 61. Serensits, T. J., McNitt, A. S. ve Petrunak, D. M. (2011) Human health issues on synthetic turf in the USA, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 225(3), 139-146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337111398407
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  • 63. Simpson, M. R., Fleming, P. R., ve Frost, M. W. (2013) Briefing: Sustainable drainage for sports pitch developments, In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Municipal Engineer, 166(4), 211-215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1680/muen.12.00056
  • 64. Sport England, (2011). Natural turf for sport: Design guidance note. London: English Sports Council.
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  • 68. Sterzing, T. (2013) Injury occurrence and footwear performance on artificial soccer turf, Science and Football VII, 9-14.
  • 69. Stevenson, M., Anderson, B. (1981) The effects of playing surfaces on injuries in college intramural touch football, J Nat Intramural-Recreational Sports Assoc, 5(3), 59-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.5.3.59
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  • 71. Taylor, D. H., Blake, G. R. (1979) Sand content of sand-soil-peat mixtures for turfgrass, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 43(2), 394–398. doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300020032x
  • 72. Taylor, D. H., Nelson, S. D. ve Williams, C. F. (1993) Sub-root zone layering effects on water retention in sports turf soil profiles, Agronomy Journal, 85(3), 626–630. doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500030020x
  • 73. Theobald, P., Whitelegg, L., Nokes, L. D. ve D. Jones, M. (2010) The predicted risk of head injury from fall-related impacts on to third-generation artificial turf and grass soccer surfaces: a comparative biomechanical analysis. Sports biomechanics, 9(1), 29-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141003690245
  • 74. Torg, J.S., Quedenfeld, T.C. ve Landau, S. (1974) The shoe-surface interface and its relationship to football knee injuries, The Journal of sports medicine, 2(5), 261-269. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/036354657400200502
  • 75. UEFA, (2005). FIFA quality concept: Handbook of test methods and requirements for artificial turf football surfaces. Nyon, Switzerland:UEFA
  • 76. Waddington, D. V., Carrow, R. N. ve Shearman, R. C. (1992) Turfgrass. Agronomy, (32), XXI-805. ISBN: 0891181083
  • 77. Waldén, M., Krosshaug, T., Bjørneboe, J., Andersen, T. E., Faul, O. ve Hägglund, M. (2015) Three distinct mechanisms predominate in non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in male professional football players: a systematic video analysis of 39 cases, British journal of sports medicine, 49(22), 1452-1460. doi http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094573:
  • 78. Williams, S., Hume, P. A. ve Kara, S. (2011) A review of football injuries on third and fourth generation artificial turfs compared with natural turf, Sports Medicine, 41(11), 903-923. doi: 10.2165/11593190-000000000-00000
  • 79. Winterbottom, W. (1985) Artificial grass surfaces for association football. Report and recommendations. London: Sport Council
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İnşaat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kadir Gezici 0000-0001-6349-8262

Hayrullah Ağaçcıoğlu 0000-0002-1860-9848

Erdal Kesgin 0000-0002-9441-5359

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2021
Kabul Tarihi 21 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Gezici, K., Ağaçcıoğlu, H., & Kesgin, E. (2022). DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1005013
AMA Gezici K, Ağaçcıoğlu H, Kesgin E. DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. UUJFE. Nisan 2022;27(1):487-502. doi:10.17482/uumfd.1005013
Chicago Gezici, Kadir, Hayrullah Ağaçcıoğlu, ve Erdal Kesgin. “DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 27, sy. 1 (Nisan 2022): 487-502. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1005013.
EndNote Gezici K, Ağaçcıoğlu H, Kesgin E (01 Nisan 2022) DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 27 1 487–502.
IEEE K. Gezici, H. Ağaçcıoğlu, ve E. Kesgin, “DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI”, UUJFE, c. 27, sy. 1, ss. 487–502, 2022, doi: 10.17482/uumfd.1005013.
ISNAD Gezici, Kadir vd. “DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 27/1 (Nisan 2022), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.17482/uumfd.1005013.
JAMA Gezici K, Ağaçcıoğlu H, Kesgin E. DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. UUJFE. 2022;27:487–502.
MLA Gezici, Kadir vd. “DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 27, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 487-02, doi:10.17482/uumfd.1005013.
Vancouver Gezici K, Ağaçcıoğlu H, Kesgin E. DOĞAL VE SENTETİK ÇİM ZEMİNLİ FUTBOL SAHALARININ DRENAJ TASARIMLARI AÇISINDAN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. UUJFE. 2022;27(1):487-502.

DUYURU:

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